Digital Libraries: Extending
and Applying Library and
Information Science and
Technology
CIKM 2000
November 9, 2000
Edward A. Fox
fox@vt.edu http://fox.cs.vt.edu
CS
DLRL
Internet TIC
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Acknowledgements (Selected)

Mentors: JCR Licklider, Michael Kessler, Gerard Salton

Sponsors: Adobe, IBM, Microsoft, NLM, NSF, OCLC,
SOLINET, SURA, UNESCO, US Dept. of Ed. (FIPSE), …

VT Faculty/Staff: Tony Atkins, Thomas Dunbar, Debra
Dudley, John Eaton, Gwen Ewing, Peter Haggerty, Gary
Hooper, Gail McMillan, Len Peters, James Powell, …

VT Students: Emilio Arce, Fernando Das Neves, Brian
DeVane, Robert France, Marcos Goncalves, Scott Guyer,
Robert Hall, Neill Kipp, Paul Mather, Tim McGonigle,
Todd Miller, Constantinos Phanouriou, William Schweiker,
Ohm Sornil, Hussein Suleman, Patrick Van Metre, Laura
Weiss, …
Internet Technology
Innovation Center
Supported by Virginia’s Center for Innovative Technology
Statewide University Partners - Governing Board:

Christopher Newport University
– William Winter, William Muir, Virginia Electronic Commerce Technology
Center / Southeastern Virginia Network (VECTEC/SEVAnet)

George Mason University
– Scott Martin, Internet Multimedia Center (ICM)
– Steven Ruth, International Center for Applied Studies in IT (ICASIT)

University of Virginia
– Alf Weaver, Internet Commerce Group (InterCom)
– Jim French, Internet Digital Library

Virginia Tech
– Edward Fox, Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL), CC, CS
– Scott Midkiff, Center for Wireless Telecomm. (CWT), VTISC, ECpE
Digital Library Courseware
http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~dlib/
 WWW
pages or large PDF copy files
 CourseInfo quizzes based on books by Michael
Lesk (MKP.com) and William Arms (MIT Press)
 Contents based on books, with other popular
topics added (e.g., agents)
 Separate pages to supplement: Definitions,
Resources (People, Projects), and References
JCDL 2001
 First
Joint ACM/IEEE Conference on
Digital Libraries (+ NSF DLI-2 PI mtg)
http://www.jcdl.org
 June 24-28, 2001 in Roanoke, VA
 Conference Committee:
General Chair: Edward A. Fox, Virginia Tech
 Program Chair: Christine Borgman, UCLA
 Treasurer: Neil Rowe, Naval Postgraduate School
 Posters Chair: Craig Nevill-Manning, Rutgers U.

Why this topic today?
 Many
users (patrons) prefer digital libraries
to traditional libraries or the Web
 Digital library collections often are free or
less expensive, so are heavily used
 Most publishers are working toward digital
libraries to allow access to their content
 Computing as well as library and
information science professionals are key
players in building digital libraries
Outline
Challenge – WHY !
Scaling / Technology
Framework, Theory
Simplification: DC, OAI
Example Applications
Grand
Libraries of the Future
JCR Licklider, 1965, MIT Press
World
Nation
State
City
Community
Licklider – Unified Theory?
 Not
ready in 1960s
 Analog – unified field theory in physics
 “Mess” today – segmented field, specialities
– Database <-> Knowledge <-> Content Mgmnt
– Multimedia, Hypermedia, Hypertext
– Logic, Algebra, Artificial Intelligence, …
 Expensive,
annoying for users
– Don’t know where to look
– Don’t know how to use services
Digital Library Content
Content
Types
Text
Documents
Video
Audio
Geographic
Information
Software,
Programs
Bio
Information
Images and
Graphics
Articles,
Reports,
Books
Speech,
Music
(Aerial)
Photos
Models
Simulations
Genome
Human,
animal,
plant
2D, 3D,
VR,
CAT
Communications
(bandwidth, connectivity)
Locating Digital Libraries in Computing and
Communications Technology Space
Digital Libraries
technology
trajectory: intellectual
access to globally
distributed information
Computing (flops)
Digital content
less
more
(Slide from S. Griffin, NSF)
Grand Challenges Can
 Mobilize
the community
 Spur creativity
 Lead to important benefits in society
 Push researchers to develop relevant theories
 Force people to work in teams/groups
 Convince funding agencies to invest
 Help bring about integration of systems,
interoperability, and seamless interfaces
DL Challenges
 World
Digital Library (Libraries)
 Preservation
 Scalability,
- so people with trust DLs
sustainability, interoperability
 (Supporting
infrastructure - networks, …)
 DL industry
- critical mass by covering libraries,
archives, museums, corporate info, govt info,
personal info - “quality WWW” integrating IR,
HT, MM, ...
– Need tools & methods to make them easier to build
DLs: Why of Global Interest?
 National
projects can preserve antiquities and
heritage: cultural, historical, linguistic, scholarly
 Knowledge and information are essential to
economic and technological growth, education
 DL - a domain for international collaboration
–
–
–
–
wherein all can contribute and benefit
which leverages investment in networking
which provides useful content on Internet & WWW
which will tie nations and peoples together more
strongly and through deeper understanding
Information
Life
Cycle
Borgman et al.:
Workshop Report on
Social Aspects of
Digital Libraries:
http://www-lis.gseis.
ucla.edu/DL/
Digital Libraries --- Objectives
 World
Lit.: 24hr / 7day / from desktop
 Integrated “super” information systems: 5S:
streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies
 Ubiquitous, Higher Quality, Lower Cost
 Education, Knowledge Sharing, Discovery
 Disintermediation -> Collaboration
 Universities Reclaim Property
 Interactive Courseware, Student Works
 Scalable, Sustainable, Usable, Useful
DL-Related Timeline
WWW
1985
1990
Scholarly
EPub in U’s
1995
xxx
CSTR
2000
OAI
CoRR
NCSTRL
PDF
SGML
XML
MPEG-7
JPEG, MPEG
PCs
TEI
Proposed
Ugrad DL
HyperCard
Hypertext Conf.
ETDs
DLI
DLI2
NSDL
Java
DC
NDLTD
RDF
Core of DL
 Collecting
– Authoring, Repositories, Archives, Museums, …
 Organizing
– Packaging of Data and Metadata, Storing
– Naming/Identifying and Cataloging
– Classification, Clustering, …
 Serving
– Indexing, Linking, Summarizing, Visualizing
– Browsing, Accessing, Searching, Filtering,
Retrieving, Distributing, Using, …
DL Components
Gateways
MM/ HT Renderer
User Interfaces
Workflow Mgr
Search Engines, Classifiers, …
DBMS
Rights Mgr
Data, MM Info
Repository
Digital Libraries
Shorten the Chain from
Editor
Reviewer
Publisher
A&I
Consolidator
Library
DL = Users Direct
(Organized Artifact Mediated Communication)
Author
Teacher
Digital
Reader
Learner
Reviewer
Editor
Dr.
Library
Patient Librarian
Benefits
 Ease
of use
 Effectiveness
 “The
benefits of digital libraries will not be
appreciated unless they are easy to use effectively.”
- IITA Workshop report
Outline
Grand
Challenge
Scaling / Technology
Framework, Theory
Simplification: DC, OAI
Example Applications
PetaPlex Top View
4 ft.
side
PetaPlex Side View
15
Roles:
* Support
* Cooling
* Power
shelves
8 ft.
high
4 ft. wide
Service
Machine 1
Service
PetaPlex Complex
Service
Machine 2
Nanoserver
FRONT END MACHINE
RS/6000, 1G RAM, 4 Proc.
Machine 3
Service
Machine 4
Nanoserver
Nanoserver Nanoserver Nanoserver Nanoserver
Nanoserver Nanoserver Nanoserver Nanoserver
Nanoserver Nanoserver Nanoserver Nanoserver
PetaPlex
 Digital
Library Machine (“super” object
store): Parallel computer / storage utility
 Research: inverted files, video server, …
 Knowledge Systems Incorporated is
supplying VT-PetaPlex-1 with 2.5
terabytes through 100 nodes:
Net
connection + 25GB disk + 233
MHz Pentium + Linux
Structured Video Browser
(making video into hypermedia)
www.learn.umd.edu

IBrowse
Expository multimedia
 Narrative Structures

 MPEG-
MPEG-7 Image Library Systems Tech.
7
Image Library Systems
Users
Web Search Engines
WWW
1
5
Servlet
Servlet
3’
Servlet
4
Servlet Engine
4’
MPEG-7
Description
Module
2
5’
Web Server
Search Server
OS
3
DB
and Communication
ICU Information
University
 MPEG7
MPEG-7 Video Library Systems Tech.
Video Library Systems Tech.
Architecture
Video Data
Description Generator
Description
Scheme
Description Schemes
Design Tool
Player
Video
Database
Retrieval Server
Module
Presentation Module
Meta
Database
and Communication
ICU Information
University
LMDS offers a LOT of bandwidth
(comparison to previous auctions)
LMDS
MMDS
DBS
PCS A-C Block
LMDS is:
- 1300 MHz in two “Blocks” ( 28-31 GHz)
- Over 2X bandwidth of AM/FM radio,
VHF/UHF television, and Cellular telephone
combined.
- More than sum of previous 16 auctions
Cellular Unserved
Digital Audio Radio Service
PCS D-F Block
Wireless Communications Service
Interactive & Video Data
0
200
400
600
MHz
800
1000
1200
SPIRE Visualization
CAVE-ETD
 CAVE-ETD
is a simulation of a library that
runs in a CAVE (VR environment).
 Populated with a subset of ETD records.
room
room
room
room
Main
Foyer
Reading Book Abstract
Integrated CCLINC
Translingual Information System
DARPA
CCLINC
SERVER
Translation
It seems that North Korea launch a missile again
After North Korea launched a Daipodong missile
last month, NK is perceived to proceed to an additional
test launch. Korea, US and Japan enter into an alert
state, and prepare for a joint response policy. Korea
estimates that the additional launch will be on 09/05.
Japan estimates that NK’s missile range is short. US
information says that there is no sign of launch yet.
Outline
Grand
Challenge
Scaling / Technology
Framework, Theory
Simplification: DC, OAI
Example Applications
Definitions
 Library
++ (library+archive+museum+…)
 Distributed information system + organization
+ effective interface
 User community + collection + services
 Digital objects, repositories, IPR management,
handles, indexes, federated search, hyperbase,
annotation
Definition: Digital Libraries
are complex systems that
 help
satisfy info needs of users (societies)
 provide info services (scenarios)
 organize info in usable ways (structures)
 present info in usable ways (spaces)
 communicate info with users (streams)
5S Layers
Societies
Scenarios
Spaces
Structures
Streams
Definition: 5S Framework
 Societies:
interacting people (, computers)
 Scenarios: services, functions, operations,
methods
 Spaces: domains + constraints (e.g., distance,
adjacency): 2D, vector, probability
 Structures: relations, trees, nodes and arcs
 Streams: sequences of items (text, audio,
video, network traffic)

(5 Element System: Fire, Wood, Earth, Metal, Water)
5S: Combinations
 Societies
+ Scenarios = user model
 Societies + Scenarios + Spaces = user interface
 Streams + Structures = markup
 Streams + Structures + Scenarios = object
 Structures + Scenarios = DBMS
Outline
Grand
Challenge
Scaling / Technology
Framework, Theory
Simplification: DC, OAI
Example Applications
Complex to Simple
MARC ($50)
Dublin Core (DC)
Author‘s tools
www.physik.uni-oldenburg.de/EPS/mmm
DL Components
Gateways
MM/ HT Renderer
User Interfaces
Workflow Mgr
Search Engines, Classifiers, …
DBMS
Data, MM Info
Rights Mgr
Repository
Open Archives Initiative
OAI
www.openarchives.org
openarchives@openarchives.org
Original Open Archives Members









American Physical Society
California Digital Library
Caltech
Coalition for Networked Info.
Cornell University
Harvard University
Library of Congress
Los Alamos Nat’l Lab
Mellon Foundation









NASA Langley Research Cntr
Old Dominion University
Stanford University
U. of Ghent
U. of Surrey
U. of Southampton
Vanderbilt University
Virginia Tech
Washington University
Approaches to Open Archives
Build By Institution
Build By
Discipline
Approaches to Open Archives
Build By Institution
Build By
Discipline
Author
Category
Interdisciplinary
Year
Language
Query …
OAi Philosophy
Self-archiving
= submission mechanism
Long-term storage system = archive
Open interface = harvesting mechanism
Data provider + service provider
Start with “gray literature”
– e-prints/pre-prints, reports, dissertations, …
Archive of Digital Objects
Archive
Access
Protocol
Handle
(ID)
terms and conditions
Digital object
OAI – Repository Perspective
Required: Protocol
MDO
MDO
MDO
MDO
MDO
MDO
MDO
MDO
DO
DO
DO
DO
OAI – Black Box Perspective
OA 7
OA 4
OA 2
OA 1
OA 3
OA 6
OA 5
Black Box OAI-ETD Perspective
…
www.theses.org
BN.PT
(Portugal)
SEALS
(S.Africa)
OhioLINK
Dissert.Online
(Germany)
CBUC
(Catalunya)
CIC
…
VT
CyberTheses
(Francophone)
NDC
(Greece)
MIT
ISTEC
(Ibero
America)
U. Bergen
(Norway)
ADT
(Australia)
PhysDis
NSYSU
(Taiwan)
CS Teaching Center (CSTC)
 Collection
of reviewed online resources used
to aid in teaching of Computer Science
 Supports
author submission and peer-review
process for new ACM Journal of Educational
Resources In Computing (JERIC)
 Connected
with NSDL (NSF 00-44)
http://www.cstc.org
W3C Web Characterization
Repository
 Online
database of metadata related to
publications, tools and data sets dealing with
Web characterization
 Project
of the Web Characterization Activity
working group of the World-Wide-Web
Consortium (www.w3c.org/WCA)
http://purl.org/net/repository
OAI Repository Explorer

Serves as a compliancy test

Allows browsing of open archives using only OAI
protocol

Sends requests on behalf of user, parses and checks
responses and displays browsable interface

Will detect most discrepancies in protocol
http://purl.org/net/explorer
Tiered Model of Interoperability
Mediator services
Metadata harvesting
Document models
Figure 1. Layers Related to Open Archives Initiative
Services
Citation /
Linking
Authoring
Submission
SFX
Editorial:
CiteSeer
Reviewing,
Certification
Summarization
Metadata
Creation
Registry
Citation
Checking
Archives:
Text/MM
Editing
Citation DB
Updating
Name, ID,
Description,
Terms and
Conditions,
…
Authority
Control
Preservation
Conversion
Metadata Formats:
Gazetteer
Cataloging
Copy-Edit / Add Value
Name,
Standard,
Preservation
Process, …
Name, XML DTD, …
Search/Browse
Protocols
Annotation
Collaboration
Archive
Formats:
…
Services
Tools
…
Repository
Repository for NDLTD
Metadata Formats:
OA Metadata Set,
NDLTD Standard
(DC-based) Set
Transaction Log
Training Resources
Open Archives Harvesting Protocol
VT Partition
Record
(Metadata)
Record (Full
Content)
NCSTRL
Repository
UVA Partition
Metadata
…
Content
…
EconWPA
Repository
…
Caltech Partition
Metadata
Content
RePEc
Repository
Outline
Grand
Challenge
Scaling / Technology
Framework, Theory
Simplification: DC, OAI
Example Applications
(6 slides from Lee Zia, NSF)
Presidential Directive - 12/17/1999
Subject: Use of Information Technology to
Improve Our Society
“13.
The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, the
Director of the National Science Foundation, the
Director of the National Park Service, and the
Director of the Institute of Museum and Library
Services shall work with the private sector and
cultural and educational institutions across the
country to create a Digital Library of Education to
house this country's cultural and educational
resources.”
Programmatic History
NSDL Program
NSF: FY 00-02
DL
Operational
Fall, 2002
DLs & UG Earth Systems Education
initiated FY 99, continuing
DLI 2 Special Emphasis in Undergrad
Education FY 98-99
DLI 2 - NSF, et al., initiated in FY 98, continuing
Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI 1) - NSF/NASA/ARPA,
FY 94-97
Vision
A Learning Environments and
Resources Network for SMET
Education (LEARNS)
Designed to meet the needs of learners, in both
individual and collaborative settings
 Constructed to enable dynamic use of a broad array of
materials for learning, primarily in digital format
 Managed actively to promote reliable anytime anywhere access to quality collections and services,
available both within and without the network
(from www.nsf.gov/nsdl)

“The network is the library.”
LEARNS Connects:
Users: students, educators, life-long learners
Content: structured learning materials; large realtime or archived datasets; audio, images,
animations;
primary sources; digital learning objects (e.g.
applets);
interactive (virtual, remote) laboratories; ...
Tools: search; refer; validate; integrate; create;
customize; publish; share; notify; collaborate; ...
Expectations of Tracks

Core Integration: to coordinate a distributed alliance of
resource collection and service providers, and to ensure
reliable and extensible access to and usability of the
resulting network of learning environments and resources

Collections: to aggregate and actively manage a subset of
the digital library’s content within a coherent theme or
specialty

Services: to increase the impact, reach, efficiency, and
value of the digital library in its fully operational form

Targeted Research: to have immediate impact on one or
more of the other three tracks
Selected DL2 Ugrad
Projects/Topics
UNCW, Eduprise, TCNJ, IMS, CS, Math, Viz., …
VT,…: iLumina Project
Columbia University
Earth sciences
Stanford University
Medicine (images)
U. California Berkeley
Engineering
University of Maryland
K-12 education
U. Texas at Austin
Physical anthropology
Tracks & 29 Projects
6
Core Integration: Columbia, Cornell,
E.Michigan/MERIT, UCAR, UCB, UMissouri/NCSA (Biology, Eng., Teacher Ed.)
 13
Collections: Atmosphere, Biology, Biosciences,
Earth Systems, Engineering, Health Sciences, Math
9
Services: Competitive Intelligence, Component
Environment, Earth Systems J., Metadata NLP,
Managing LOs, Peer Review, Video
1
Targeted Research: Paths
NSDL Spine
Portals
&
Portals
Portals
& &
Clients
Clients
Clients
NSDL
NSDL
Services
Other
NSDL
Services
Services
full-service
full-service
collections
NSDL
collections
Collections
referenced
referenced
Referenced
items&&
items
Items
&
collections
collections
Collections
Core CollectionCore
Building
CollectionServices
harvesting
Core
Building
CollectionServices
persistence
Building
Services
protocol mediation
Core CollectionUsage
CIServices
Services
annotation
CI Services
query transform
CI Services
topic-map
CIregistry
Services
personalization
discussion
(Slide from Dave Fulker, Bill Arms – 11/2/2000)
CS Teaching Center (CSTC)

Instead of building large, expensive multimedia packages,
that become obsolete and are difficult to re-use, concentrate
on small knowledge units.

Learners benefit from having well-crafted modules that
have been reviewed and tested.

Use digital libraries to build a powerful base of support for
learners, upon which a variety of courses, self-study
tutorials & reference resources can be built.

ACM Education Board and SIG support, new NSF grant
with COLLEGIS Research Institute and others …
Browsing (1)
Browsing (2)
A Digital Library Case Study
Domain:
graduate
education, research
Genre: ETDs =
electronic theses &
dissertations
Submission:
http://etd.vt.edu
Collection:
http://www.theses.org
Project:
Networked Digital
Library of Theses &
Dissertations
http://www.ndltd.org
(NDLTD – remember:
ND LTD / NDL TD)
(also, newer NUDL:
Networked University
Digital Library, with
e-courseware, etc.)
Grad
Program
Library
IT
Ed.
(Tech)
The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations
www.NDLTD.org
Training Authors
Expanding Access
Preserving Knowledge
Improving Graduate Education
Enhancing Scholarly Communication
Empowering Students & Universities
Leader of the Worldwide ETD
(Electronic Thesis and Dissertation) Initiative
What are the long term goals?
 Attract
all TDs/yr: 50K D-US, 25K D-Germany,
10K TD-Canada, …
 >200K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs that may turn into
electronic portfolios (images, video, audio, …)
 Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing: literature
reviews, bibliographies, …
 Services providing lifelong access for students:
browse, search, prior searches, citation links
 Hundreds/thousands of downloads / year / work
Student Defends & Finalizes ETD
My Thesis
ETD
Student Gets Committee
Signatures and Submits ETD
Signed
Grad School
Graduate School Approves ETD,
Student is Graduated
Ph.D.
Library Catalogs ETD, Access is
Opened to the New Research
WWW
NDLTD
User Search Support
(multilingual, XML)
NDLTD World Federated
Search
User
Interface
Virginia Tech ...
(univ)
Dissertations
Online
(Germany)
OhioLink
Portugese NL ...
(lib / univ group)
(national lib)
Australia
(regional)
OAS,
ISTEC
(Latin
America)
Note: All groups shown are connected with NDLTD.
Access Possibilities
Web
search
engines
www.
theses.
org
Virginia MIT National
Tech
Library of
Portugal
www.
library
openarchives. catalog
org
clients
CBUC
(Spain)
Ohio
Link
3rd
Party
Services
(e.g.,
UMI)
National
Projects:
AU, GE, …
Status of the Local Project
 Approved
by university governance Spring
1996; required starting 1/1/97
 Submission & access software in place
 Submission workshops for students (and
faculty) occur often: beginner/adv.
 Faculty training as part of Faculty
Development Initiative
 Over 3000 ETDs in collection – some have
audio, video, large images, software, …
US University Members (44)
Air
University (Alabama)
Baylor University
Brigham Young University (part, whole)
Caltech
Clemson University
College of William & Mary
Concordia University (Illinois)
East Carolina University
East Tenn. State U. – require fall 2000
Florida Institute of Technology
Florida International University
George Washington University
Louisiana State University
Marshall University (W. Va.)
Miami University of Ohio
Michigan Tech
Mississippi State University
MIT
Naval Postgraduate School (CA)
New Mexico Tech
North Carolina State University























Penn. State University
Rochester Institute of Tech.
U. of Colorado Health Science Center
U. of Florida
U. of Georgia
University of Hawaii, Manoa
U. of Iowa
U. of Kentucky
U. of Maine
U. of North Texas – required since 8/99
U. of Oklahoma
U. of South Florida
U. of Tennessee, Knoxville
U. of Tennessee, Memphis
U. of Texas at Austin – required in 2001
U. of Virginia
U. Wisconsin - Madison
Vanderbilt U.
Virginia Commonwealth U.
Virginia Tech - required since 1/97
West Virginia U. - required fall 1998
Western Michigan U.
Worcester Polytechnic Inst.
OhioLINK
 Statewide
Consortium
 Represents 79 colleges, universities, libraries
 Public Universities
 Private Universities and Colleges
 2-Year Colleges
 Only a few (e.g., Miami U. of Ohio) are also
NDLTD members on their own
National / Regional Projects

Australia
–
–
–
–
–
–
–


U. New South Wales (lead)
U. of Melbourne
U. of Queensland
U. of Sydney
Australian National U.
Curtin U. of Technology
Griffith U.
– Universitat de Barcelona
– Universitat Autonòma de
Barcelona
– Universitat Politècnica de
Catalunya
– Universitat Pompeu Fabra
– Universitat de Girona
– Universitat de Lleida
– Universitat Rovira i Virgili
– Universitat Oberta de Catalunya
– Biblioteca de Catalunya
Germany
– Humboldt University (lead)
– 3 other universities
– 5 learned societies: Math,
Physics, Chemistry,
Sociology, Education
– 1 computing center
– 2 major libraries
Consorci de Biblioteques
Universitàries de Catalunya,
as group, www.cbuc.es:


South Africa: ECHEA/SEALS
India, Portugal, …
Other Countries with Members
 Belgium
 Netherland
 Brazil
 Norway
 Canada
 Russia
 Germany
 Singapore
 Hong
 S. Africa
Kong
 India
 Italy
 Korea
 Mexico
 S.
Korea
 Spain
 Taiwan
 UK
ETD Initiative (and UMI)
Students
Learn about
DL, EPub
TDs
become more
expressive
Global TDs
become more
accessible,
archived
Universities
UMI
N. Amer. (T)Ds are
accessible, archived
Convene Local Planning Group
ETD
Build Local ETD Site
ETD
Workshop/Training
Digital Library
Policies
Inspection/Approval
Responsibilities
 Handle
local education and collection
– Contact information for helpers
– Archive
 Utilize
standards
– Metadata: MARC / DC-based concensus specification
 Share
metadata
– Union services, mirrored services
 Allow
access
– www.theses.org / www.dissertations.org
– Open Archives Initiative (www.openarchives.org)
MARIAN Layers
User
User
User
User Interface Layer
User Information Layer
Search Engine Layer
Database Layer
User
Search Services
Recommendation Services, etc
Analysis
Indexing
Linking
5SL
Source
Description
NDLTD/NUDL/Digital
Library User
MARIAN/DEByE Mediation
Middleware
Fusion Layer
Wrapper
Generator
Additional
Evidential
Information
Belief Network Layer
Local Data Store
Queries + Results
wrapper
wrapper
Dublin
Core
SOIF
Harvest
protocol
German
PhysDis
Collection
...
Collection
wrapper
MARC
Open Archives
protocol
VT OAI
wrapper
Z39.50
protocol
...
RFC1807
Dienst
protocol
Greek
Hellenic Dissertations
Collection
MIT ETD
Collection
Remember
Grand
Challenge
Scaling / Technology
Framework, Theory
Simplification: DC, OAI
Example Applications
Conclusions
 Consider
DLs: to use, to teach, to add to, to build
 Education is one important application of DLs
 Cultural heritage, linguistic diversity, new
knowledge – all are important to preserve
 Technology opens up exciting opportunities in DLs
to yield seamless “super” information systems
 Having a framework and theory may lead to better
(more effective) systems and broader applicability
 Interoperability is part of the DL grand challenge
URLs
 http://fox.cs.vt.edu
 http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~dlib
(Courseware)
 http://www.dlib.org (D-Lib Magazine)
 www.smete.org and later
www.nsf.gov/nsdl
 www.ndltd.org and www.theses.org
 www.cstc.org (CSTC and JERIC)
 www.openarchives.org
 www.jcdl.org (JCDL’2001 – June 24-28)