Ch 3: The Thirteen Colonies
Section 1
Roanoke
• 1st attempt at settlement
in NA
• Sir Walter Raleigh
arranged for charter
• 1st attempt: 1585—
abandoned 1 yr later
• 2nd attempt: 1587—
leader left 1 yr later to get
supplies, when he
returned, all traces of
colony had disappeared
Jamestown
• Charter: doc issued
by gov’t granting
specific rights to a
person or company
• Virginia Company of
London granted
charter for
Jamestown
• Arrived April 1607
• First permanent British settlement in North
America
• Located along Chesapeake Bay
• Prob: swampy, caught diseases, men not
farmers—spent all time looking for gold
• By Spring 1608, only 38 colonists still alive
John Smith
• 1608 sent to lead
Jamestown
• “He who works not
eats not”
• Put up bldgs &
planted crops
Starving Time
•
•
•
•
•
Fall 1609—Smith had to return to England
Conditions worsened
Prob w/ Nat. Am.
Ran out of food
1610—only 60 colonists still alive
Jamestown Prospers
• Tobacco planted and made much $
• Cash crop: crop grown to make a profit
• House of Burgesses: Representative
gov’t (voters elect ppl to make laws for
them)
• Elected assembly
• Passed laws & set taxes
• Shared pwr with VA gov
1619
• House of Burgesses established
• First grp of women arrive in large #
– Meant ppl were going to settle in VA perm.
• First slave ship arrives in the colony
– B/4 most hired indentured servants
• Worked for person for 4-7 yrs in exchange for
passage to America
Plymouth
• Separatists: wanted to separate from the
Church of England & were often
persecuted
• Went to Neth but weren’t happy
• Planned to go to VA
• Pilgrim: person who takes a religious
journey
Mayflower Compact
•
•
•
•
Sept. 1620, Pilgrims went to NA
Headed for VA but were blown off course
Settled in Plymouth, MA
Believed they weren’t bound by rules of VA
Company that way
• Mayflower Compact: created selfgovernment for colony
Section 2: New England
Colonies
Geography of New England
•
•
•
•
•
NE corner of the US
MA, CT, RI, NH, ME, VT
Hills, low mts
Thin, rocky soil (farming difficult)
Some of richest fishing grounds in the
world
• Winters long & snowy
• Summers short & warm
• Caught fewer diseases & lived longer than
colonists in S
Puritans in Mass Bay
• Wanted to reform Church of England
• Persecuted by King Charles I
• Puritan ministers forced to give up
positions
• 1630 left Eng—formed MA Bay Co
• Led by John Winthrop
• Wanted to provide example to others
• Boston—main town
• General Court—elected assembly
• Voting limited to adult male church
members
• Non-Puritans weren’t given same rights
• Didn’t believe in religious toleration
(recognition that other ppl have right to diff
opinions)
Rhode Island
• Roger Williams believed Puritans should
split entirely from Church of Eng
• Criticized col who seized Nat Am land
• Said col should pay for it
• 1635—forced to leave Mass Bay
• Moved to present-day RI
• Founded Providence, given charter 1644
• No est church—religious toleration
• Ppl of all faiths could worship freely
Anne Hutchinson
• Questioned Puritan
teachings
• 1638 expelled from
MA
• Est. settlement in RI
Connecticut
• Minister Thomas Hooker disagreed w/
Puritan teachings
• Founded Hartford 1636
• 1639: Fundamental Orders of CT
• Elected legislature & governor
• Granted charter 1663
New Hampshire
• John Wheelwright forced to leave MA
• Agreed w/ some of Anne Hutchinson’s
views
• 1638 founded Exeter
• 1680 became separate from MA
Growth & Change
• town meeting: assembly of townspeople
that decides local issues
• Restricted to male heads of households
• Set local taxes & elected ppl to run towns
• Earned livelihoods:
– farming
– Leather-making
– Fishing
– shipbuilding
King Philip’s War
• 1670s Nat. Am. pop declined b/c of Eur
diseases
• Pop 1/10 of 1570s
• 1675 Metacom (King Philip) led Nat. Am &
tried to stop Puritan expansion
• Destroyed 12 towns
• Ended 1676 when Metacom was captured
& killed; colonists free to expand
Sec. 3: Middle Colonies
Geography
• 4 states: NY, NJ, DE, PA
• NY-Hudson River, LI (extends 100+ miles into
Atlantic O)
• NYC-most pop city in US
• PA 2nd largest state in region
• SE has lowland
• Phil along Del R
• NJ—lowland, At. Coast, DE S of NJ
• Climate warmer & growing season longer than
New Eng
• Soil fertile—wheat, fruits, vegetables
• Mid colonies most diverse part
• Phil & NYC largest cities & busiest ports
• Thriving economies
NY
• Under Dutch, exp econ success in 1660s
• Prosperous farmers, fur trade profitable
• Sm Dutch pop—many colonists from other Eur
countries
• Trade rivals w/ England
• 1664 Eng King Charles II granted all Dutch lands
to his bro, Duke of York, if he conq the terr
• Sent warships & Dutch immediately surrendered
• New Amsterdam became NYC
• Grew slowly
NJ
• Est 1665
• S NY split off to form new colony
• Proprietary colony: created by grant of
land from a monarch to an indiv or family
• 1702 became royal colony (directly ctrl by
king)
• NY became royal col in 1685
Pennsylvania
• Quakers were rel grp persecuted in Eng
• Believed all ppl had a direct link (“inner
light”) with God so didn’t need ministers
• All ppl = in God’s eyes
• Spoke out against slavery
• Women = men in spiritual matters & often
were leaders in Quaker mtgs
• Refused to pay taxes to Church of Eng
• Suffered from persecution
• William Penn was Quaker leader
• Wanted place where Quakers could live
safe from persecution
• Used connections to get charter for colony
in PA
• “Holy Experiment”
• Arrived in PA 1682
• Distr pamphlets to attract settlers
• Goal—create col in which ppl from diff rel
backgrounds could live freely
•
•
•
•
1682—created Frame of Gov’t for PA
Elected an assembly
Allowed for freedom of rel
Tried to deal fairly w/ Nat. Am.
Delaware
•
•
•
•
•
•
Swedes—1st settlers in DE
1650s Dutch took control of col
1660s turned over to Eng
Felt Phil too far to send delegates
Given own rep assembly
1704 became separate colony
Way of Life
•
•
•
•
•
PA known as “breadbasket”
Surplus of crops sold for profit
1700s manufacturing just beginning
Made iron, flour, paper
Artisans—shoemakers, carpenters,
masons, weavers, coopers
Backcountry
• Frontier region extending through sev.
colonies (PA to GA)
• Many settlers not Eng
• Scotch-Irish, German (Deutsch—PA
Dutch)
• Traveled S along Great Wagon Rd
• Fought w/ Nat Am
Sec 4—Southern Colonies
Geography of the South
• 1760 C Mason & J Dixon hired to settle
border dispute btwn PA & MD
• Conducted survey & drew boundary now
known as Mason-Dixon Line
• Div. line btwn N & S
• 5 S. col: MD, VA, NC, SC, GA
• Tidewater—flat lowland along coast
containing many swampy areas
• On W, blends into rolling hills called
Piedmont region
• Climate warm & humid
• Raised cash crops (grown to make a
profit) like tobacco, rice, indigo, & cotton
• Needed many workers which led to dev of
slavery
Conflict in VA with Nat. Amer.
• As pop of settlers increased, Nat Am. pop
decreased b/c of disease & violence
• Farmers took land to grow tobacco
• 2 violent confrontations w/ Nat Am (1622,
1644)
• Nat Am defeated both times
Bacon’s Rebellion
• 1660s, wealthy planters bought good
farmland near coast
• No land left for poor col who wanted to
start farms
• Young men forced to work for wealthier
farmers
• Couldn’t vote in VA w/o property
• Moved inland to find farmland
• Had conflicts w/ Nat Am & wanted
governor to help
• Nathaniel Bacon-leader of frontier settlers
• 1675 org force of 1,000 & attacked & killed
Nat Am
• Gov’t decl they were rebels
• Bacon attacked & burned Jamestown
• Revolt collapsed when Bacon became sick
& died
• Gov’t couldn’t stop settlers from moving
onto Nat Am land
Religious Toleration in MD
• 1632 Charles I granted charter to George
Calvert, an Eng Catholic
• Cath discr against in Br
• Calvert set up MD so Cath could live
safely
• His son, Lord Baltimore became proprietor
when he died
• Proprietor: owner of business or colony
• Tension btwn Prot &
Cath in colony
• 1649 issued Act of
Toleration
• Welcomed all
Christians & gave
adult male Christians
right to vote & hold
office
N & S Carolina
• 1663 Charles II granted charter for
Carolina
• N pt dev slowly
– Lacked harbors & rivers
– Sm farms raised & exported tobacco
– Lumber led to shipbuilding
• S pt grew more quickly
– Sugar grew in swampy lowlands
– Slave labor used
– Rice most important crop
– Main city-Charles Town (Charleston)
• Eventually split into 2 col b/c of diff
– N & S Carolina
Georgia
• Founded b/c
• 1. Eng afraid Sp would expand FL north &
col would be buffer
• 2. Eng led by Oglethorpe wanted colony
to protect debtors (ppl who owe $)
• In Eng, debtors could be jailed until they
paid what they owed
• Slavery banned to prevent plantations @
1st
• Slavery allowed beg 1740s
Tidewater Region
•
•
•
•
•
•
Located along Atlantic coast
Plantation: large farm
Grew cotton, sugar, rice
Economy dominated by plantations
Climate hot, humid
Unhealthy working conditions promoted spread
of slavery
• In SC, more slaves than free ppl
• Whites div into wealthy & those w/ little or no
property
Backcountry
•
•
•
•
•
Cut off from coast
Farms isolated
Lived in 1 rm shacks
Ppl cared less about rank
Believed col gov’t on coast didn’t care
about them
Sec 5—Spanish Colonies in
Borderlands
Florida
• 1565 built ft @ St. Augustine
• 1st perm Eur settlement in present-day US
• 1693 announced that slaves who escaped
to FL would be protected & given land if
they helped defend colony
• 1763 only 3 major settlements—colony
grew slowly
Settlements in Borderlands
• Borderlands: lands along a frontier
– Purpose: protect Mex from other Eur powers
– FL, TX, NM, AZ, CO, UT, NV, CA
• Missions: key role in setting up
borderlands
• CA col est 1769
• Junipero Serra est San Diego
• Also est LA & SF
• Presidios: military posts set up to protect
missions
• Pueblos: civilian towns
• Centers of farming & trade
• Plaza in middle of town
Spanish Missions
• Nat Am worked there farming, building churches,
learned crafts
• Worked 5-8 hrs/day, 5-6 days/wk
• Off on Sun & rel holidays
• Didn’t have ctrl over lives
• Punished if broke rules
• Imprisoned, kept in shackles, whipped
• Often rebelled
• Missions: set up to convert Nat. Am. to
Christianity (Catholicism)