INTRODUCTION TO
EARTH SCIENCE –
MR. HAYDEN
All of our class notes (like this one)
can be found on my SchoolWires
page, under Classroom Materials,
and on our classroom Canvas page.
What is expected of you this year?
• Be prepared for class on a daily basis
• Pencil
• Notebook
• Binder/Folder
• Maintain a neat notebook throughout the year
• Will be checked each section for points
• Check my website as needed
• Check your grades weekly
Four Branches of Earth Science
• 1. Astronomy – study of space (outside of Earth’s
atmosphere and celestial bodies)
• 2. Meteorology – study of the Earth’s atmosphere
• 3. Oceanography – study of Earth’s oceans
• 4. Geology – study of the Earth (“geo” means Earth)
• Environmental Science – how organisms and the
environment affect each other.
• NOT EARTH SCIENCE: Life Science or Biology – study
of living things
Introductory Quiz
• Be able to remember the name of each of the four
Branches of Earth Science and what it is they study.
• Be able to place each of the topics we discussed into the
most appropriate category of Earth Science.
• Lastly, be able to DESCRIBE/EXPLAIN topics that can fit
into more than one of the branches of Earth Science as
an essay question.
1. Astronomy
2. Meteorology
3. Oceanography
4. Geology
Biology
Practice with these topics…
* which branch would BEST fit each?
* practice tests can be taken online, using Quizlet
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Weather
Ozone layer
Cells
Meteors
Rocks
Types of Trees
Coal
Air temperature
Metal ores
Hurricanes
Rain
Stars
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History of the Earth
Tornadoes
Precipitation
Fish
Diamonds
Solar Systems
Tides
Clouds
Earthquakes
The Moon
Soil
Sharks
Saltwater
Minerals
Scientific Method
and Scientific Testing
We use the scientific method to solve problems or answer
questions.
Steps of the Scientific Method
• 1. Identify your problem/question.
- Problem must be able to be tested scientifically.
• 2. Research your problem
• Scientists share information
• Use reliable sources.
• Identify bias in your research
• 3. Create a hypothesis.
• An educated guess.
• Usually an “if” “then”
• Always based on research!
• 4. Test your hypothesis scientifically
Testing your hypothesis
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Test as many trials as possible.
Quantify your data (use numbers)
Make everything in your test constant (the same)
Test data should be organized if possible
Creating your test
• Must contain an independent variable
• Also known as manipulated variable
• Scientist changes this
• Independent changes the dependent variable
• Also known as responding variable
• Changes based on independent variable
• Tests may contain a control group
• group separated from the rest of the experiment where the
independent variable being tested cannot influence the results
• Often given a “placebo”, intended to deceive the recipient
• 5. Analyze your data
• Don’t be biased!
• Identify flaws in your test.
• 6. Make your conclusion
• Often, this identifies a new problem or changes your
hypothesis.
• Share results so that they can be retested, confirmed,
etc.
• Share results with others – scientific knowledge
builds!
Correlations
• Correlations show cause and effect between two values.
• If changing one value affects another value, there is a
correlation between the two.
Positive Correlation
As one factor increases,
the other factor increases.
Or. As one factor decreases,
The other also decreases.
Negative Correlation
As one factor increases,
The other decreases.
Or. As one factor decreases,
The other one increases.
No Correlation
• There is no connection
between one value increasing
And the other value.
How I want you to answer!
• Name, describe and draw the correlation
• Name it as positive negative or none.
• Describe how one factor affects the other
• Draw the chart that shows the correlation
Let’s practice correlations
• Remember: 1. name 2. describe and 3. chart each.
• The correlation between how much you eat, and your
bodyweight.
• The correlation between the amount of cardiovascular
exercise and your weight.
• The correlation between how much money you spend and
your bank account.