Animal Tissues and
Organ Systems
Key Concepts
• Types of Animal tissues
– Four tissues types (organized into organs)
•
•
•
•
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
• Organ systems
– Embryonic tissues are source of all adult
organs
– Each organ system has specialized
function
Stem Cells – source of all
cell types and tissues
• Undifferentiated cells
with potential to develop
into many cell types
– Embryonic stem cells,
more versatile
– Adult stem cells, less
versatile
Body Organization
• Tissue
– Group of cells performing same task
• Organ
– Two or more tissues performing same task
or a set of tasks within the organ
• Organ system
– Two or more organs performing a major
function (or set of functions) within the
organism
Tissues
• Groups of cells and intercellular
substances that interact in one or more
tasks
• Example: nervous tissue in the retina
detect light
Organs
• Group of tissues organized to perform a
task or set of tasks
• Example: Heart is an organ that pumps
blood through body
• Heart consists of muscle tissue, nervous
tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial
tissue
Organ Systems
• Groups of organs that interact physically
and/or chemically to perform a common
task or major set of functions
• Example: Circulatory system includes
heart, arteries, and other vessels that
transport blood through the body as well
as many other functions
Homeostasis
• Stable range of operating conditions in
the internal environment of an organism
• Examples include: blood pH, body
temp., blood pressure, concentrations of
electrolytes in the fluids of organs
• Brought about by coordinated activities
of cells, tissues, organs, and organ
systems
4 Types of Animal Tissues
• Epithelial tissues
• Connective tissues
• Muscle tissues
• Nervous tissues
Type 1: Epithelial Tissues
• Sheet-like, line body surfaces, cavities, ducts, and tubes
• Lines, covers, and protects other tissues and organs.
• Characterized by:
– Cells tightly packed together
– The presence of a cell secretion called the basement membrane.
• Named by:
– Cell shape
– Other characteristics of the cells.
•
Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar are examples of Epithelial cell types
• One free surface faces a body fluid or the environment
basement
membrane
simple
squamous
epithelium
connective tissue
Glands
Secretory organs derived from Epithelial Cells
• Exocrine glands have ducts or tubes
– Salivary and sweat glands
– Mainly secrete to the OUTSIDE of the
organism
• Endocrine glands are ductless
– Adrenals and pituitary
– Secrete to the INSIDE of the organism,
glandular products (mainly hormones) are
transported by the blood primarily
exo = out
endo = in
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Type 2: Connective Tissues
• Most abundant tissues in the body
• Characterized by the cells widely separated from each
other in a matrix that is produced by the cells.
• Tissue protects and supports.
• Cell Matrix composed of two regions
– Ground
• Liquid (sol), Gel, Gum or solid
– Fibers
• Non-elastic (= white or Collagen)
• Elastic (= yellow fibers)
– Specialized
•
•
•
•
Cartilage
Bone
Adipose (fat)
Blood
Living Bone Tissue
Soft Connective Tissues
• Loose connective tissue
• Dense, irregular connective tissue
• Dense, regular connective tissue
Vascular Tissue (Blood)
• Liquid matrix = plasma
– 90% water
– 10%Plasma proteins, electrolytes, hormones, oxygen,
glucose etc.
• Cellular elements
– Erythrocytes -48 billion (female) to 54 billion (male)
cell / ml of blood in humans. Mammals are
unnucleated while rest of the vertebrates they have
nuclei
– Leukocytes -about 7.5 million / ml of blood
– Platelets -blood clotting
Blood Cell Types
white blood cell
platelet
red blood cell
Fig. 20-3g, p.342
Type 3: Muscle Tissue
• Cells contract when stimulated
• Moves body and specific body
parts
• 2 types, 3 classes
– Striated
• Skeletal
• Cardiac
– Not striated
• Smooth
Skeletal Muscle
• Attaches to and moves
bones
• Long, cylindrical cells
• Striated cells
• Voluntary control
nucleus
Cardiac Muscle
• Present only in heart
• Cells are branching
– Ends joined by
communication
junctions
• Cells striated
• Not under voluntary
control
where cells meet
Smooth Muscle
• Located in soft
internal organs
(uterus, stomach
and intestines) and
blood vessels
• Cells taper at ends
• Cells not striated
• Not under
voluntary control
cell nucleus
Type 4: Nervous Tissue
• Detects stimuli, integrates information,
and relays commands for response
• Consists of excitable neurons and
supporting cells
Neurons
• “Excitable” cells
This means that:
• Stimulus sends electrical impulse along
plasma membrane because of specific
proteins
This allows the cells to:
• Transmit information to other neurons,
muscles or glands
Neuron Anatomy
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/theneuron.html
11 Major Organ Systems
• Integumentary
• Lymphatic
• Nervous
• Respiratory
• Muscular
• Digestive
• Skeletal
• Urinary
• Circulatory
• Reproductive
• Endocrine
11 Major Organ Systems
Integumentary
System
Nervous
System
Muscular
System
Skeletal
System
Circulatory
System
Endocrine
System
Fig. 20-6, p.344a1
11 Major Organ Systems
Lymphatic
System
Respiratory
System
Digestive
System
Urinary
System
Reproductive
System
Fig. 20-6a2, p.344
Animal Organ Systems
System
Major
Component
Integumentary
Skin
Skeletal
Bones
Muscular
Skeletal
Muscles
Function
External Protection
Production of hair,
oils, sweat
Support
Protection of organs
Production of blood
cells
Movement
Animal Organ Systems – cont’d
System
Nervous
Endocrine
Major
Function
Component
Brain and
Integration of sensory and
Nerves
responses through electrical
impulses
Storage of knowledge
Endocrine
Integration of chemical
Glands
communication in the body
Circulatory Heart and
Blood
Vessels
Transport of nutrients,
wastes, antibodies and
hormones
Animal Organ Systems – cont’d
System
Major
Component
Function
Respiratory
Lungs or Gills
Digestive
Gastrointestinal Nutrient Acquisition
Tract
Digestion of food
Egestion of solid
wastes
Kidneys
Nitrogenous Waste
Elimination
Urinary
Gas Exchange
Skin: An Organ System
Integumentary
• Epidermis: Stratified
epithelium
• Dermis: Dense
connective tissues
• Hypodermis: Loose
connective tissue and
adipose tissue
Functions of Human Skin
• Protects body from injury,
dehydration, UV radiation, and
some pathogens
• Helps control temperature
• Receives external stimuli
• Involved in vitamin D production
Important stuff, this
Sun Damages Skin
• UV light stimulates melanin production
– tans skin
• Tan protects inner layers against UV
damage
• UV exposure causes
– elastin fibers to clump
– skin to age prematurely
– skin cancer
Human Skeletal System
• Functions
– Framework and support
– Protection
– Storage
• Joints and ligaments
Human Skeleton Diagram
Skull
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Clavicle
Sternum
Ribs
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Phalanges
Tibia
Compact Bone Tissue
Haversian system
Blood vessels
Osteocyte
Human Muscular System
– Functions
» Movement
» Warmth
» Posture
– Muscles can contract, stretch
and respond to stimuli
Human Muscular System Diagram
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Biceps brachi
Gluteus maximus
Rectus femoris
Gastrocnemius
Human Circulatory System
• Transports nutrients, gases, wastes,
water, and hormones and also distributes
heat
• Structures of circulatory system
– Heart
– Vessels
– Blood
• Lymphatic system
Erythrocytes
White blood cells
Diagram of Human Heart
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Right atrium
Mitral Valve
Tricuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Anterior
view
Human Respiratory System
• Respiration is gas exchange between an
organism and the environment
• Respiratory structures include the nose,
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
Exhalation
bronchioles and alveoli
Inhalation
Human Respiratory System
Diagram
Nasal Passage
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Bronchus
Human Digestive System
• Digestion is the breakdown of nutrients
to a level that can be used by cells of the
body.
• Structures
– GI tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine)
– Accessory (teeth, tongue, salivary glands,
liver, gall bladder, pancreas)
Human Digestive System
Diagram
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Large Intestine
Small Intestine
Villi
Digestive System – Leopard Frog
Human Excretory System
• Excretion is the removal of wastes from
the body, including
– toxic chemicals, excess water, carbon
dioxide and salts, nitrogenous wastes.
• Excretory Organs
– Skin
– Lungs
– Kidneys
Human Urinary System Diagram
Nephron
Kidney
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
Bladder
Urethra
Human Reproductive System
• Produces gametes (eggs and sperm)
• Fertilization – produces zygote
• Male Reproductive System
– Testes
– Epididymus, vas deferens, urethra, seminal
vesicle, prostate gland
• Female Reproductive System
– Ovary
– Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
Human Endocrine System
• The endocrine system consists of glands
that produce hormones.
• Hormones are chemical messengers that
travel through the blood stream and affect
activities throughout the body.
Human Endocrine System
Diagram
Hypothalamus and
Pituitary gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Thyroid and
Parathyroid glands
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
Human Nervous System
• Controls and coordinates functions
throughout the body
• Neurons are specialized cells that
transmit impulses throughout the body.
Fight or Flight Response
• our body's automatic, inborn
response that prepares the
body to "fight" or "flee" from
perceived attack, harm or
threat
What happens?
• brain recognizes threat (nervous system)
• Chemicals are released into the bloodstream (circulatory
system, endocrine system)
• Breathing and heart rate increases (respiratory system,
circulatory system)
• Blood is directed away from our digestive tract and directed into
our muscles and limbs, which require extra energy and fuel for
running and fighting (digestive system and locomotion system)
• Our pupils dilate. Our awareness intensifies. Our sight
sharpens. Our impulses quicken. Our perception of pain
diminishes. (nervous system)
• Our immune system mobilizes with increased activation
(immune system)
Does it ever end?
•
By its very design, the fight or flight response leads us to fight or to
flee—both creating immense amounts of muscle movement and
physical exertion. This physical activity effectively metabolizes the
stress hormones released as a result of the activation of our fight or
flight response. Once the fighting is over, and the threat—which
triggered the response—has been eliminated, our body and mind return
to a state of calm.
Plant Organ Systems
• In plants there are 3 organ systems:
• Roots: everything below ground
– Seeks and gathers water/nutrients from the
soil
• Shoots: everything above ground
– Seeks like and adds height
• The Reproductive System: the flower
– Allows for sexual reproduction
• Together the roots and shoots
allow for transpiration: the
evaporation of water from the
leaves and stem of plants