Introduction to Computer Architecture Lecture 1 – Introduction August 27th, 2007 www.qatar.cmu.edu Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Teaching Staff • Instructors - Prof. Majd F. Sakr - Prof. Karem A. Sakallah • TA - Zaher Andraus Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Where Do We Find a Computer/Processor? Planes ATMs ipod PDA Cameras Cars Watch Cell phones Traffic Controller Design & Engineering Music Robots Games Microwave Medical (MRI) Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Why Did We Develop Computers? A solution to a problem! While thinking of a solution, think about: Problem Solution • Cost $$$ Implementation • Speed Computer • Energy/Power Result • Size • Efficiency • etc… Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Types of Computers °Personal Computer °Workstation °Server °Supercomputer °Embedded Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Number of Computers Sold Embedded Desktops Servers Millions of Computers 1200 1000 1122 892 862 800 600 400 200 488 290 135 114 93 4 3 3 129 4 131 5 0 1998 1999 2000 Computer Architecture 2001 2002 Fall 2007 © Computer Architecture Our Area of Understanding Problem Solution Our Area of Focus Implementation Compiler Computer Result Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Where is “Computer Architecture and Engineering”? Application (MediaPlayer) Compiler Software Hardware Assembler Operating System (Windows XP) Processor Memory I/O system Instruction Set Architecture Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design Architecture transistors * Coordination of many levels of abstraction Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Anatomy: 5 components of any Computer Personal Computer Computer Processor Control (“brain”) Datapath (“work”) Memory Devices (where programs & data live when running) Input Output Keyboard, Mouse Disk (where programs & data live when not running) Display, Printer Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Computer Technology - Dramatic Change! °Processor • 2X in speed every 1.5 years (since ‘85); 100X performance increase in last decade. °Memory • DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years (since ‘96); 64x size improvement in last decade. °Disk • Capacity: 2X / 1 year (since ‘97) • 250X size increase in last decade. Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Tech. Trends: Microprocessor Complexity 2 * transistors/Chip Every 1.5 to 2.0 years Called “Moore’s Law” Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Architecture & Organization °Computer Architecture • What the “low level” programmer sees - Types of Instructions - Number of Registers - Types of Operations °Computer Organization • How the designer Implements the Design - Layout - Interconnection (wires) Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Computer Architecture and Organization Application (MediaPlayer) Compiler Software Assembler Operating System (Windows XP) Instruction Set Architecture Hardware Processor Memory I/O system Architecture Datapath & Control Layout & Technology Digital Design Circuit Design Organization Transistors Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Architecture & Organization 1 ° Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer • Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. • e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? ° Organization is how features are implemented • Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. • e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition? Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Architecture & Organization 2 °All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture °The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture °This gives code compatibility • At least backwards °Organization might highly differ between different versions Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Course Path Input Multiplier Input Multiplicand Instruction Sets 32 Multiplicand Register LoadMp 32=>34 signEx <<1 32 34 34 32=>34 signEx opcode rs rt rs rt rd shamt funct 1 0 34x2 MUX Arithmetic Multi x2/x1 34 34 Sub/Add 34-bit ALU Control Logic funct 32 opcode rs rt immediate opcode rs rt 32 rd shamt Result[HI] CPU “Moore’s Law” 100 ENC[2] ENC[1] ENC[0] LO[1:0] 32 Result[LO] funct Performance 00 LO register (16x2 bits) 2 LoadHI offset 2 Prev rt ShiftAll HI register (16x2 bits) Booth Encoder rs 2 LO[1] Extra 2 bits opcode 32 2 LoadLO shamt ClearHI rd opcode "LO [0]" 34 µProc 60%/yr. (2X/1.5yr) Processor-Memory Performance Gap: (grows 50% / year) 10 DRAM 9%/yr. DRAM (2X/10 yrs) Computer Architecture Fall ‘07 Time 9 200 0 1 199 2 199 3 199 4 199 5 199 6 199 7 199 8 199 6 198 7 198 8 198 9 199 0 199 198 0 198 1 198 2 198 3 198 4 198 5 198 1 Datapaths & Control C I/O P U Memory Systems Computer Architecture Y O U R Fall 2007 © Homeworks and Projects °Quizzes (weekly) °Assignment (every ~2 weeks) °Project (every ~3-4 weeks) °End of Semester Project: • Demo • Oral Presentation • Head-to-head Race • Final Report Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Course Exams °Reduce the pressure of taking exams • Exam I • Exam II • Final °Goal • Our goal: test knowledge vs. speed writing (no memorization) • Review meetings: before? Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Grading °Grade breakdown • Exam I: • Exam II: • Final: • Projects • Homeworks/Quizes • Attendance/Participation: 10% 10% 20% 30% 10% 5% °No late homeworks or projects! °Written request for changes to grades Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Our Goals ° Show you how to understand modern computer architecture in its rapidly changing form ° Show you how to design by leading you through the process on challenging design problems and by examining real designs ° Learn application analysis and new design techniques Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Text ° Required: Computer Organization and Design, 3rd Edition, Patterson and Hennessy (COD) ° Reference: Computer Organization and Architecture, 6thEdition, William Stallings • Readings on web page http://williamstallings.com/COA6e.html ° Reference: Structured Computer Organization, 4th Edition, Andrew S. Tanenbaum Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © The Big Picture Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Types of Processors Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Hardware/Software Divide Excel Internet Explorer Visual Studio Application Hardware Windows XP Linux Solaris OS X PC MAC SUN Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Program Path to Execution High Level Language Program (.c file) Compiler Assembly Language Program (.asm file) Assembler Binary Machine Language Program (.exe file) Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © The Five Components of a Computer Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © The Motherboard: The five von Neumann components: Input & Output ALU & CU M Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Motherboard Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Inside the Processor Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Manufacturing Process Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © An 8-inch (200-mm) Diameter Wafer Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Computer’s History 1st generation: Vacuum Tubes °During World War 2 the Army’s Ballistics Research Laboratory employed more than 200 people to solve essential ballistics equations using desktop calculators. Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © 1st generation: Vacuum Tubes Professor Mauchly (EE) & his gradate student Eckert proposed to build a general purpose computer using vacuum tubes for the Ballistics Research Laboratory (BRL) Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) ° ENIAC built in World War II was the first general purpose computer • Used for computing artillery firing tables • 24 meters long by 2.5 meters high and several meters wide • Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 1 meter long –Since then: Moore’s Law: transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © 1st generation: ENIAC Completed in 1946 Programming the ENIAC ° Decimal (not binary) ° 20 accumulators of 10 digits ° Programmed manually by switches & cables 0 1 2 ° 18,000 vacuum tubes 3 9 4 8 ° 30 tons 5 7 ° 15,000 square feet ° 140 kW power consumption ° 5,000 additions per second Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © 6 The von Neuman machine - Completed 1952 ° Stored Program concept Scientist at the Institute of Advanced Studies ° Main memory storing programs and data ° ALU operating on binary data ° Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing ° Input and Output equipment operated by control unit Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Structure of von Neumann Machine Central Processing Unit CPU CA Arithmetic –Logic Unit Main Memory M Input/Output Equipment Program Control Unit CC I/O R Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Commercial Computers ° 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation ° 1st successful machine: UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) ° Commissioned by the US Bureau of Census for the 1950 calculations ° Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation ° Late 1950s - UNIVAC II • Faster • More memory • Upward Compatibility Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © 2nd Generation: Transistors °Replaced vacuum tubes °Smaller & Cheaper °Less heat dissipation °Solid State device (silicon) °Invented 1947 at Bell Labs The First Transistor Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Transistor Based Computers °Second generation machines °NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines °IBM 7000 °DEC - 1957 • Produced PDP-1 Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Microelectronics °Literally - “small electronics” °A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnections °These can be manufactured on a semiconductor °e.g. silicon wafer Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Growth in CPU Transistor Count Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Moore’s Law ° Increased density of components on chip ° Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel ° Number of transistors on a chip will double every year ° Since 1970’s development has slowed a little • Number of transistors doubles every 18 months ° Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Moore’s Law - Cont’d ° Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance ° Smaller size gives increased flexibility ° Reduced power and cooling requirements ° Fewer interconnections increases reliability Computer Architecture Fall 2007 © Computer Generations Generation Dates Technology 1 1946-1957 Vacuum Tube Operations per Second 40,000 2 1958-1964 Transistor 200,000 3 1965-1971 1,000,000 4 1972-1977 5 1978-… Small & Medium Scale Integration Large Scale Integration (LSI) Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Computer Architecture 10,000,000 100,000,000 Fall 2007 © And in conclusion... °Continued rapid improvement in Computing • 2X every 1.5 years in processor speed; every 2.0 years in memory size; every 1.0 year in disk capacity; Moore’s Law enables processor, memory (2X transistors/chip/ ~1.5 ro 2.0 yrs) °5 classic components of all computers Control Datapath Memory Input Output Processor Computer Architecture Fall 2007 ©