INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL
TOXICOLOGY
CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING
29 CFR 1910
WELCOME
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 Provide an Introduction to Toxicology
 Discuss Toxicology's Role in Today’s Industry.
 Discuss General Terms Used in Toxicology.
 Discuss the Routes of Entry Into the Human Body.
 Discuss the Types of Hazards and Effects.
 Discuss the Types of Effects Upon the Human Body.
 Discuss Hazard Recognition & Control Skills.
GENERAL TERMS
LETS DISCUSS SOME OF THE TERMS THAT
WILL BE HELPFUL IN UNDERSTANDING THE
BASICS OF TOXICOLOGY.
INDUSTRIAL
TOXICOLOGY
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
(Continued)
Specific Gravity is an abstract or dimensionless number that
compares the mass of a liquid to an equal volume of water.
Specific Gravity is important to toxicology because, knowing the
SG of a liquid can help determine how you could be exposed to it.
1 Gallon of water is 8.33 lbs, (8.33 lbs represents it density).
1 Gallon of Sulfuric Acid is 15.33 lbs.
Specific gravity =
Density =
mass
volume
15.33 lb/gal (Sulfuric)
= 1.84
8.33 lbs/gal (Water)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
(Continued)
Many chemicals are soluble in water, but when the liquid does
not appreciably dissolve in water, the term immiscible is used.
IMMISCIBLE IN WATER
Float on top if
SG less than 1.0
Sink to the bottom if
SG greater than 1.0
WATER
WATER
SOLUBLE IN WATER
Easily mixes with
water and dissolves
VAPOR PRESSURE
(Continued)
The Pressure Exerted by a Vapor Against the Sides of a Closed
Container Is Called Vapor Pressure. It Is Temperature Dependent.
As Temperature Increases, So Does Vapor Pressure. Vapor
pressure is important in toxicology because Vapor Pressure Can
Effect Dosages Received by Individuals in Enclosed Spaces.
VAPOR DENSITY
Vapor Density is the mass of gases and vapors as it is
compared to the mass of an equal volume of air or other
reference gas.
VD greater than 1.0.
Vapors are heavier than
air and lay in low areas.
VD less than 1.0.
Vapors are lighter than
air and will rise.
pH
The pH of a Liquid Is the Numerical Measure of Its Relative
Acidity or Alkalinity.
 Range Is From 0 - 14
 Neutral Level Expressed 7.0
 Above 7.0 Liquid Is More Alkaline or Basic
 Below 7.0 Liquid Is More Acidic
COMMON ACIDS (pH 0-6)
COMMON BASES (pH 8-14)
- HYDROCHLORIC ACID
- HYDROFLUORIC ACID
- NITRIC ACID
- PHOSPHORIC ACID
- CHROMIC ACID
- SODIUM HYDROXIDE (LYE)
- SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (BLEACH)
- AQUEOUS AMMONIA
- POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (POTASH)
- AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
pH
Limewater
Household ammonia
Milk of magnesia
Blood
Pure Water
Tap Water
Coffee
Wine
Vinegar
Lemon juice
Gastric juice
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
BASE
NEUTRAL
ACID
pH
CHECK FOR COMPATIBILITY WITH EACH OTHER!
LOW pH
ACID
BASE
HIGH pH
pH
CHECK FOR COMPATIBILITY WITH YOU!
ACID
BASE
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
HAZARDOUS WASTE
START DATE:______________
AMOUNT:__________________
CONTENTS:________________
HANDLE WITH CARE
THE
STUDY
OF
POISONS
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)
“ALL THINGS ARE POISONS, OR
THERE IS NOTHING WITHOUT
POISONOUS QUALITIES.
IT IS
ONLY THE DOSE WHICH MAKES A
THING POISON.”
PARACELSUS
(1493 - 1541)
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)
TOXIN -
Any of a group of poisonous, usually
unstable
compounds
generated
by
microorganisms, plants or animals.
Certain toxins are produced by specific
pathogenic microorganisms and are the
causative agents in various diseases,
such as tetanus, diphtheria, etc.
TOXICITY - The effect a specific quantity or dosage of
a specific toxin has on a living
microorganism. This is not an absolute!
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY
Hazardous Material. A Material That Falls Into One or More Of the
Following Categories. Hazardous Materials Can Have One or Many
Characteristics That Can Add to the Intensity of the Toxic Action of a
Particular Solid, Liquid, or Gas.
 Ignitability Is Flammable or Combustible.
 Reactivity
Can React With Itself or Other Materials.
 Corrosivity Can Deteriorate Another Substance.
 Toxicity
In Its Normal State Is Harmful to Living Things.
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)
EVERYTHING IS TOXIC;
IT ALL DEPENDS ON THE DOSE
How Well the Body Accepts a Substance Depends on:
 The Type of Substance.
 The Amount (Dose) Absorbed.
 The Period of Time Over Which It Is Absorbed.
 The Susceptibility/Sensitivity of the Person Exposed.
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)
FOUR PRIMARY ROUTES
INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)
INHALATION
Breathing and smoking causes
us to inhale substances which
enter the lungs.
Substance
inhaled into the lungs are
readily absorbed into the blood
stream.




INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)
INGESTION
Swallowing a substance causes
penetration into the blood
stream via the stomach and
small intestine.




INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)
FOOD CHAIN EXPOSURE
We Could Potentially Eat Toxic Food
START
GROUND CONTAMINATION
BARLEY
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)
ABSORPTION
Entering the body through the
skin causes substances to enter
the blood stream at a slower rate
than by inhalation or absorption.
However, the resulting entry and
distribution within the body is
the same.
 INHALATION
 INGESTION
 ABSORPTION
 INJECTION
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)
INJECTION
Injection occurs when substances
are forced through this skin. This
can occur as a result of such
means as compressed air, or by
having the skin abraded by a
penetrating object.




INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)
EXPOSURE LIMITS
SOURCES INCLUDE:
 American Conference of Gov. Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)
EXPOSURE LIMITS
 American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists:
 Threshold Limit Values (TLV).
(Respiratory)
 Biological Exposure Indices (BEI).
(Dermal)
 8 Hour Time Weighted Averages (TWA).
- How Much a Worker Can Be Exposed to in an 8 Hr. Shift.
 Published by ACGIH Annually, Provides Exposure Levels.
 Legally Enforceable.
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)
EXPOSURE LIMITS
 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA):




Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL’s)
Found in 29 CFR 1910.1000 (The “Z” Tables)
Establishes OSHA’s Exposure Levels
Legally Enforceable
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY
(Continued)
EXPOSURE LIMITS
 National Institute for Occupational Safety And Health (NIOSH):
 Recommended Exposure Limits (REL’s)
 Used to Develop New OSHA Standards
 Found in: “NIOSH Recommendations for Occupational
Health Standards”
IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO
LIFE AND HEALTH - IDLH
An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration of any
toxic, corrosive or asphyxiant substance that poses an
immediate threat to life or would cause irreversible or
delayed adverse health effects or would interfere with an
individual’s ability to escape from a hazardous atmosphere.
IDLH levels are typically published by OSHA and NIOSH.
In practice, when the concentration of a toxic substance in a
given area is known, IDLH levels may be used for
determining which type of breathing apparatus is needed
when entering the area.
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE
TLV - Threshold Limit Value: One of three categories of
chemical exposure levels - TLV-TWA, TLV-STEL or TLV-C.
TLV-TWA - Threshold Limit Value Time-Weighted Average:
The time weighted average concentration for a normal 8hour workday and a 40 hour work week to which nearly all
workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect.
Should be used as an exposure guide rather than an
absolute.
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE
(Continued)
TLV-STEL - Threshold Limit Value - Short Term Exposure
Limit: A 15 minute time-weighted average exposure that
should not be exceeded at any time during the work day.
TLV-C - Threshold Limit Value- Ceiling: The concentration
that should not ever be exceeded, even instantaneously.
FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION
 RATE OF ENTRY
 ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
TOXIC
ACTION
 AGE OF INDIVIDUAL
 STATE OF HEALTH
 PREVIOUS EXPOSURE LEVELS
 WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
 INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY AND HEREDITY
FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION
(Continued)
RATE OF ENTRY
An
IV
Injection
Can
Be
Administered
Instantaneously
Whereas, a Dose Absorbed
Through the Skin May Take
Several Minutes to an Hour to
Absorb Into the Bloodstream.
The Body Can Sometimes
Defend Itself Against Dosages
Where The Rate of Entry is Slow.
FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION
(Continued)
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
A Dose Absorbed Through the
Skin Will Be Deposited in the
Blood Much Slower Than a
Dose Inhaled Through the
Lungs and Transferred Directly
Into the Blood. Four Routes:
INHALATION
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INJECTION
FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION
(Continued)
AGE OF INDIVIDUAL
Older Persons Are Often More
Sensitive to Toxic Action
Than Are Younger Adults.
With
Aging
Comes
a
Diminished Reserve Capacity
in the Face of Toxic Stress.
FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION
(Continued)
STATE OF HEALTH
Pre-Existing Disease or Other
Medical Conditions Can Result
in Greater Sensitivity to Toxic
Agents. An Individual With a
Pre-Existing Sensitivity to a
Known Material Should Not Be
Placed in a Work Environment
That Might Compound the
Condition.
FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION
(Continued)
PREVIOUS EXPOSURE
INDIVIDUAL
EXPOSURE
HISTORY
Previous Exposure to Work
Place Chemicals or Vapors
Can Sometimes Result in
Cumulative Effects Within
the Body.
In Addition,
Some People Can Develop
a Sensitivity to These
Materials Over Time.
FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION
(Continued)
WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
CAUTION
ENSURE
EXHAUST
VENTILATION
IS OPERATING
In Industries Such As
Smelting or Steel Making,
High Temperatures Are
Encountered. As Well As
Air Contaminants That
Must Be Controlled.
FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION
(Continued)
INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY,
HEREDITY, AND GENDER
Males and Females may
respond differently to the
Same Material.
Hereditary
Factors Also Can Be of
Importance. Genetic Defects
May
Render
Certain
Individuals More Sensitive to
a Given Material.
EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY
 Acute Exposure:
Usually Minutes, Hours or Several Days.
 Chronic Exposure:
Regular Exposure Over Months, Years, or a Lifetime.
The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined With
the Susceptibility of the Individual Determines Whether
the Exposure Is Acute or Chronic.
EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY
(Continued)
 Latent Exposure: An injury or disease that
remains undeveloped until an incubation
period has elapsed. The period of time
could be hours, days, months or years.
The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined With
the Susceptibility of the Individual Is a Key Factor.
EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY
(Continued)
 Irritant: A chemical substance that injures
the tissues of the respiratory system and
lungs, thereby causing inflammation of the
respiratory passages.
The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined With
the Susceptibility of the Individual Is a Key Factor.
FACTORS AFFECTING EXPOSURE
 The Amount Entering the Body.
 The Length of Time of Exposure.
 The Rate of Absorption Into the Blood.
 The Physical Nature of the Chemical.
 The Chemical Nature of the Chemical.
 The Age of the Individual.
 The Health of the Individual.
MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY







PARTS PER MILLION - ppm
PARTS PER BILLION - ppb
PARTS PER TRILLION - ppt
LETHAL DOSE - LD50
LETHAL CONCENTRATION - LC50
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE - TLV
IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO
LIFE AND HEALTH - IDLH
MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY
(Continued)
 PARTS PER MILLION - ppm
ONE PART IN ONE MILLION PARTS
MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY
(Continued)
 PARTS PER BILLION - ppb
ONE PART IN ONE BILLION PARTS
MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY
(Continued)
 PARTS PER TRILLION - ppt
ONE PART IN ONE TRILLION PARTS
MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY
Lethal Dose - LD50
The LD50 is the dosage, when administrated to laboratory
animals, results in 50% fatalities. The expression is made in
milligrams of the substance administered per body weight of
the animal expressed in kilograms (mg/kg). LD50 typically
refers to dermal dosages.
When extrapolated to humans, the lethal dose of an average
person who weighs w kilograms is LD50 x w.
MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY
Lethal Concentration - LC50
The LC50 is the concentration of a material that,
normally express as parts per million (ppm) by
volume, that
when administrated to laboratory
animals, kill half of them during the period of
exposure. LC50 typically refers to airborne dosages.
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE - TLV
The TLV is the upper limit of a toxin concentration to which an
average healthy person may be repeatedly exposed on an allday, everyday basis without suffering adverse health effects.
TLV is Typically used for workplace exposure determinations.
• Gaseous substances in air, are usually express in:
parts per million (ppm).
• Fumes or mists in air, are expressed in:
milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3).
TLV values are set by the American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH).
EXPOSURE MODEL
T
I
M
E
LC50
LD50
TLV
PEL
SAFE
EXPOSURE
0
DOSE
TOXINS IN OUR BODY
BRAIN
TOXIN
Inhaled Toxins Can
Quickly Travel to Vital
Organs and the Brain
Causing Either Acute
or Chronic Effects.
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEMS
HEART
STOMACH
LIVER
INTESTINE
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
TERATOGEN:
MUTAGEN:
DANGER
CARCINOGENIC:
CANCER
CAUSING
AGENT
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
(Continued)
TERATOGEN: (Latin - “The Study of Monsters”)




The Study of Congenital Malformations
Relatively New Discipline (1941)
First Correlated German Measles to Birth Defects
Causes of Congenital Malformations
- Heredity
- Maternal Diseases Like German Measles
- Maternal Viral Infections During Pregnancy
- Maternal Malnutrition
- Physical Injury
- Ionizing Radiation Exposure
- Chemical Exposure
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
(Continued)
TERATOGEN AFFECTS IN LAB ANIMALS:
 Review the Respective Material Safety Data Sheet
 Chemicals Having Potential Teratogenic Effects
- Quinine
- Boric Acid
- Insecticides
- Pesticides
- Chloroform
- Carbon Tetrachloride
- Benzene
- Xylene
- Propylene Glycol
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
(Continued)
TERATOGEN AFFECTS IN HUMANS:
 Review the Respective Material Safety Data Sheet
 Agents Having Conclusive Teratogenic Effects
- Anesthetic Gases
- Organic Mercury Compounds
- Ionizing Radiation
- German Measles
- Thalidomide
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
(Continued)
MUTAGEN:




Potential to Cause Mutation in the Genetic Code
Can Cause Changes in Chromosomes
Review the Respective Material Safety Data Sheet
Agents Shown to Cause Potential Mutagenic Effects
- Hydrogen Peroxide (a Bleaching Agent)
- Ethyleneimine (an Alkylating Agent)
- Ethylene Oxide (Hospital Sterilant)
- Hydrazine (Used in Rocket Fuel)
- Ionizing Radiation Exposure
- Benzene
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
(Continued)
CARCINOGENIC:




DANGER
CANCER
Has a Potential to Cause Cancer
CAUSING
Can Induce a Malignant Tumor in Humans
AGENT
Can Cause or Accelerate Tumors
Some Confirmed or Suspected Human Carcinogens
- Acrylimide
- Acrylonitrile
- 4-Aminodiphenyl
- Arsenic
- Benzine
- Benzidine
- Beryllium
- Calcium Chromate
- Chromium (Vi)
- Ethylene Dichloride
- Ethylene Oxide
- Lead Chromate
- Nickel Sulfide
- Tetranitromethane
- O-Tolidine
- Vinyl Bromide
- Xylidine
- Zinc Chromates
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
AIR CONTAMINANTS
 Gases. Generally Used in a Compressed Form. Can Effect All
Routes of Entry.
 Vapors. Formed by Evaporation of Liquids or Solids. Amount
Usually Depends Upon Exposed Surface Area, Temperature,
and Vapor Pressure Of Substance. Can Be Deadly.
 Fumes. Usually Metallic and Formed by Welding, Cutting, or
Brazing Operations. Extremely Hazardous to Inhale.
 Particulates. Composed of Solid or Liquid Particles That Are
Suspended or Dispersed in Air. Such As Dust, Mists, or
Smokes. Can Be Explosive And Hazardous to Breath.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
(Continued)
AIR CONTAMINANTS GENERAL PRECAUTIONS







If You’re Not Familiar With the Gas or Material, Find Out!
Read the Material Safety Data Sheet!
Read the Labels on Compressed Gas Containers.
Observe Written Warnings!
Don’t Eat, Drink, or Smoke Around Airborne Materials.
Ensure Work Area Is Ventilated.
Wear Appropriate Respiratory Protection.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
(Continued)
ACID
ACIDS AND BASES
BASE
Common Acids (pH 0-6)
Common Bases (pH 8-14)










Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid
Nitric Acid
Phosphoric Acid
Chromic Acid
Sodium Hydroxide (Lye)
Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach)
Aqueous Ammonia
Potassium Hydroxide (Potash)
Ammonium Hydroxide
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
(Continued)
ACIDS and BASES - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS













If You’re Not Familiar With the Material, Find Out!
Read the Material Safety Data Sheet!
Read the Labels on Containers.
Observe Written Warnings!
Don’t Eat, Drink, or Smoke Around Chemicals.
Change Your Cloths! Don’t Take It Home!
Ensure Work Area Is Ventilated.
Wear Appropriate Protective Equipment.
Clean up Small Spills to Prevent Being Mistaken For Water.
For Large Spills, Contact Safety Officer.
Store Acids Away From Bases to Prevent Reactions.
Know the Reactions That Can Occur From Other Materials.
Always Add Acid to Water, Never Water to Acid!
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
(Continued)
CLASSES OF SOLVENTS
ORGANIC (CARBON BEARING) SOLVENTS:
 Organic Solvents Contain Carbon.
 Organic Solvents Include: Acetone, Gasoline, etc.
 Drastic Effects on the Central Nervous System Can Occur.
AQUEOUS (WATER BEARING) SOLVENTS:




Aqueous Solvents Contain Water.
Solutions of Acids, Alkalis Are Classed As Aqueous Solvents.
Engineering Controls Are Usually Required.
Respiratory Protection Is Needed For Vapors.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
(Continued)
ROUTES OF ENTRY FOR SOLVENTS
INHALATION:





Most Common Route of Entry.
Causes Headache, Dizziness, Confusion, And Drowsiness.
Odor Intensity is Usually Not a Good Determination Of Toxicity.
Odors - More Could Mean Less, Less Could Mean More.
Different Solvents Seek Different Target Organs In the Body.
INGESTION:




Eating, Drinking, or Smoking Without Washing Hands First.
Eating, Drinking, or Smoking Contaminated Consumables.
Can Cause Severe Irritation of Gastro-Intestinal Tract.
Easily Penetrates Mucous Membranes to Enter Blood Stream.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
(Continued)
ROUTES OF ENTRY FOR SOLVENTS
ABSORPTION:





Prevent Skin Contact, Wear Gloves, Aprons, Etc.
Can Occur Through Unbroken Skin or Mucous Membranes.
Any Absorption Generally Will Cause Irritation Of Skin.
Flush Skin for at Least Fifteen Minutes, Seek Medical Help.
Never Wash Exposed Skin With Any Solvent.
INJECTION:




Usually Caused by Puncture Wounds.
Compressed Air Can Also Cause Injection of Solvents.
Rapid Introduction of Solvents Into Bloodstream.
May Inject Other Debris in Wound Causing Concern.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
(Continued)
SOLVENTS - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS













If You’re Not Familiar With the Solvent, Find Out!
Read the Material Safety Data Sheet!
Read the Labels on Containers.
Observe Written Warnings!
Don’t Eat, Drink, or Smoke Around Solvents.
Change Your Cloths! Don’t Take It Home!
Ensure Work Area Is Well Ventilated.
Wear Appropriate Protective Equipment.
Use a Barrier Cream, If You’re Solvent Sensitive.
Spills Must Be Contained, Immediately!
For Large Spills, Contact Safety Officer.
Know the Reactions That Can Occur.
Never Discount Any Route-of-Entry!
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
(Continued)
TYPES OF METALS
METAL PARTICULATES:




Come From Sand Blasting, Deburring, and Like Operations.
Metals Can Take the Form of Airborne Dusts.
Engineering Controls Are Usually Required.
Respiratory Protection Is Needed Where Dust Is Not Controlled.
FUMES:




Fumes Are Made up of Very Tiny Solid Metal Particles.
Particles Are the Condensates of Vaporized Metal.
Effects on the Human Body Can Be Disastrous.
Think of the Different Types of Metals Used in Welding.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
(Continued)
TYPES OF METALS
COPPER AND ZINC:
 Highly Toxic, Inhalation Most Common Route of Entry.
 Can Cause “Metal Fume Fever” (Severe Flu-Like Symptoms).
 Target Organs Include, Kidneys, Respiratory System.
CADMIUM:





Highly Toxic, Inhalation Most Common Route of Entry.
Smaller Particulates Are Trapped in Lungs And Absorbed.
Dangerous Doses Can Be Asymptomatic for Hours.
Known Human Carcinogen.
Target Organs Include, Kidneys, Respiratory System.
NICKEL:
 Can Be Absorbed Through Skin, or Lungs.
 Absorption Generally Least Hazardous Route of Entry.
 Target Organs Include; CNS, Respiratory System.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
(Continued)
ROUTES OF ENTRY FOR METALS
INHALATION:
 Most Common Route of Entry.
 Smaller Particulates Are Trapped in Lungs And Absorbed.
INGESTION:
 Eating, Drinking, or Smoking Without Washing Hands First.
 Eating, Drinking, or Smoking Contaminated Consumables.
ABSORPTION:
 Can Occur Through Unbroken Skin or Mucous Membranes.
 Absorption Generally Least Hazardous Route Of Entry.
INJECTION:
 Usually Caused by Puncture Wounds Involving Metals.
 Compressed Air Can Also Cause Injection of Metals.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
(Continued)
METALS - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS












If You’re Not Familiar With the Metal, Find Out!
Read the Material Safety Data Sheet!
Read the Labels on Containers.
Observe Written Warnings!
Don’t Eat, Drink, or Smoke Around Metal Dusts.
Change Your Cloths! Don’t Take It Home!
Ensure Work Area Is Ventilated.
Wear Appropriate Protective Equipment.
Spills of Metals Must Be Contained, Not Raised!
For Large Spills, Contact Safety Officer.
Remember, Magnesium Is Water Reactive!
Use Dry Sand to Extinguish Magnesium Fires.
THE FINAL WORD
NEVER
DISCOUNT
ANY
ROUTE-OF-ENTRY!