Ideology
• The body of ideas reflecting the social needs
and aspirations of an individual, group, class,
or culture.
• A set of doctrines or beliefs that form the basis
of a political, economic, or other system
Ideology of Pakistan
1. TWO NATION THEORY
• Two Nation Theory means that there were
two major nations in British India the Muslims
and the others, the argument is that Muslims
are not a community but a nation.
• A nation with distinctive identity, culture,
civilization and outlook on life and outlook of
life.
2. Development of two nation theory
• The underlying idea was that the Muslims of this
Sub-Continent wanted to preserve and protect
their distinctive identity.
• Initially, the Muslims demanded certain
safeguards, certain constitutional securities; they
also demanded a federal system of govt for India
where provinces enjoy autonomy. It was at a later
stage that the Muslims demanded a separate
state.
3. Nationhood:
• Nation is a dynamic concept; it is a desire to
live together under mutually agreed
institutions and political arrangements for the
objective of achieving certain goals and
objectives. This kind of sentiment amongst the
Muslims developed with reference to Islam. It
was the Islamic identity that led them to this
consciousness that they are a separate
identity with separate interests which they
must protect and promote.
4. Factors behind the development of
Muslim Nationhood
• In fact it was Islam which was central to the development
of the national consciousness amongst the Muslims of
South Asia. Islam entered in the Sub-Continent first through
the traders that came to the western parts of India then the
Muslim conquerors came to India from north western
regions that is from central Asia. They got settled here.
They became part of this society. They were influenced by
some of the local customs and the geographic conditions
the environmental conditions also influenced their living
style their habits and attitudes.
• However, Islam continued to be the core of their identity
and Muslims jealously guarded this distinctive character
which was Islam..
5. Islam
Four factors influenced the development of Muslim
consciousness and identity in this region:• First, Islam could not be absorbed into other religious and
cultural systems that existed in India at that time.
• Different systems interacted with each other but Islam
maintained its cultural identity, there were some efforts to
create some kind of mixing of the local culture of Hinduism
of Islam but these efforts did not succeed and there were
movements in Islam in India that fought against these
struggles for example, the role played by sheikh Ahmed Sir
Hindi is very important to maintain the distinct and
separate identity of the Muslims of the region.
6.Conversion of Non-Muslims to Islam
• the second factor that shaped the
consciousness of the Muslims of this region
was the conversion of non Muslims to Islam.
Islam upheld the doctrine of social justice and
equality as against the caste system that was
prevalent in India therefore a large no. of non
Muslims got converted to Islam because Islam
ensured them equality and social justice and
this contributed to enlarging the Muslim
community in this region.
7. The Muslim rule
• The third factor which is important is the
impact of the Muslim rule, Muslims ruled over
India for several hundred years and this rule
created self pride and attachment with the
religio political identity. The Muslims became
consciousness of the fact that they are
important and they cannot be steamrolled by
the majority community or the British who
had come into India.
8. The advent of the British
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The fourth factor that shaped their disposition and consciousness was the challenge
of the western expansion in India especially the advent of the British.
The impact of the British rule was not equal for both communities that are the
Muslims and non Muslims especially the Hindus. The Muslims who were rulers
before the British came to India felt the brunt of the rise of the British more than
any other community.
The British established themselves in India and they created new governmental
system and recruitment to services. Two of the policies that the British adopted
made relevant weither a person was a Muslim or not. First the recruitment to
services through open and competitive exams, 2nd the gradual introduction of the
elective principle in India that is the gradual principle of electing the
representatives. That principle and also the pattern of competitive exams created a
competition between the two communities and the issue like who is who became
very important.
The major Muslim concern was that how to protect and promote their identity
against the pressure that was being generated because of British rule and also the
attitude of the majority community. Coming to the attitude of the majority
community I first can mention two major developments that would elaborate what I
am saying here.
9. Urdu-Hindi controversy
• In 1867 the Hindu leadership in Banaras
started a movement for replacing Urdu with
Hindi written in Devnagri script what is often
describe as Hindi-Urdu Controversy that
started in 1867 and this was basically design
to push back the Muslims some of whom
were still important in the administrative
system and it was also meant to push back the
Muslim which was obviously wide spread at
that time.
10. The Revivalist Hindu Movements
• Towards the end of the 19th century a series of Hindu revivalist
movements developed although they were targeting the British but
in reality the target shifted from the British to the Muslim;
• In the last decade of the 19th century we see a lot of anti Muslims
riots and propaganda which created a sense of insecurity amongst
the Muslims who felt that a partnership, a cooperative interaction
and environment of working together would not be created;
• By the beginning of the 20th century the issue for the Muslims of
the Sub-Continent was how could they protect their identity and in
what manner they should present their demands. It is because of
these reasons that in the last quarter of the 19th century and in the
beginning of the 20th century we had certain Muslims organizations
coming up that were demanding that Muslims rights should be
protected and how should the Muslims deal with the other
community
11. The Simla deputation (1906)
• The Muslim elite, the Muslim leaders got together and met
the viceroy in 1906 demanding that Muslims should elect
their own representatives to the elective bodies the British
was creating, to the legislative assembly and to the other
bodies, this is of what is called as the principle of Separate
Electorate that Muslims elect their own representatives
and others elect their own separately and exclusively. This
principle was incorporated into the govt of India Act 1909,
and from onwards Muslims were electing their own
representatives because they were convinced because of
the political experience. That their interest could not be
protected by others and they should have their own
representatives.
12. Other important developments:
• The establishment of Muslim League (1906)
• Lucknow Pact 1916: the Muslim demand was
some kind of legal and constitutional
arrangements which could ensure safeguards
and guarantees for their interests
The Muslim alienation from Indian
National Congress
• By 1940 Muslims learned from political experience,
especially to live under Congress Ministries at the provincial
level during 1937 and 1939.In 1937 elections were held in
India at the provincial level and the Congress formed
ministries in most of the Indian provinces. The Muslim’s
experience under these ministries was very bitter, they for
the first time realized that what would be their fate if the
Congress rule over India and this experience played an
important role in converting their demands for safeguards
to a separate state Pakistan and that is why in 1940 a
resolution was passed by the ML in its annual session at
Lahore which called for the establishment of a separate
state for the Muslims of this region
• Thank You
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES FOR THE
ESTABLISHEMENTG OF PAKISTAN
• The idea of Pakistan was based on the fact that
Muslims were a separate nation having their own
culture, civilization, customs, literature, religion and
way of life. They cannot be merged in any other nation
because their philosophy of life based on the principles
of Islam. As the Indian Muslims found it difficult to live
according to principles of Islam in United India. They
were forced to demand a separate homeland to
safeguard their vested interested, religious, economic
and political.
Following factors can be said to be aims and objectives
for the establishment of Pakistan
1. Enforcement of the sovereignty of
the God almighty
• The Islamic state is built up on the concept of
the sovereignty of the God Almighty. The
prime objective of the demand for Pakistan
was the establishment of a state where
Almighty God's supremacy could be enforced.
The Quad-e-Azam said that:"We did not
demand Pakistan to acquire a piece of land,
but we wanted a homeland where we could
introduce Islamic principles
2. Establishment of Islamic democracy
• Islam has given an ideal concept off democracy
which is distinctively different from the western
concept.
• In Islam democratic system everyone is equal and
no one enjoys a privileged position on the basis
of his social status. One of the main objectives of
the freedom movement was that the Muslims of
the sub-continent wanted a country where the
ideal system of Islamic democracy could be
installed
3. Protection of Muslim image and
identity
• In the United India the Muslims were
dominated by the Hindus in every social field.
The Muslims were not in a position to
compete with the Hindus because of their
backwardness in education and politics. The
Hindus had adopted a prejudicial attitude
which blocked all channels to prosperity and
progress for the Muslims. The national image
and identity of the was in great jeopardy
because of the Hindu hatred and antagonism
4. Protection of Muslim culture and
civilization
• The Muslims were always a separate nation
because of their distinctive cultural values and
patterns.
• The Muslim culture, civilization and literature
were the living and proud symbols of the Muslims
identity as a separate and distinct nation.
• The Hindus always desired to crush the Muslim as
nation and ultimately merge them into Hindu
society. The Hindu extremist attempted several
times to obliterate Muslim culture and civilization
from Indian soil.
5. Two nation theory
• The entire freedom movement revolved around two nation
theory which became the basis of demand for Pakistan. It
meant that the Muslims were a separate nation with their
distinct culture, civilization, literature, history religion and
social values.
• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was the first Muslim leader who
propounded this theory. In the beginning he was a staunch
advocate of Hindu Muslim unity. Later on while observing
the prejudice Hindu and congress attitude toward the
Muslims, he came forward with his two nation concept and
declared that the Muslims were a separate nation Having
their
own
culture
and
civilization.
6. Emancipation from the prejudicial
Hindu majority
• The Muslims belonged to all walks of life and under
stably dominated in all spheres of social life during
their rule. The Arab conquest was a blessing for the
sub-continent which attained maximum economic
prosperity during Muslim rule. The Muslim domination
aroused Hindu jealousy who had to live under the
Muslim hegemony in spite of their numerical majority.
The British and the Hindus adopted a cruel policy of
mass elimination against the Muslims in order to erase
them as a nation and subsequently merge them in he
Hindu nationalism. This policy created great difficulties
for the Muslims in their social life
7. Establishment of a balanced
economic system
• The economic condition of the Muslims, before partition,
was deplorable. The Hindus had monopolized commerce
and trade.
• The Muslims were not in a position to enter in the business
and trade because of biased policy of government.
• After the war of Independence of 1857, the British
Government had banned Muslims entry into government
service. The Muslims also lagged behind in the field of
education, the Hindus on the other hand had advanced in
modern knowledge and were in a better position. The
ignorance in knowledge and were in a better position.
• Thank You