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The Integumentary System > Functions of the Integumentary System
• Protection
• Thermoregulation
• Cutaneous Sensation
• Metabolic Functions
• Blood Supply to the Epidermis
• Excretion and Absorption
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The Integumentary System > Functions of the Integumentary System
•
The skin provides a protective barrier from the external environment and prevents dehydration.
• Langerhans cells in the skin also contribute to protection as they are part of the adaptive immune system.
•
The integumentary system protects the body's internal living tissues and organs, protects against invasion by infectious organism, and protects the body from dehydration.
Human skin
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The Integumentary System > Functions of the Integumentary System
•
The skin's immense blood supply helps regulate temperature: dilated vessels allow for heat loss, while constricted vessels retain heat.
• The skin regulates body temperature with its blood supply.
•
The skin assists in homeostasis.
•
Humidity affects thermoregulation by limiting sweat evaporation and thus heat loss.
Human Skin
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The Integumentary System > Functions of the Integumentary System
•
The sensory receptors cover the skin and epithelia, skeletal muscles, bones and joints, internal organs, and the cardiovascular system.
• Initiation of somatosensation begins with activation of a physical "receptor. "
These somatosensory receptors tend to lie in skin, organs or muscle. These somatosensory receptors tend to lie in skin, organs, or muscle.
• The structure of these receptors is broadly similar in all cases, consisting of either a "free nerve ending" or a nerve ending embedded in a specialised capsule. They can be activated by movement (mechanoreceptor), pressure (mechanoreceptor), chemical (chemoreceptor), and/or temperature.
• The somatosensory system senses mechanical deformation of its sensors.
Somatosensation
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The Integumentary System > Functions of the Integumentary System
•
Vitamin D3 is made in the skin when 7-dehydrocholesterol reacts with ultraviolet light of UVB type at wavelengths.Vitamin D is produced in the two innermost strata of the epidermis. Cholecalciferol (D3) is produced photochemically in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol.
•
The protein keratin stiffens epidermal tissue to form fingernails. Nails grow from thin area called the nail matrix; growth of nails is 1 mm per week on average.
• The integumentary system has multiple roles in homeostasis. The skin has an important job of protecting the body and acts as the body's first line of defense against infection, temperature change, and other challenges to homeostasis.
Vitamin D
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The Integumentary System > Functions of the Integumentary System
•
The blood vessels in the deepest layers provide nourishment to the upper layers.
• The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and cells in the deepest layers are nourished by diffusion from blood capillaries extending to the upper layers of the dermis.
•
The papillary region is composed of loose areolar connective tissue. This is named for its fingerlike projections called papillae, that extend toward the epidermis and contain terminal networks of blood capillaries.
The Dermis
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The Integumentary System > Functions of the Integumentary System
•
Eccrine glands, the major sweat glands of the human body, produce a clear, odorless substance, consisting primarily of water and NaCl. NaCl is reabsorbed in the duct to reduce salt loss.
• The cells comprising the outermost layer of the skin are "almost exclusively supplied by external oxygen. " In addition, medicine can be administered through the skin by ointments or by means of an adhesive patch.
• In humans, apocrine sweat glands are found only in certain locations of the body: the axillae (armpits), areola and nipples of the breast, ear canal, eyelids, wings of the nostril, perianal region, and some parts of the external genitalia.
• The sebaceous glands secrete an oily/waxy matter called sebum to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair of mammals. In humans, they are found in greatest abundance on the face and scalp, though they are distributed throughout all skin sites except the palms and soles.
Sweat gland
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The Integumentary System
• 7-dehydrocholesterol
7-Dehydrocholesterol is a cholesterol precursor that is converted to vitamin D3 in the skin, therefore functioning as provitamin-D3.
• adaptive immune system
Activated by the innate immune system, it comprises of particularly specialized, systemic cells and processes that remove or counter pathogenic growth.
• anatomical barrier The skin forms a physical barrier that is very impermeable to most infectious agents, acting as the first line of defense against invading organisms.
• areola the colored circle around a nipple, more exactly known as areola mammae
• arrector pili any of the small muscles attached to hair follicles in mammals, contraction of which causes the hairs to stand on end
• central nervous system In vertebrates, that part of the nervous system comprising the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord.
• cuticle the outermost layer of the skin of vertebrates; the epidermis
• Evaporation Evaporation of water across the skin via sweat glands helps in cooling body temperature to within the body's tolerance range.
• excretion
Excretion is the process by which waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials are eliminated from an organism.
• homeostasis
The ability of a system or living organism to adjust its internal environment to maintain a stable equilibrium; such as the ability of warm-blooded animals to maintain a constant temperature.
• Langerhans cells Langerhans cells are dendritic cells (antigen-presenting immune cells) of the skin and mucosa which contain large granules.
• papillae The term papilla (plural: papillae) generally means a nipple-like structure.
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The Integumentary System
• sensory receptor
A sensory nerve ending that recognizes a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism.
• somatosensory system A diverse sensory system composed of the receptors and processing centers to produce the sensory modalities such as touch, temperature, proprioception (body position), and nociception (pain).
• vasoconstriction The constriction (narrowing) of a blood vessel.
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The Integumentary System
The Dermis he distribution of the bloodvessels in the skin of the sole of the foot. (Corium - TA alternate term for dermis - is labeled at upper right. )
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The Integumentary System
Anatomy of the Skin
The skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system, made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments, and internal organs.
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"Human Physiology/Integumentary System." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Integumentary_System#Skin View on
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The Integumentary System
Somatosensation
Initiation of somatosensation begins with activation of a physical "receptor," such as a hand touching fabric the vibrations generated as a finger scans across a surface. This is the means by which we can sense fine textures.
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The Integumentary System
Vitamin D
Chemical Structure of Vitamin D
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The Integumentary System
Human Skin
This image details the parts of the integumentary system.
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The Integumentary System
Metabolism and pathway map for vitamin D
Vitamin D Synthesis Pathway
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The Integumentary System
Sweat gland
A sectional view of the skin (magnified), with eccrine glands highlighted.
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The Integumentary System
Human skin
A diagram of human skin.
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The Integumentary System
A) the keratin layer of the epidermis waterproofs the body and protects against dehydration
B) Langerhans' cell in the epidermis contribute to protection as parts of the adaptive immune system
C) the dermis provides a site for the endings of blood vessels and nerves
D) the skin acts as a tough 'bag' to protect internal tissues and organs
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The Integumentary System
A) the keratin layer of the epidermis waterproofs the body and protects against dehydration
B) Langerhans' cell in the epidermis contribute to protection as parts of the adaptive immune system
C) the dermis provides a site for the endings of blood vessels and nerves
D) the skin acts as a tough 'bag' to protect internal tissues and organs
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The Integumentary System
A) endocrine glands produce large quantities of sweat for evaporative cooling
B) the exothermic reaction in muscle cells induces shivering which limits heat loss via convection
C) superficial capillaries in the skin vasodilate to release heat via convection and conduction
D) arrector pili muscles relax so that hairs lie flat on the skin to increase air flow and heat loss
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The Integumentary System
A) endocrine glands produce large quantities of sweat for evaporative cooling
B) the exothermic reaction in muscle cells induces shivering which limits heat loss via convection
C) superficial capillaries in the skin vasodilate to release heat via convection and conduction
D) arrector pili muscles relax so that hairs lie flat on the skin to increase air flow and heat loss
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The Integumentary System
A) Ruffini's end organs detect tension deep within the skin
B) Pacinian corpuscles detect low frequency vibrations in the skin
C) Meissner's corpuscles rapidly adapt to detecting changes in texture on the skin
D) Merkel's discs slowly adapt to detecting sustained touch, pressure, and stretching
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The Integumentary System
A) Ruffini's end organs detect tension deep within the skin
B) Pacinian corpuscles detect low frequency vibrations in the skin
C) Meissner's corpuscles rapidly adapt to detecting changes in texture on the skin
D) Merkel's discs slowly adapt to detecting sustained touch, pressure, and stretching
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The Integumentary System
A) avoiding UVB exposure during the peak hours of 10 - 3 pm
B) wearing sunscreen
C) working indoors from 9 - 5
D) lunching in the park in a tank top and shorts
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The Integumentary System
A) avoiding UVB exposure during the peak hours of 10 - 3 pm
B) wearing sunscreen
C) working indoors from 9 - 5
D) lunching in the park in a tank top and shorts
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The Integumentary System
A) reticular region
B) epidermal region
C) papillary region
D) stratum basale region
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The Integumentary System
A) reticular region
B) epidermal region
C) papillary region
D) stratum basale region
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The Integumentary System
A) pores of the thin outer layer of the skin absorbs oxygen from the air and some medications
B) eccrine glands secrete water as sweat which evaporates and cools the body
C) apocrine glands, located in hair follicles, become active at puberty due to hormonal changes
D) sebaceous glands, active at puberty, secrete sebum which contains pheromones to attract mates
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The Integumentary System
A) pores of the thin outer layer of the skin absorbs oxygen from the air and some medications
B) eccrine glands secrete water as sweat which evaporates and cools the body
C) apocrine glands, located in hair follicles, become active at puberty due to hormonal changes
D) sebaceous glands, active at puberty, secrete sebum which contains pheromones to attract mates
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The Integumentary System
•
Wikipedia.
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• Wiktionary.
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The Integumentary System
•
Wiktionary.
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