Founding of United States
First Americans
Bering Strait
Columbus
BrainPop-Columbian
Exchange
Columbus lands in the Bahamas Oct. 12, 1492
Amerigo Vespucci
The English Colonies
The Causes of English Settlement in America:
1.Religious Persecution
o
English Puritans and other non-Anglicans faced prejudice
and legal harassment. Many fled to North America where
they could worship as they wished.
2. Economic Changes
o The enclosure movement (nobles fencing off lands for
sheep) displaced thousands of tenant farmers who then
migrated to America.
3. Rivalry With Spain
o England created colonies because they wanted greater
riches to compete with Spain and also naval bases
from which to attack Spanish shipping.
Geographic Regions:
• The British colonies were
divided into three geographic
regions.
1.Southern:
1.New England:
o Maryland (1633)
o Massachusetts (1620)
o Virginia (1607)
o New Hampshire (1688)
o North Carolina (1653)
o Rhode Island (1636)
o South Carolina (1663)
o Connecticut (1636)
o Georgia (1732)
2.Middle:
o New York (1626)
o New Jersey (1664)
o Pennsylvania (1682)
o Delaware (1638)
Colonial Economy:
New England Colonies:
• The soil was rocky and winters were
long.
• fishing, whaling, and making ships
Middle Colonies:
• The soil and climate are suitable for
agriculture.
• Farming
• Industries: sawmills, mines, and iron
works.
Southern Colonies:
• The soil was rich and the climate was
warm leading to a long growing
season.
• Plantation system relied on enslaved
labor.
Types of Colonies:
1.Royal Colony: these colonies were
governed directly by the king through an
appointed royal governor.
2.Proprietary Colony : were founded by
individuals or groups to which the king had
granted ownership of the land.
3.Joint-Stock Colony: were established by
charters (contracts) granted by the king.
o
These charters allowed colonies the right to
govern themselves to a great extent.
Indentured Servants v. Slavery
• Indentured Servants: agreed to
work for a landowner for up to seven
years in exchange for their passage to
North America.
• This system was eventually replaced by
slavery.
o Middle Passage: the route taken
by ships carrying slaves from Africa to
North America. The trip was called the
middle passage because it was the
middle leg of the …
o Triangular Trade Route (trade
between 3 points: England,
Americas, & Africa).
The Lost Colony of Roanoke
• Sir Walter Raleigh sent settlers to Roanoke
Island twice, once in 1585 and again in
1587. The first group returned to England
after a difficult winter. The fate of the second
group is unknown.
o
Roanoke’s governor John White travels
to England for supplies, his return trip is
delayed due to a war between Spain and
England.
o
When he finally returned all the colonists
had vanished including his granddaughter
Virginia Dare, the first child of English
parents to be born on American soil.
o
The only clue left about the colonists
disappearance was the letters “CRO”
carved on a post, possibly referring to the
Croatoan Indians.
Sir Walter Raleigh
Jamestown (1607)
• The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded by the Virginia
Company in search of gold.
• The winter of 1609-1610 became known as the “starving time.” By spring, only 60
settlers were alive.
http://www.quia.com/rr/1003.html
Mayflower Compact
Virginia House of Burgesses
Created in 1619, it was the first elected legislative assembly of the "New
World" (in this case referring to the Americas) and originated in
Jamestown.
The House of Burgesses enacted legislation for the colony of Virginia.
Legislation passed by the House of Burgesses was subject to veto by the
Governor, council and the directors in London.
One of the most prominent laws passed by the House of Burgesses was
passed in the 1660's. Prior to this law, Africans were allowed only to be
used as indentured servants. The law required that Africans and their offspring were to be treated as lifelong slaves.
Magna Carta (1215)
Magna Carta influenced the
development of the common law
and many constitutional
documents, including the United
States Constitution.
“The great charter of liberty . . .
was, and is, a title deed of our
freedom. . . . The American
Constitution and your Bill of Rights
are integrally connected to
Magna Carta and the freedoms
that it entails.”
BrainPop-Magna Carta
Competing European Claims
• In the middle of the 18th
century, France and England
had competing claims for land
in North America.
• The French held trapping and
trade routes in the Ohio Valley.
• The English colonies were
encroaching on French territory
are the population grew.
• They also competed over trade
issues with the Native
Americans in the disputed
region.
Competing European Claims
The Albany Congress
"Join or Die" (1754) published by Franklin is
considered the first political cartoon of the
colonies.
• In 1754, war was inevitable.
• The colonies sent delegates to Albany
to discuss strategy for common
defense.
• They approved a document written by
Benjamin Franklin promoting a
substructure of government below
British authority to govern the
colonies.
• The council would be comprised of
elected representatives from each
colony and headed by a PresidentGeneral appointed by the crown.
• The colonies were not ready for
political union and it is unlikely that
the British government would have
supported the plan.
The Seven Years War in Europe
Also known as the Seven Years War, this war was fought over conflicting territorial
claims between the French and British in the Ohio River Valley.
The British victory resulted in virtual expulsion of the French in North America, and
the rationalization of taxing the Americans to recoup monetary losses.
The Treaty of Paris
BrainPopFrench &
Indian War
• The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War.
• The French transferred its claims west of the Mississippi to Spain and ceded its
territory east of the Mississippi to the British.
• The Treaties of Easton and Paris limited colonization to the Eastern seaboard.
Proclamation of 1763
• Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown to attempt to
mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the Indians.
• Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.”
• The effort was unsuccessful and is viewed by many to be a leading cause of the Revolutionary
War.
Salem, Massachusetts in 1691 was the
home of a Puritan community with a strict
moral code.
In this community, a group of girls
accused an Indian slave named Tituba of
witchcraft.
Tituba confessed under pressure from
court officials, and her confession
ignited a hunt for witches that left 19
men and women hanged, one man
pressed to death, and over 150 more
people in prison awaiting a trial.
Causes of American Revolution
• Salutary Neglect: Great Britain’s policy toward
the U.S. colonies from 1714-1760.
o
Great Britain relaxed their supervision of internal
colonial affairs because of the French and Indian
War.
• Mercantilism: British policy toward the U.S.
after 1760.
o
A country should sell more goods than it buys.
Britain needed the colonies to produce raw
materials. They also wanted the colonists to buy
Britain’s finished products at a higher cost.
• Stamp Act (1765): taxed all paper products including
newspapers, pamphlets, and playing cards.
Colonists were angry about the tax, because they had no
representation in Parliament. They felt they should not have to
pay the tax since they had not had any part in the taxes creation
and approval.
o “No Taxation Without Representation!”
o
• Declaratory Act (1766): declared that the British could
tax the colonists without consulting them.
• Townshend Acts (1767): placed new taxes on glass,
lead, paints, paper, and tea. Colonial reaction to these
taxes was the same as to the Sugar Act and Stamp Act,
and Britain eventually repealed all the taxes except the
one on tea. In response,Great Britain sent more troops to
the colonies.
1765: Quartering Act
• British Action:
– Purpose to keep troops
in the colonies and reduce
the cost
– Colonists had to keep
troops in their homes
• Colonial Response:
– Colonists did not get
along with army and did
not want them there
permanently
Boston Massacre (1770):
• A group of Boston citizens taunted a British
regiment, and the troops shot into the crowd
killing five men and wounding six others.
• Crispus Attucks, a former slave was the first
killed.
• After the killings, the British ended the
Townshend Acts, but the taxes on tea
remained.
Massacre-Story of Us
The Boston Massacre
(March 5,1770)
Boston Tea Party:
• Tea Act (1773): gave the
British East India Company a
monopoly on tea. American
merchants protested that the
lower prices charged by the
British for tea would hurt their
business.
• Boston Tea Party (1773):
members of the Sons of
Liberty disguised as Indians
dumped more than 300
chests of British tea into the
harbor. /the-sons-of-liberty-and-the-boston-tea-party
colonists-protest-british-policies--history channel
Intolerable or Coercive Acts (1773):
• Punished the colonists for
the Boston Tea Party.
1.closed the Boston Harbor
2.banned town meetings
3.limited colonists’ right to a trial by
jury
4.housed British troops in private
homes (quartering of soldiers)
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Thomas Paine: Common Sense
The Enlightenment
The American Enlightenment is the intellectual
thriving period in America in the mid-to-late 18th
century, especially as it relates to American
Revolution on the one hand and the European
Enlightenment on the other.
Influenced by the scientific revolution of the 17th
century and the humanist period during the
Renaissance, the Enlightenment took scientific
reasoning and applied it to human nature, society
and religion.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• French philosopher, believed people basically good
• Believed society corrupted people
• Wrote The Social Contract, contract between all members of society
• “Man is born free but everywhere is in chains.”
Thomas Hobbes
• English thinker, wrote views of government in Leviathan
• Absolute monarchy best
• Believed people needed government to impose order
– People selfish, greedy
– Should exchange some freedoms for peace, safety, order
– Social contract
John Locke
• English philosopher, believed all people born equal
• Government should protect people’s natural rights
– Monarchs not chosen by God
– Government by consent
– Power limited by laws
– Ideas foundation for modern democracy
Baron de Montesquieu
Separation of powers
• Best form of government divided power among branches of government
• Separation of powers kept individual or group from abusing power
The Spirit of the Laws
• Published 1748, showed admiration of Great Britain’s government
• Powers divided into branches: legislative, executive, judicial
• Parliament made laws, king carried out laws, courts interpreted laws
Checks and balances
• Misunderstood structure of British government, rational conclusion anyway
• Separation of powers allowed each branch to check against power of others
• Concept later important structure of democratic governments
Mary Wollstonecraft
• Enlightenment thinkers still held traditional views about women
• Proper roles wives, mothers; should receive limited education
• Wollstonecraft demanded equal rights for women
• A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, equal education for women
Adam Smith
• Scottish economist, used reason to analyze economic systems
• The Wealth of Nations advanced free market enterprise
• Strong believer in laissez-faire economics, no government regulation
• Believed economy would be stronger if market forces of supply and
demand were allowed to work freely
The Enlightenment was important America
because it provided the philosophical basis of the
American Revolution.
The Revolution was more than just a protest
against English authority; as it turned out, the
American Revolution provided a blueprint for the
organization of a democratic society.
And while imperfectly done, for it did not address
the terrible problem of slavery, the American
Revolution was an enlightened concept of
government whose most profound documents
may have been the American Declaration of
Independence and United States Constitution.
First Continental Congress:
• In September 1774, 12 colonies sent
representatives to Philadelphia to discuss
their concerns over the Intolerable Acts.
• The meeting was known as the First
Continental Congress.
• The delegates sent a document to King
George III demanding that the rights of
colonists be restored.
War Begins: Lexington & Concord
• In April 1775, the first
two battles of the
Revolutionary War took
place in Massachusetts
at Lexington and
Concord.
• Patriot leaders had heard
of the British’s plan and
Paul Revere and two
other companions
alarmed the local militias
that the British were
coming.
Second Continental Congress:
• In May 1775, colonial leaders held the Second
Congress
voted to ask each of the Thirteen Colonies
Continental Congress.
to
give war supplies and troops.
• In January 1776, Thomas Paine published Common
They
alsoavoted
to ask
France
to help. from Britain.
Sense,
pamphlet
urging
independence
• Eventually Congress would agree with Paine, and would
appoint a committee led by Thomas Jefferson to write the
Declaration of Independence.
George Washington was voted Commander-in-Chief of
the new army. Washington was chosen because he was
• Jefferson was influenced by English philosopher John
a trained
Locke. soldier.
Locke’s Ideas:
 Social Contract: a government must have the
He had fought
andit may
Indian
War. Also
consentinofthe
the French
people, or
be overthrown.
 Natural Rights: “Life, Liberty, and Property” –
Washington
was from
Virginia
in the
South.
Manyand the
Jefferson
changes
this idea
to “Life,
Liberty,
Pursuit of Happiness.”
o
thought this would bring the South into the war.
• The Second Continental Congress approved the
Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.
Thomas Jefferson
Declaration of Independence
(1776)
The purpose of this iconic American
document was to tell the world why
America was breaking away from
British rule.
the-declaration-of-independence
declaration-of-independence
The Revolutionary War
The Opposing Sides:
Colonies:
Advantages:
• Fighting on home ground.
• Good decisions by generals.
• Fighting for rights and freedoms.
• French alliances providing loans,
naval support, and troop.
• Time: the longer the war dragged
on, the more likely the British
were to give up.
Disadvantages:
• Untrained soldiers.
• Food and ammunition shortages.
• Weak and divided central
government.
British:
Advantages:
• Well-trained, well-supplied
army and navy.
• Wealthy nation with abundant
resources.
• Strong central government.
Disadvantages:
• Fighting in unfamiliar, hostile
territory.
• Fighting far from Britain.
• Many troops were mercenaries,
many indifferent to the cause.
• Half-hearted support at home.
Patriots v. Loyalists:
• Patriots (Whigs): believed
• Loyalists (Tories): Americans
that the British had become
who supported the British
tyrants and supported
during the Revolutionary War.
independence from Britain.
o Many were government
o Patriots represented a wide
officials or Anglican ministers.
cross-section of society.
o Many loyalists came from
Many came from New
Georgia, the Carolinas, and
England and Virginia.
New York.
Major Battles:
• Lexington & Concord
(April 18-19 1775):
• “Shot heard ‘round the world.”
• Minutemen (local militias) are ready
for the British-have been alerted by
Paul Revere and his other riders
that the British are coming.
• British suffer heavy losses to
colonial snipers using guerilla
warfare.
Schoolhouse--Revolution
Paul Revere’s Ride
The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
• On September 28, 1781, American and French
forces surrounded Yorktown, Virginia and began
to bombard it.
• They cut off British supplies and their access to
an escape by sea.
• On October 19, 1781,
approximately
8,000 British soldiers
under General Cornwallis
surrendered.
The Patriot Clip
Treaty of Paris
(September 3, 1783):
• Peace treaty ending the Revolutionary War.
• The British recognized the U.S. as a new nation, with
the Mississippi River as its western border.
This document outlined the terms of the British surrender in 1783.
Its ratification officially ended the Revolution, making America a
free country.
Military Channel Interactive Quiz
Exile of Loyalists
The Nation’s First Government
The Articles of Confederation:
• Although each state wanted to govern itself, the
states knew that there were some things that an
individual state could not do on its own. They
needed a stronger national government to defeat
Great Britain.
• The made plans for a union of the 13 states.
Second Continental Congress
In 1777 it developed the Articles of Confederationthis was the first constitution of America.
o A confederation is a group of individual states that
band together for a common purpose.
o
Need for Government
Articles of Confederation--History
Channel
The Structure of the Articles of Confederation
1.One-house (unicameral) legislature.
2.Each state had one vote.
3.The Congress controlled the army and had
the authority to deal with foreign countries.
• By 1781 all 13 states had ratified, or
approved the Articles.
America's first attempt at organized government was
the ill-conceived Articles of Confederation.
This government gave the new "states" too much power
and was insufficient as a means of governing a nation.
Weaknesses of the Articles:
1.Lack of Power and Money:
o
o
o
Congress had no power to collect taxes.
Congress had no power to regulate trade.
Congress had no power to enforce its laws.
2.Lack of Central Power:
o
o
No single leader or group directed central policy.
No national court system existed.
3.Rules Too Rigid:
Congress could not pass laws without the approval of 9
states (only 13 total).
o The Articles could not be changed without the agreement
of all 13 states.
o
History Channel--Constitution Clip
Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance:
• The Ordinance of 1785 created a
system for surveying and selling
western lands.
• In 1787 the Northwest Ordinance
helped organize new territorial
governments and set up a method of
admitting new states into the Union.
Northwest Territory
Shays’s Rebellion
• Americans feared that the • Daniel Shays, a farmer
government could not
who had fallen into debt
protect their safety or their
because of state taxes
property.
was about to lose his
• Between 1786-1787, riots
farm. He led an armed
broke out in several states.
uprising of about 1,200
Massachusetts farmers
on a federal arsenal.
o
The rebellion was quickly
stopped but served as a
wake-up call for the country
about its problems.
Rebellion
Civics Consortium Constitution Powerpoint
The Road to the Constitution
• Each state was asked to send delegates to revise the
Articles of Confederation. Every state but Rhode
Island sent delegates. The convention was held in
Independence Hall in P.A. on May 25, 1787.
• Most of the 55 delegates were lawyers, merchants,
physicians, generals, governors, and planters who
had political experience.
• Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were in Europe
representing the American government. Patrick Henry
did not attend the convention because he was against
it.
Sunnyland Constitution Game
• George Washington was
appointed to led the
convention.
• The meetings were to be kept
secret so delegates could
speak freely, without reaction
from the public.
• The delegates set out to
change the Articles of
Confederation. However, they
decided instead to write a new
constitution. The meeting
would become known as the
Constitutional Convention.
The 1787 Constitutional
Convention resulted in the
elimination of the Articles of
Confederation and the formation
of a new, more effective
government and constitution.
Independence Hall
Virginia Plan
• Presented by states with large
populations.
• The Virginia Plan described a
government that was similar to what we
have today.
1. A president, a court system, and a bicameral (two house)
Congress.
2. However, representation in Congress in both houses would
BrainPop-James Madison
be determined by population.
New Jersey Plan
• Presented by states with small populations.
• The New Jersey Plan described a government that
was similar to the Articles of Confederation.
• A unicameral or one house Congress with equal
representation which meant equal votes.
o The problem with the New Jersey Plan was that the
larger states said they should have more power in
Congress because they had more people.
The Great Compromise:
• Finally a compromise was
reached- The Connecticut Plan
or the Great Compromise
1. Bicameral Congress:
Senate- equal representation (2 from each
state)
o House of Representatives – based on
population
o
2. 3 Branches of Government: executive,
legislative, and judicial.
3. Established a System of Checks and
Balances
The-Great-Compromise]
Roger Sherman
The 3/5 Compromise:
• Problem: Dispute between the North and South
over taxes and representation.
• Compromise: Every 5 slaves would be counted as
3 free people for tax and representation purposes.
Ratification of the Constitution:
On September 17, 1787, the delegates signed the Constitution.
However, its acceptance depended on the ratification, or approval,
of at least nine of the 13 states.
Federalists:
Anti-Federalists:
• Supporters of the
• Those who opposed the
Constitution were known
Constitution were called AntiFederalists.
as the Federalists.
Federalists supported a • They wanted the addition of a
bill of rights to protect
strong national
people’s individual freedoms.
government.
o
Federalist Papers: Series
of essays created by
Alexander Hamilton, James
Madison, and John Jay to
defend and help gain
support for the Constitution.
• They believed the Constitution
would create a strong national
government that would ignore
the will of the states and the
people.
The Federalist Papers were a series of essays written by
Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, which
outlined reasons why the states should ratify the Constitution.
Only two years after the papers were
published, Rhode Island became the last
of the colonies to ratify.
• A Bill of Rights (Amendments 110) was eventually added to the
Constitution.
• On June 21, 1788 took effect.
• The last state to ratify the
Constitution was Rhode Island in
1790.
The Constitution and Its Parts:
• The Constitution provides the framework for
the nation’s government. It is the highest
authority in the nation, and is the basic law
of the US.
• The Constitution has three main parts:
1.The Preamble
2.The Articles
3.Amendments
BrainPop Video--Constitution
The Preamble:
• This is the introduction of the Constitution.
• The Preamble states the six purposes of
government.
1.form a more perfect union- unite the states
2.establish justice- all citizens will be equal
3.insure domestic tranquility- keep peace
4.provide for the common defense- maintain an army
5.promote the general welfare- protect the people
6.secure the blessings of liberty- guarantee the rights of the
people
Barney Fife
Toddler Recites Preamble
Preamble Match
The Articles:
• The seven articles make up the second part of the
Constitution and describes the structure of
government.
• The first three articles describe the powers and
responsibilities of each branch of government.
Article I: Legislative Branch (Makes/Creates Laws)
Article II: Executive Branch (Enforces/Carries Out
Laws)
Article III: Judicial Branch (Interprets Laws)
Article IV:
• “Full faith and credit clause” -requires states to respect
the laws, records and court rulings of other states.
• Provides for the admission of new states to the union.
Article V:
• Explains how the constitution can be changed or
amended.
Article VI:
• States that the Constitution and the laws of the US are
“the supreme law of the land.”
Article VII:
• This article specifies that when nine of the original 13
states ratified the Constitution, it would go into effect.
Amending the Constitution:
• Any change to the Constitution is called an amendment.
• There are 27 amendments, or changes, that have been
made to the Constitution.
• The amendment process is difficult, and must have the
overwhelming support of the people.
Constitution Shootout
Interpreting the Constitution:
The Necessary and Proper Clause:
• The Constitution gives Congress the power
“to make all Laws which shall be necessary
and proper” to carry out its duties.
• The Necessary and Proper (Elastic)
Clause: allows Congress to exercise
“implied powers,” which are powers that
are not specifically listed in the Constitution.
Principles Underlying the Constitution
Major Principles of Government:
1. Popular Sovereignty: People have the right to rule themselves.
o EX: Elected officials are accountable to the people. Voters can
reject and replace representatives who serve them poorly.
2. Rule of Law: law applies to everyone, even those who govern.
3. Separation of Powers: We have this to protect against the
abuse of power. It works be dividing the government into 3
branches.
o Legislative, Executive & Judicial Branches
o We get this idea from French philosopher Baron de
Montesquieu.
4. Checks and Balances: Each branch of the government is able
to check, or restrain, the power of the others.
Matching Game
Federalism:
• Under a federal system power is shared between the
national government and states.
• This allows states to have their own government.
• It gives Americans more power to rule themselves.
• There are 3 types of power:
1.Enumerated or Expressed Powers: powers of the
national/federal government.
2.Reserved Powers: powers of the state
government.
3.Concurrent Powers: powers shared between the
state and national/federal government.
Constitutional Relay Game
Supremacy Clause: Article VI
• The Supremacy Clause declares that the
Constitution and other laws and treaties
made by the national government “shall be
the supreme Law of the Land.”
• Because the Constitution is the highest
law, the national government is not
supposed to act in violation of it.
The Bill of Rights
The First 10 Amendments to the Constitution
Bill of Rights Rap
Mr. Rupert's Tutorial
Did you Know? James Madison
Smart Songs--BOR
BrainPop-BOR
Sunnyland Games--Bill of Rights
1st Amendment
• The 1st Amendment guarantees freedom of
religion, speech, the press, assembly, and petition.
•
•
•
•
•
•
This means that we all have the right to:
practice any religion we want to
to speak freely
to assemble (meet)
to address the government (petition)
to publish newspapers, TV, radio, Internet (press)
2nd Amendment
• The 2nd
Amendment
protects the right
to bear arms, which
means the right to
own a gun.
3rd Amendment
• The 3rd Amendment says “No soldier shall, in
time of peace be quartered in any house, without
the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but
in a manner to be prescribed by law.”
• This means that we cannot be forced to house or
quarter soldiers.
4th Amendment
• The 4th Amendment protects the people
from unreasonable searches and seizures.
• This means that the police must have a
warrant to enter our homes. It also means
the government cannot take our property,
papers, or us, without a valid warrant based
on probable cause (good reason).
5th Amendment
• The 5th Amendment protects people from
being held for committing a crime unless
they are properly indicted, (accused)
• You may not be tried twice for the same
crime (double jeopardy)
• You don’t have to testify against yourself
in court. (Self-incrimination)
BrainPop-Miranda Rights
6th Amendment
• The 6th Amendment
guarantees a speedy trial (you
can’t be kept in jail for over a
year without a trial)
• an impartial jury (doesn’t
already think you are guilty)
• that the accused can confront
witnesses against them
• the accused must be allowed
to have a lawyer
7th Amendment
• The 7th Amendment guarantees the right to a
speedy civil trial.
• A civil trial differs from a criminal trial. A civil
trial is when someone sues someone else. A
criminal trial is when the state tries to convict
someone of a crime.
8th Amendment
• The 8th
Amendment
guarantees that
punishments will be
fair and not cruel,
and that
extraordinarily
large fines will not
be set.
9th Amendment
• All rights not stated in the Constitution and
not forbidden by the Constitution belong to
the people.
• This means that the states can do what
they want if the Constitution does not
forbid it.
10th Amendment
• The 10th Amendment states that any
power not granted to the federal
government belongs to the states or to
the people.
Are your rights being protected at
school?
• How does Free Speech apply to school?
• What about dress code?
• BrainPop-Student Rights
27 Amendments
Fun Trivia Amendments Quiz