Information Technology
Lecture 1: General
Concepts (41 slides)
Lecturer:
Prof. Anatoly Sachenko
2
Lecture Overview





Hardware, Software, Information and Information
Technology
Types of Computer
Computer Architecture
Logical Elements of Computer
Computer Performance
3
Hardware, Software, Information and
Information Technology
is an computer’s equipment
 Software is an aggregate of all programs, in-use
computers, and also all area of activity on their
development and application
 Information is any data about objects and phenomena
of environment, their parameters, properties and
state, which perceive the informative systems (living
organisms, managing machines and other) in the
process of vital functions and work
 Algorithm is the beforehand set clear and exact order
a possible performer to accomplish the certain
sequence of executions for the receipt of decision of
task for the eventual number of steps
 Hardware
4
Hardware, Software, Information and
Information Technology (continued)

Information can exists in a different kind:
 Texts, pictures, drafts, pictures
 Light or sounds signals
 Radio waves
 Electric and neural impulses
 Magnetic records
 Gestures and mimicry
 Smells and feelings of tastes
 Chromosomes
5
Hardware, Software, Information and
Information Technology (continued)


The Information is passing from the source of the
information to the recipient means of
communication channel
Information measuring. As information unit suggested
to use one bit (binary digit). A byte, equal to 8 bits is
used. There are also:
 1 kilobyte (KByte) = 1024 byte = 210 byte
 1 megabyte (MByte) = 1024 KByte = 220 byte
 1 gigabyte (GByte) = 1024 MByte = 230 byte
 1 terabyte (TByte) = 1024 GByte = 240 byte
 1 petabyte (PByte) = 1024 TByte = 250 byte
6
Hardware, Software, Information and
Information Technology (continued)
Information might be:
- created
- passed
- used
- memorized -accepted
- copied
- formalized - diffused
- transformed
- combined
-processed
- divided to pieces
- simplified
-collected
- kept;
- searched;
- measured;
– destroyed;
-perceived

7
Hardware, Software, Information and
Information Technology (continued)
 Properties
- authenticity
- value
- clearness
- brevity
 Informative
of the information:
- plenitude
- timeliness
- availability
- so on
resources are ideas of humanity and
directions for their realization, accumulated in a
form that allows their reproduction
(continued on the next slide)
8
Hardware, Software, Information and
Information Technology (continued)
 It
is books, articles, patents, dissertations, research
and documentation, technical translations,
information about front-rank production
experience and other
 Informative resources (unlike all other types of
resources — labors, power, mineral, etc) growing
as quickly as they expending
 Information technology is an aggregate of methods
and devices that people uses for information
processing
9
Types of computer
 Computer
is a programmable electronic device, able
to process information and make calculations, and
also able to execute other tasks and characters
manipulation
 There are two basic computer types:
 Digital computers, processing information in binary
mode
 Analogue computers, processing continuously
changing physical sizes (electric tension, time and
etc) which are the analogues of the calculated sizes
10
Types of computer (continued)
 Microcomputers
are computers in which central
processing unit is executed as a microprocessor
 Computer productivity is determined by not only
descriptions of the applied microprocessor but also
capacity of operative memory, types of peripheral
units, quality of structural decisions etc
 Microcomputers are instruments for the decision of
various intricate problems
 Their microprocessors increase their power and
peripheral units efficiency every year
(continued on the next slide)
11
Types of computer (continued)
 The
advanced models of microcomputers have a few
microprocessors
 A variety of microcomputer is a microcontroller. It is
the specialised device built in the control system or
technological line based on a microprocessor
 Personal computers are microcomputers of universal
purpose, counted on one user and guided one man
 Mainframes are intended for the decision of wide class
of scientific and technical tasks and are difficult and
expensive machines
 They are using in the large systems with 200 — 300
workspaces
12
Types of computer – Super Computer
 The
super computers of middle class are distinguished,
class above the average and cutting edge (high end)
 Architecture of super computers is based on ideas of
parallelism and pipelining calculations
 In these machines the parallel, that is simultaneously,
the great number of operations look like is executed
(it is named multiprocessor processing)
 Thus, the ultrahigh fast-acting is provided not for
all tasks, and only for the tasks added to
paralleling
(continued on the next slide)
13
Types of computer – Super Computer
(continued)



The most widespread super computers – massparallel computer systems
 They have ten thousand processors interactive
through difficult, hieratically organized system
of memory
The distinctive feature of super computers are
vector processors, equipped an apparatus for
concurrent execution of operations with
multidimensional digital objects — vectors and
matrixes
Vector registers and parallel pipeline mechanism of
treatment are built-in them
(continued on the next slide)
14
Types of computer – Super Computer
(continued)
 If
on an ordinary processor a programmer
executes an operation above every component of
vector, in our case computer will produce all
vector commands at once
 Super-computers are using for the decision of
intricate
and
large
scientific
problems
(meteorology, hydrodynamics etc)
 Portable computers usually are needed for the
enterprise chiefs, managers, scientists, journalists
which have to work out of office — at home, on
presentations or during business trips
15
Super computers - TOP 10 for June,
2007
Rank
Location
Computer
Processors
Installation
Year
131072
2005
DOE/NNSA/LLNL, USA
BlueGene/L - eServer Blue Gene Solution, IBM
2
Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, USA
Jaguar - Cray XT4/XT3 , Cray Inc.
23016
2006
3
NNSA/Sandia National
Laboratories, USA
Red Storm - Sandia/ Cray Red Storm, Opteron 2.4
GHz dual core, Cray Inc.
26544
2006
4
IBM Thomas J. Watson
Research Center, USA
BGW - eServer Blue Gene Solution, IBM
40960
2005
10240
2007
36864
2006
32768
2007
9600
2007
10240
2006
9728
2007
1
5
6
7
Stony Brook/BNL, New York
New York Blue - eServer Blue Gene Solution, IBM
Center for Computional
Sciences, USA
NNSA/Sandia National
Thunderbird - PowerEdge 1850, 3.6 GHz,
Laboratories, USA
Infiniband, Dell
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
eServer Blue Gene Solution, IBM
Computional Center for
Nanotechnology Innovations, USA
NCSA, USA
Abe - PowerEdge 1955, 2.33 GHz, Infiniband, Dell
9
Barcelona Supercomputing
Center, Spain
MareNostrum - BladeCenter JS21 Cluster, PPC
970, 2.3 GHz, Myrinet, IBM
10
Leibniz Rechenzentrum
Germany
HLRB-II - Altix 4700 1.6 GHz, SGI
8
16
Types of computer – Portable Computers



Basic types of portable computers:
 Laptop
 Notebook
 Palmtop
 Personal Digital Assistant
Laptop (knee-guard, from lap – knee and top – over)
 On sizes is near to the ordinary brief-case
 Now the computers of this type concede a place
to still less
By basic recommendation (fast-acting, memory)
approximately corresponds to the table personal
computers
17
Types of computer (continued)
 Notebook
 On
sizes it nearer to the book of large format.
 Its weight about 3 kg.
 For connection with the office it usually
completes with the modem
 Notebooks frequently provide with the drives of
optical drives
 Many modern notebooks include
interchangeable blocks with standard sockets
 A notebook is steady to the failures in power
supply
(continued on the next slide)
18
Types of computer (continued)


It collects energy from the ordinary electric
system
In the case of some failure he instantly passes to
the feed from accumulators
19
Types of computer – PDA
 Personal
digital assistants (PDAs) are handheld
computers, but have become much more versatile
over the years
 PDAs are also known as pocket computers or
palmtop computers
 PDAs have many uses:
 Calculation
 Use as a clock and calendar
 Accessing the Internet
 Scanning bar codes
(continued on the next slide)
20
Types of computer – PDA (continued)
 Sending
and receiving E-mails, video recording,
typewriting and word processing
 Use
as an address book, making and writing on
spreadsheets
 Newer PDAs also have both color screens and
audio capabilities, enabling them to be used as
mobile phones (smartphones), web browsers, or
portable media players
 Many PDA's employ touchscreen technology
(continued on the next slide)
21
Types of computer – PDA (continued)
 Many
PDAs can access the Internet, intranets or
extranets via Wi-Fi, or Wireless Wide-Area
Networks (WWANs)
22
Computer architecture

Computer architecture - is its description at some
general level, including description of users’
programming possibilities, sets of instructions,
addressing modes, memory organisation and so on.
Architecture determines principles of action,
informative connections and mutual connection of
basic logical sets of computer: processor, RAM,
external memory and peripheral units. Community
of different computers’ architecture is provided by
their compatibility from the user’s point of view
23
Computer architecture (continued)
architecture (Von Neumann’s architecture )
consists of one ALU, which the data flow, and one CU
which the stream of instructions flows — program. It is
an uniprocessor computer
 Classic
 Multiprocessor
architecture. There are few processors in
the computer, so many processes and streams can be
organized simultaneously. Thus, a few fragments of one
task can be executed at one time
 Multimachine
computer system. Few processors, included
in the computer system, do not have general main
memory, but each has its own (local)
24
Computer architecture (continued)
 Architecture
with parallel processors. Few ALU work
under the management of one CU. It means that the
great number of information can be processed on one
program in one stream of instructions
 Computer principles (according to John Von Neumann)
 Programmatic management principle. The program
consists of forming teams which are executed with
the processor automatically after each other in a
certain sequence
(continued on the next slide)
25
Computer architecture (continued)


Memory homogeneity principle. The programs and
information are kept in the same memory. A
computer does not distinguish therefore, that is
kept in this memory cell is a number, text or
command. Above commands it is possible to execute
the same actions, as well as above by information
Addresses principle. Structurally conventional
memory consists of the renumbered cells; any cell is
accessible to the processor in the arbitrary moment
of time
26
Computer architecture (continued)
 Main
parts of PC:
 Memory
 Central processing unit - CPU (includes control unit
(CU) and arithmetically logical unit (ALU))
 Input unit
 Output unit
 Motherboard
 Hard Drive
 CD-ROM
 Devices are interconnected with the data channels
27
Computer architecture (continued)


Memory functions:
 Adopting information from other devices
 Saving information
 Sending information to other computer devices on
demand
CPU functions:
 Data processing on the set program by
implementation of arithmetic and boolean
operations
 Programmatic management work of computer
devices
28
Logical Elements of computer
 Information
and commands appear as binary
sequences of different structure and length. There are
different physical ways of the binary information
encoding
A
logical element of computer is part of electronic
logical chart which will realise an elementary Boolean
function
29
Logical Elements of computer
(continued)
 The
logical elements of computers are electronic
circuits And, OR, NOT, AND-NOT, OR—NOT and
others, and triggers
 Truth
table it is tabular presentation of logical circuit
(operations), in which all possible combinations truth
values of input signals (operands) are transferred
together with the truth value of output signal
(operation result) for each of these combinations
30
Logical Elements of computer
(continued)
 Circuit And
realises conjunction of two or more
Boolean values
Truth table of circuit And
x y x.y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
 One
will be result of circuit And in case when there
will be ones on all entrances. If there will be a zero on
one entrance, there will be a zero in result
31
Logical Elements of computer
(continued)
 Circuit
OR realizes disjunction for two or more
Boolean values. When one is on one entrance of
circuit OR there will be just only one, also there will
be one on its return
Truth table for circuit OR
x y xvy
0 0
0
0 1
1
1 0
1
1 1
1
32
Logical Elements of computer
(continued)
 Circuit
NOT realizes denial operation. Connection
between the entrance x of this circuit and output
z can be described as correlation z  x , where x
read as “not x” or “x inverted”
Truth table for circuit NOT
x x
0 1
1 0
33
Logical Elements of computer
(continued)
 Circuit
AND-NOT consists of element AND and
inverter and realises the denial of result for circuit
AND. Connection between the return of z and
entrances of circuit x and y can be described as
z  x  y , where x  y read as "inversion of x and
y".
Truth table for circuit AND-NOT
x y x y
0 0
1
0 1
1
1 0
1
1 1
0
34
Logical Elements of computer
(continued)
 Circuit
OR-NOT consists of element OR and
inverter and carries out the denial of circuit OR
result. Connection between the output of z and
entrances of circuit x and y can be described as
z  x  y , where x  y can be read as a
"inversion of x or y"
Truth table for circuit OR-NOT
x y
x
y
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
35
Logical Elements of computer
(continued)
 Trigger
is an electronic circuit, widely applied in the
computer registers for the reliable memorising
binary code’s one digit
 Trigger has two stable states, one of which
corresponds binary one, and other — to binary zero
 The most widespread trigger’s type is so-called RStrigger (S and R mean, accordingly, set and reset)
RS-Trigger
36
Logical Elements of computer
(continued)
 Adder
is an electronic logical circuit, used for adding
binary numbers
CS
Ci
Cout
(explanation on the next slide)
37
Logical Elements of computer
(continued)

For addition of numbers A and B in i-th digit it is
necessary three numbers:
1.
Number of the ai first element
2.
Number of the bi second element
3.
Transfer of Pi–1 from least significant bit

As a result of addition two numbers adder turns
out:
1.
Number of Ci for a sum
2.
Transfer of Pi from the given digit in a chief one
38
Computer Performance


Computer performance is characterised by the
amount of useful work accomplished by a computer
system compared to the time and resources used
Depending on the context, good computer
performance may involve one or more of the
following:
 Short response time for a given piece of work
 High throughput (rate of processing work)
 Low utilization of computing resource(s)
 High availability of the computing system or
application
39
Computer Performance (continued)

Factors that impacts on computer performance:
 CPU speed (measure in MegaHertz - Mhz and
GigaHerth - Ghz)
 It indicates how many operation it can
performs per second
 Than higher speed then better performance
 RAM size
 It indicates the amount of primary memory
 Than bigger size then better performance
(continued on the next slide)
40
Computer Performance (continued)

The number of applications running
 Than more applications is running then there
are less free primary memory and CPU speed
 Than less applications then better
performance
41
References







European Computer Driven Licence, Syllabus version 4.0, 2006.
Lecture Notes. Fundamentals of Informatics (e-version). Based
on a book by L.Z.Shaucukova. Informatics (in Russian). Moscow,
2002. – 420 p.(translated and edited by Anatoly Sachenko).
William Stallings. Computer Organization and Architecture:
Designing for Performance (6th edition). Prentice Hall , 2002,
750 p.
Tucker (Editor-in-Chief), R. Cupper, F.P. Deek, and R. Noonan
(Editorial advisors), Computer Science Handbook, Second
edition, CRC Press, 2004, 2752 p.
Hysa B., Piekoszewska B., Rakowiecka K., Sobota M., SołtysikPiorunkiewicz A., Zdonek D., Zdonek I., : Laboratorium z
podstaw informatyki w zarządzaniu. Część II. Wprowadzenie do
MS Windows. MS Word. Wydawnictwo PŚ. Gliwice 2003. Skrypt
nr 2324.
Kowalczyk G.: Word 2000 PL. Ćwiczenia praktyczne. Helion,
Gliwice 2000.
J. Glenn Brookshear. Computer science an overview, Sixth
42
Professor
of the Department of Computer Science
and Econometrics, the Silesian University of
Technology, Poland
http://www.roz6.polsl.pl/asachenko/index.html
 www.cs.umaine.edu/~as
a_sachenko@yahoo.com or
as@tneu.edu.ua or as@umcs.maine.edu
Skype: Anatoly Sachenko
ICQ :227 061 409