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What is sociology?
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What similarities exist in all of
these pictures?
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What is sociology?
(def. sheet) Sociologists believe that we
develop our beliefs and values while
interacting with the complex social system
that surrounds us.
We can only understand behaviour by
undertaking research and analysis of the
structures of societies and how they
influence individual and group behaviour.
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Sociology if the social science discipline that
examines development and structure of human
society (institutions)
Sociology theorizes social life, social change,
and the social causes and consequences of
human behavior
Sociologists investigate structure of groups,
organizations, and societies, and how individuals
are impacted
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Key concepts sociologists use
Status~ describes our position in an
institution
Hierarchy~ ranking of authority of power
Role~ each position requires a particular role
and expertise. They therefore are expected
to talk, act, dress and behave in a manner
according to their role.
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Societal Roles and Status
Everyone plays certain roles within society –
 Social Scientists refer to this as status
Roles can be ascribed (born into)
Roles can also be achieved
Status is used to describe our position within an
institution
 (e.g.) cashier within a drive-through
restaurant vs. manager
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Horrible Bosses (show until 2:00)

http://youtu.be/TgACfyfjFBI
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Hierarchy
Hierarchy - ranking system used in any
particular environment based on authority of
power (def. sheet)
Within a hierarchy, role players expected to
behave in certain ways (norms)
Many different roles in society are played
simultaneously
 (e.g.) parent at breakfast becomes an
employee within the workplace
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Norms
Norms are behaviours that govern social
action and which the majority of the
members of society regards as proper, right
and expected. (def. sheet)
Norms lead to the standardization of
behaviour within any given society
Norms are an important form of social
control
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Think about it!
What
happens when people go
against the norms of their society?
What
are some examples?
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Deviance
Definition
 Differing
from a norm or from the accepted
standards of a society- not always negative
(def. sheet)
 n.One
that differs from a norm, especially a
person whose behavior and attitudes differ
from accepted social standards.
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Deviance and Rehabilitation
 Deviance
– behaviour that is different from the
societal norm, considered “deviant” because
society does not accept it
 Deviance
can range from odd behaviour to acts
that harm society
 Sociology
system
 Canada’s
has a strong link with the criminal justice
criminal justice system is based on
rehabilitation, or trying to re-educate and resocialize inmates so that they can grow to accept
society’s values and norms
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More on Deviance

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/sociologicaltheories-of-deviance-definitions-and-theoreticalperspectives.html#lesson

http://youtu.be/jewlDGcJM6s
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http://youtu.be/P8iQGSqbGk8
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Read and summarize note on deviance theories
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Take notes on each theory
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Differential Association Theory
Have you ever asked yourself why certain individuals become
criminals? Differential association theory is a theory in
criminology which aims to answer this question. This theory
was developed by Edwin H. Sutherland, who was a sociologist
and a professor. He created the theory to explain the reasons
why people commit crime. The theory is based upon the idea
that criminals commit crimes based upon their association with
other people.
http://study.com/academy/lesson/differential-associationtheory-definition-examples.html
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Strain Theory
Robert Merton, who lived from 1910-2003, argued that society
may be set up in a way that encourages too much deviance.
Merton believed that when societal norms, or socially accepted
goals, such as the 'American Dream,' place pressure on the
individual to conform, they force the individual to either work
within the structure society has produced, or instead become
members of a deviant subculture in an attempt to achieve those
goals. Merton termed this theory strain theory.
http://study.com/academy/lesson/mertons-strain-theorydefinition-examples-quiz.html
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Control Theory
Why do people obey the law? Control theory is one
point of view that attempts to answer this question.
The theory starts with the premise that people are
essentially interested in satisfying their needs and
desires and do not want to experience negative
consequences.
They particularly do not want to have others look
poorly on them and risk losing support and
approval from those in their life. Control theory
identifies these bonds we have with others as a
main reason most people do not violate laws.
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Labelling Theory
According to this theory, no behavior is
inherently deviant on its own. Instead, it's the
reaction to the behavior that makes it deviant
or not.
Labeling theory helps to explain why a
behavior is considered negatively deviant to
some people, groups, and cultures but
positively deviant to others.
http://study.com/academy/lesson/labelingtheory-and-crime-stigma-retrospective-andprojective-labeling.html
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Social Control theory
Furthermore, social control theory examines
how society influences criminal behavior. It
also underscores the idea that when
individuals are involved and in-touch with
their community, they are less likely to
commit criminal acts.
http://study.com/academy/lesson/socialcontrol-definition-theory-examples.html
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Movie trailers relating to social
deviance
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http://youtu.be/SUXWAEX2jlg

http://youtu.be/JsPW6Fj3BUI
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Norms
 There
are four types of norms:
 Mores
 Folkways
 Taboos
 Laws
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Mores
 Mores
are norms that society considers
vital for its survival; what is right and wrong,
moral and immoral (def. sheet)
 Strongly
sanctioned by society.
 E.g. Society insists on respect for human
life. Therefore murder is harshly punished.
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Folkways
 Folkways
are norms governing behaviour
which the society considers acceptable but
does not insist upon. (def. sheet)
 E.g. Using a spoon instead of a knife and
fork at table; picking one’s nose in public
 Folkways
are relatively weak norms
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Taboos
 Taboos
are behaviours that society finds
revolting., considered morally wrong. (def.
sheet)
 E.g. Incest
 Others
???
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Taboos

http://youtu.be/GEpJdHS1pV0
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Laws
 Laws
are norms that society considers
sufficiently valuable that they are
codified/formalized through the legislative
process with specific formal
sanctions/penalties to be imposed on those
who break them. (def. sheet)
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E.g. Family, religion, education, economy,
political subsystem, legal subsystem, mass
media.
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Rehabilitation
 Sociology
has formed a strong link with the
justice system
A
fundamental component of modern
imprisonment is rehabilitation, or trying to
re-educate and re-socialize inmates so that
they can grow to accept society’s values
and norms
 READ: ‘Does
Prison Work?’
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Symbolic Interactionism- Max
Weber
Developed
by Max
Weber
German
late 1800s, early
1900s work
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Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic Interactionists believe humans have
complex brains and the interpretation of daily
stimuli occurs through the attachment of
personalized meanings
 (e.g.) One sibling might interpret their visit to the
cottage with their mother as terrible, while the
other sibling might have thought it was fine
Focus on how individuals process and interpret
society beyond its institutions to form values
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Con’t…
 People’s
actions are based on
understandings of meanings of the
particular situation– the “definition of the
situation.”
 It
is essentially how we as individuals
process and interpret what we observe in
society, not society’s institutions, that form
the core of our value system.
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Sybolic Interactionism
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFQIIM8IRZU
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Symbolic Interactionism –
Charles Cooley (1864-1929)
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Key idea of the “looking-glass
self”
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People develop self-image
from the way they think others
see them
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“Self-fulfilling prophecy”:
seek experiences that
reinforce our self-image
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Examples??
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Write down what these
things mean to you- the
first thing you think of
when you think of this
thing. We are going to
share these with the class
so don’t make them too
private or embarrassing!
-Snow
-Hot chocolate
-Bed
-Hugs
-Books
-School
-Travelling
-Fashion
-Christmas
-Mother
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Conflict Theory/Neo-Marxism
Developed by Karl Marx,
mid 1800s; German
Basis of the theory
founded in the
political/economic theory
of communism
Social order is maintained
by domination, with power
in the hands of those with
the greatest political,
economic, and social
resources.
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Con’t
According to conflict theory, inequality
exists because those in control of a
disproportionate share of society’s
resources actively defend their
advantages.
Groups and individuals advance their
own interests, struggling over control of
societal resources. Those with the most
resources exercise power over others
with inequality and power struggles
result.
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Conflict theory
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoEuHwkbhYM
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Feminist Theory
Feminist Theorists focus on sex and gender issues – extension of
Conflict Theory
Believe that women have traditionally been disadvantaged in
society because men have discriminated against them
Since men have traditionally made the decisions in within society,
they tend to favour men
 Liberal feminism emphasizes better-paid and prestigious
jobs to women and the elimination of laws discriminating
against social rights of women
 Marxian feminists believe women’s unpaid / undervalued
domestic work has influenced lower wages to male workers
 Radical feminists believe child bearing has led to
systematic oppression by men
 Socialist feminists try to separate issues of oppression that
stem from male domination through capitalism
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Feminist theory

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xorqPUYu_SE
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Structural-Functionalism
Belief that each society should provide its members with
the fundamental requirements for functioning
 fulfilling material needs
 socializing and educating youth
 regulating reproduction (usually marriage)
Argue that societies remain stable by its members sharing
values and agree on ways that its institutions operate.
Change is slow, then society stable.
When change occurs in one part, there is change in
another. During times rapid change, the danger is that
sometimes institutions fail to fulfill their function.
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Structural Functionalism explained
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jOZqVnQmdY&list=PLoJ
_QXA_euCruwIzDppFtdtDZHlOTAypd