The rock cycle
Before we look at the
Rock Cycle in more detail,
let’s review some basic information …
Atoms combine to make
compounds that combine to
make minerals.
Minerals are
Solid, Naturally occurring, Inorganic
a Fixed chemical composition,
And has Crystal form
SNIFC
alunite, amethyst, amphibole, analcite, anatase, andalusite, andesine, andradite, anglesite, anhydrite, ankerite, annabergite,
anorthite, anthonyite, anthophyllite, anthraconite, anthraxolite, antigorite, apatite, aphrosiderite, apophyllite, aragonite, ardennite,
argentoalgodonite, arsenopyrite, asbestos, atacamite, attapulgite, augite,awarurite, axinite, azurite, babingtonite, baddeleyite, barite,
bassetite, bastnaesite, beaconite, beryl, biotite, bismuthinite, blomstrandine, bornite, bowlingite, brannerite, braunite, brochantite,
bronzite, brookite, brucite, brunsvigite, buttgenbachite, byssolite, bytownite, calciovolborthite, calcite, calderite, calumetite, carnallite,
carnelian, celadonite, celestite, cerargyrite, chabazite, chalcedony, chalcocite, chalconatronite, chalcopyrite, chalcotrichite,
chamosite, chert, chloanthite, chlorargyrite, chlorastrolite, chlorite, clinochlore, clino-chrysotile, clinozoisite, collophane, columbite,
copiapite, copper, coquimbite, cordierite, corrensite, corundum, covellite, crocidolite, cubanite, cummingtonite, cuprite, dahllite,
datolite, daubreelite, delessite, diabantite, diallage, diamond, dickite, digenite, dihydrite, diopside, dioptase, djurleite, dolomite,
domeykite, forsterite, francolite, freirinite, fuchsite, fulgurite, galena, garnet, garnierite, gersdorffite, gibbsite, glauconite, goethite,
gold, halite, halloysite, halotrichite, harmotome, heterosite, heulandite, hisingerite, hollandite, hornblende,
hyacinth, hydrocarbon, hydrohausmannite, hydromica, hydromuscovite, hydrotroilite, hypersthene, iddingsite, illite, ilmenite, isle
royale greenstone, jacksonite, jacobsite, jasper, jaspilite, julgoldite, kamacite, kamiokite, kaolinite, kearsargeite, keweenawite,
kinoite, koutekite, kupfferite, kutnahorite, kyanite, labradorite, langite, laumontite, lavendulan, lead, lechetelierite, ledouxite,
leonhardite, lepidocrocite, lepidolite, manganoan siderite, manganocalcite, marcasite, margarite, marmolite, martite, masonite,
maucherite, melaconite, melanochalcite, melanterite, melilite, mercury, mesolite, meta-autunite, metatorbernite, metatyuyamunite,
microcline, millerite, minnesotaite, mirabilite, mohawk-algodonite, mohawkite, molybdenite, monazite, montmorillonite, muscovite,
nacrite, nantokite, natrojarosite, natrolite, neltnerite, neotocite, niccolite, nontronite, oligoclase, oligonite, olivenite, olivine, orientite,
orthoclase, ottrelite, palygorskite, paragonite, paramelaconite, pararammelsbergite, paratacamite, pargasite, patricianite, paxite,
pectolite, pennine, pentlandite, peristerite, perthite, pharmacolite, phengite, phillipsite, phlogopite, phosphides, phosphorite, picrolite,
picropharmacolite, pigeonite, pistacite, pitchblende, plagioclase, plancheite, plessite, polyhalite, posnjakite, powellite, prehnite,
priorite, prochlorite, protolithionite, pyrolusite, pyrope, pyrophyllite, pyrostilpnite, pyroxene, pyrrhotite, quartz, rammelsbergite,
rauenthalite, rhodochrosite, rhodonite, riebeckite, ripidolite, roscoelite, rubellan, rutherfordine, rutile, salite, salt, sanidine, saponite,
saussurite, scapolite, scheelite, schefferite, schorl, schreibersite, scolectite, seamanite, semi-whitneyite, sericite, serpentine, siderite,
silicon, sillimanite, silver, smaltite, smectite, soapstone, specularite, spessartite, sphalerite, sphene, spinel, spodumene, staurolite,
steatite, stellerite, stibiodomeykite, stilbite, stilpnomelane, stinkstone, strontianite, sulfur, sussexite, sylvanite, sylvite, synchisite,
szaibelyite, taenite, talc, tantalite, tellurium, tenorite, tetrahedrite, thomsonite, thuringite, tirodite, titanite, titanomagnetite, topaz,
tourmaline, tremolite, trichalcite, tridymite, troilite, tyrolite, uralite, uraninite, uranothorite, uvarovite, vaterite,, vesuvianite, violarite,
viridite, vivianite, vladimirite, wairakite, whitneyite, williamsite, wollastonite, wurtzite, xanthosiderite, xonotlite, zeolite, zircon, zoisite,
zonochlorite
There are over 2,000 minerals
Minerals combine to form Rocks
Rocks are made up of just one
mineral - like rock salt (made up of
Some
the mineral halite) that is mined near
Detroit.
Others Rocks are made up of
minerals - like the
many
granites and
gneisses (made up of feldspars, quartz,
and other minerals) found near Marquette.
What is the
Rock Cycle ?
The
rock cycle
is a sequence of events involving
formation, alteration, destruction, and
reformation of rocks as a result of natural
processes such as magmatism (melting of rock
into magma), erosion, transportation, deposition,
lithification, and metamorphism.
the
Glossary of Geology, Bates & Jackson, AGI
The mantle, crust and surface of the earth
can be thought of as a giant recycling machine;
rocks are neither created nor destroyed,
but redistributed and transformed from
one rock
type to another.
http://www.science.ubc.ca/~geol202/rock_cycle/rockcycle.html March 2000
The Rock Cycle involves the
recognition of three main classes
of rocks all of which are found in
Utah.
The three rock types are …
Sedimentary
CEMETERY
Rocks
Metamorphic
METABOLIC
Rocks
Igneous
INGENIOUS
Rocks
Right?
Igneous
Igneous means “born of fire”
Igneous Rock...
is formed when
sediments are
melted and cooled
Igneous ...
Cools Very Fast - glassy with holes
Cools Fast - glassy
Cools Slow- small crystals
Cools Very Slow- large crystals.
As Cooling Time increases, Crystal Size increases.
Bedrock
Mag-ma!
Into the
Bedrock
intrusive
(crystals)
On top (Exit)
extrusive
(no crystals)
Sedimentary rock...
is formed when sediment
that has been broken down
in some way is pressed and
cemented together.
 Sedimentary
rocks
are usually formed
in a watery
environment.
 Often layered
 Are the only rocks
that contain fossils
Sedimentary Rock...
Can have thick or thin
layers
Loosely Compacted
Have distinct particles
(Usually) dull luster
Metamorphic rock...
is formed when rocks
are changed by heat
and pressure.
metamorphic...
Metamorphic rocks
will often have
foliation or a
distorted structure.
Bands (can) form
Metamorphic
means
“changed”
Metamorphic!
Metamorphic...
Usually have Thin layers
Are Tightly Compacted
Have Blurred or
stretched particles
& are Usually shiny
Draw three ovals on your paper.
What should go in the blue oval?
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
Draw two blue arrows to the blue oval.
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
Label the process for the two blue arrows
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
What should we label the green oval?
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
What should we label them?
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
Draw two green arrows to the green oval.
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
What should we label them?
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
METAMORPHIC
Heat & Pressure
What should we label the red oval?
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
Heat & Pressure
METAMORPHIC
IGNEOUS
Heat & Pressure
Draw two red arrows toward the red oval.
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
IGNEOUS
Heat & Pressure
What should these red arrows be labeled?
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
Melting & Cooling
METAMORPHIC
IGNEOUS
Heat & Pressure
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
Melting & Cooling
METAMORPHIC
IGNEOUS
Heat & Pressure
There are three arrows missing on this diagram.
Can you guess what color the are and where they go?
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
Melting & Cooling
METAMORPHIC
IGNEOUS
Heat & Pressure
DO YOU NEED A HINT?
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
Melting & Cooling
METAMORPHIC
IGNEOUS
Heat & Pressure
Who got it right??
THE
ROCK
CYCLE
Weathering,
Erosion, Deposition, Cementation, Compaction
SEDIMENTARY
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
Melting & Cooling
METAMORPHIC
IGNEOUS
Heat & Pressure
Heat & Pressure
Melting & Cooling
Label the new arrows.
The Rock Cycle
Igneous
metamorphic
Sedimentary
IGNEOUS
Crystallization
MAGMA
41
IGNEOUS
Intrusive (Plutonic)
Crystallization
MAGMA
42
Extrusive (volcanic)
IGNEOUS
Intrusive (plutonic)
Crystallization
MAGMA
43
But then the
EARTH’S
elements
Won’t leave
The poor rock alone!
•Ice
•wind
•Water
ice
wind
water
They break up the stone
Weathering
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Crystallization
Uplift
MAGMA
47
Weathering
SEDIMENT
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Crystallization
Uplift
MAGMA
48
Weathering
SEDIMENT
Erosion
Transport
Deposition
Volcanic
SEDIMENTARY
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Crystallization
Uplift
MAGMA
49
Weathering
SEDIMENT
Erosion
Transport
Deposition
Volcanic
SEDIMENTARY
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Crystallization
Uplift
MAGMA
50
Weathering
SEDIMENT
Erosion
Transport
Deposition
Volcanic
SEDIMENTARY
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Increased P&T
METAMORPHIC
Crystallization
Burial
Uplift
MAGMA
51
SEDIMENT
Weathering
Erosion
Transport
Volcanic
Can you see
IGNEOUS
any shortcuts?
Deposition
SEDIMENTARY
Plutonic
Increased P&T
METAMORPHIC
Crystallization
Melting
Burial
Uplift
MAGMA
52
SEDIMENT
Erosion
Weathering
Transport
Deposition
Volcanic
SEDIMENTARY
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Increased Pressure &
Heat
METAMORPHIC
Crystallization
Melting
Burial
Uplift
MAGMA
53
THE ROCK CYCLE
This diagram shows where each type of rock occurs.
Where do sedimentary rocks form?
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS form near the surface under water
by COMPACTION from a few layers above.
Where do METAMORPHIC ROCKS form?
METAMORPHIC ROCKS form deep underground
by Pressure from many layers above and Heat.
Where do IGNEOUS ROCKS form?
60
Extrusive igneous rocks
form on or near the surface.
Intrusive igneous rocks
form below the surface.
61
What process is probably occurring
here or did occur in the recent past?
62
Compaction under water forming SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
63
What process is probably occurring
deep under these mountains?
64
Heat & Pressure - forming METAMORPHIC ROCKS
65
What process is probably occurring here?
66
Melting & Cooling - forming IGNEOUS ROCKS
67
In Conclusion…
• The rock cycle demonstrates
the relationships among the
three major rock groups
• It is powered by the interior
heat of the Earth
• As well as earth’s momentum
and…
• The energy from the sun
• It involves processes on the
Earth’s surface as well as the
Earth’s interior
• It connects the “hydrologic
cycle” with the “tectonic
cycle”.
THE END
BONUS: Which picture portrays which formation process?
A.
C.
B.
What type of rock is each process forming?
Special thanks to....
Beth Cook-Vernon
Productions
M.J. Krech
the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
Geological Survey Division - http://www.deq.state.mi.us/gsd