
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

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
http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/thu-january-24-2013/things-may-be-bad--but-atleast-we-can-t-chew-our-air
http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/thu-january-20-2011/the-socialist-network
http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/mon-january-16-2012/fear-factory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPILhiTJv7E
http://thedailyshow.cc.com/videos/1jphj3/tusky-business
http://thedailyshow.cc.com/videos/75oamz/diplomatic-for-the-people-s-republic--apec
http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/videos/v6tds1/protests-in-hong-kong
http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/videos/thgfth/blowback-from-obama-s-visit-to-china
http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/videos/i50gi7/president-obama-bows-again
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUCEeC4f6ts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylWORyToTo4
“Let China sleep. For when China wakes, it
will shake the world.” –Napoleon Bonaparte
What do you
Know
About
CHINA?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Reeducation through Labor
Employer permission to marry or divorce
Household registration
Execution for bribery/corruption
Answer: B (it ended with the Marriage Law of 2003)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Which of the following statements about
China’s development is false?
China has averaged 8% growth annually since
1978
China uses ½ of the world’s cement
China is the third largest economy after the US
and Japan
The state owned sector still controls 1/3 of all
industry in China
Less than half of China’s population is employed
in agriculture
Answer: C

China became the 2nd largest economy in 2010

Q = ch (Qin = Chin)
X = sh (Liu Xiaoqi = sh-ow, chee)
C = ts (“ch” = ch but “c” alone = ts)
Zh = j (Zhou = joe)

Chinese names are ordered last names first




Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, Hu
Jintao
People’s Republic of China
22.5 provinces
5 ARs
4 municipalities
2 SARs
•
The Basics
–
The world’s most populous country
•
–
–
–
–
–
Huge population stretching the country’s limited
natural resources
Relative ethnic homogeneity
Great linguistic differences within one language
The Middle Kingdom as a sign of cultural
ethnocentrism
Poverty deep and widespread
Great growth of middle class; migration to
urban center

Legitimacy





Under dynastic rule, citizens were subjects of
the emperor
Legitimacy based on the mandate of heaven
Legitimacy was not a subject for the peasants to
consider
1911 Chinese Revolution
People’s Republic of China, 1949, Mao Zedong



Democratic Centralism
Politburo of the Communist Party
Military support, Central Military Commission

Religion (sort of) Confucianism


Bureaucratic hierarchy based on scholarship


Filial Piety- respect authority figures, collectivism
Government jobs based on exams on
Confucianism
The “Middle Kingdom”


Zhongguo (Chinese for Middle Kingdom, or
China), see their nation as the center of
civilization, ethnocentrism
See foreigners as barbarians

Communist Ideology


Mao Zedong- “Right
Thinking”
Authoritarian Power


Long tradition, like
Russia
Dynasties, current
Communist Party
•
Key Concepts and Questions
–
Can the Chinese leadership realistically hope to
limit the impact of the outside world on its
economy? More generally, how can any
leadership endure rapid change, especially one
whose leaders want to maintain their hold on
power?
•
Key Concepts and Questions (Cont’d)
–
How has Chinese culture both helped and
hindered reformers and hardliners alike?
Today, that question has changed in subtle, but
important ways. As the Chinese people learn
more about other cultures and have more
money to spend, will they begin to demand
political freedoms as well?
•
Key Concepts and Questions (Cont’d)
–
–
Will the state continue to be able to put down
protests that number 100 or so on a typical
day?
What will happen if the CCP continues to have
trouble recruiting talented and dedicated
members who could become its future
leaders?
•
Key Concepts and Questions (Cont’d)
–
–
Can any kind of regime survive if there is a
sharp disconnect between two policy areas, in
this case governance and economic reform?
Xi and his colleagues are referred to as the
“fifth generation” of leaders. How might they
change Chinese political life?
The Broad Sweep of Chinese History
•




Nearly 3,000 years of political history
The world’s oldest and large, centralized
bureaucratic state
Near isolation for most of its history
25 dynastic changes until the collapse of the
Qing Dynasty in 1911


Population growing faster than agricultural
production
Peasant rebellions
The Broad Sweep of Chinese History
(Cont’d)
•


Europeans “crashed in” during the 19th century

First Opium War (1839–1842)

Extraterritoriality

Missionaries

Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895
Chinese humiliated by European dominance
TABLE 10.1 Key Events in the
Origins of the People’s Republic of
China
A Failed Revolution
•




Reform efforts too little, too late
Sun Yat-sen and founding of Kuomintang (KMT),
or Nationalist Party (1905)
Rule of Yuan Shikai and other warlords after
1911 revolution
May Fourth Movement poorly organized and
lost momentum
China Stands Up
•





Marxism spoke to the oppressed peasants.
1921 founding of CCP fell under Moscow’s control.
Like KMT, it drew inspiration from Bolshevik
revolution.
Comintern ordered CCP/KMT merger.
Tensions increased between KMT and CCP as
communist popularity grew.

China Stands Up (Cont’d)








KMT attacked CCP in Shanghai (1927).
Mao Zedong argued that CCP must
mobilize peasants and conduct a
guerrilla war (1927).
Long March: CCP retreat and success
1936 Mao elected chairman of CCP.
KMT-CCP united front (1937–1945)
Communist army and popularity grew
during WWII.
CCP routed KMT in civil war that
resumed after WWII.
October 1949: PRC was born.

The Long
March
1934-35
GMD/KMT =
Guomindang
Kuomintang
CCP =
Chinese Communist
Party
Factionalism
•




After WWII, rivalries between leaders and ideas
led to organized factions within CCP.
Led to personalization of power
Five Year Plan 1953—failure
Mao did not support Soviet model, leading to the
Sino-Soviet Split.


Soviet Union’s cut off its economic and military
aids.
Skirmishes on the borders
Factionalism (Cont’d)
•

Hundred Flowers Campaign 1956
•
•

Intellectuals given freedom to express themselves,
brought to an end
brief period of liberalization
Great Leap Forward


Collective farms, intellectuals engage in manual
labor, resulted in mass starvation
Mao’s leadership questioned

Cultural Revolution

Death of Mao (1976)

Gave power to new faction, but did not change
politics within CCP
TABLE 10.2 Key Events in
Chinese History since the
Revolution
Associated Press
Since Mao’s Death
•


Power in hands of moderates
Deng Xiaoping set tone of party control and
economic reform.


Introduction of private ownership and free markets
Less personalized leadership since Deng’s
death
A Blank Slate? A Cultural Revolution?
•

Mao misunderstood his people



People were “poor and blank.”
Could easily be taught a new political and economic
culture
The early CCP tried to replace inherited culture.




Collectivism
Struggle and activism
Egalitarianism and populism
Self-reliance
A Blank Slate? A Cultural Revolution?
(Cont’d)
•


State domination of all agents of socialization
The CCP relied on mass campaigns.



The CCP has loosened its controls.


Large trained bureaucracy absent from society
Political study sessions
Yet, it has tried to ban Twitter and other social
networking software.
No way of knowing how much dissatisfaction
there is with the party elite or the regime as well
Participation from the Top Down
•




CCP determines what people should do and
organizes their participation.
Action routinely involves carrying out policies
adopted by leaders.
More than 70 million party members engage in
implementation of policy decided by leadership.
Less top-down activity as more people are
involved in enterprises not directly controlled by
the party and government
•
From the Bottom Up?



CCP is the only organization that can nominate
candidates, but voters have choices.
Nearly a third of people report some form of
voluntary political activity.
The authorities still limited forms of participation
at the provincial and local levels.
TABLE 10.3 Political Participation in Rural China
Source: Adapted from M. Kent Jennings, “Political
Participation in the Chinese Countryside,” American
Political Science Review, 91 (June 1997), tables 2 and
3.








2 main parts: Administrative side and legislative side. According to
Constitution, highest organ is National People’s Congress
National People’s Congress is a grassroots movement, doesn’t fit in—
never allowed to develop to its constitutional potential, but has shown A
LIMITED ABILITY to dissent in recent years. Meets once a year, listens to
government reports (work report, budget, etc.)
Standing committee handles day to day work of NPC—led by Wu Bangguo
now that Li Peng has retired
Does ask some biting questions of ministers, but not in view of public
Chooses President and Vice-President for 5 yr term, must be 45 and are
limited to two terms.
President Xi Jinping (assumed office, 2011, following “election” by NPC)
Top of Executive Branch: State Council. (Cabinet of about 29 ministers
that oversee ministries/commissions)
Government led by Premier: Wen Jiabao (2003-present)

Rule of Law





Code system of laws




Precedents do not determine punishments, so punishments can
be varied and arbitrary
CCP is beginning to require legal training
100,000 new judges since 1976
NO judicial review though
99% criminal conviction rate, almost no appeal process
Criticized by rest of world for capricious use of the death
penalty: smuggling, rape, bribery, women and child
trafficking, and corruption


Rule of law constrains leaders
Absent during the times of Mao, seen as instrument that the
bourgeoisie use to oppress the masses
Criminal law non-existent before 1978
Develop some since the Constitution of 1982
Chinese Political
Organization
Party
Organs
Government
Organs
Legislative
Organs
Politburo
Standing
Committee
Central
Advisory
Commission
Central
Committee
Pres &
VP
National
People’s
Congress
State
Council
(premier)
NPC
Standing
Committee
Politburo
Military
Affairs
Commission
Secretariat
PLA
China’s Party, State &
Legislative Organs
FIGURE 10.1 Decision Making in China.
Match the following individuals with
their political information:
Jiang Zemin
Mao Zedong
Hu Jintao
Xi Jinping
Wen Jiabao
Li Peng
Deng Xiaoping
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
“Butcher of Beijing” held ‘responsible’ for
the Tiananmen Square massacre
Known as the great helmsman and the
only Chairman of China
Former president, known for opening
China to economic reform
Current president/party head
Current premier
Former president who allowed capitalists
to join the Party
Expected to be the next leader of China…
Jiang Zemin
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
“Butcher of Beijing” held
‘responsible’ for the Tiananmen
Square massacre
Known as the great helmsman and
the only Chairman of China
Former president, known for opening
China to economic reform
Current president/party head
Current premier
Former president who allowed
capitalists to join the Party
Expected to be the next leader of
China
Mao Zedong
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
“Butcher of Beijing” held ‘responsible’
for the Tiananmen Square massacre
Known as the great helmsman and
the only Chairman of China
Former president, known for opening
China to economic reform
Current president/party head
Current premier
F.
G.
Expected to be the next leader of
China
Next… Hu Jintao
Hu Jintao
A.
“Butcher of Beijing” held
‘responsible’ for the Tiananmen
Square massacre
B.
C.
D.
E.
Former president, known for opening
China to economic reform
Current president/party head
Current premier
F.
G.
Expected to be the next leader of
China
Next… Xi Jinping
Xi Jinping
A.
“Butcher of Beijing” held
‘responsible’ for the
Tiananmen Square massacre
B.
C.
Former president, known for
opening China to economic
reform
D.
E.
Current premier
F.
G.
Expected to be the next
leader of China
Next… Wen Jiabao
Wen Jiabao
A.
“Butcher of Beijing” held
‘responsible’ for the Tiananmen
Square massacre
B.
C.
Former president, known for opening
China to economic reform
D.
E.
Current premier
Next… Li Peng
Li Peng
A.
“Butcher of Beijing” held
‘responsible’ for the Tiananmen
Square massacre
B.
C.
Former president, known for opening
China to economic reform
Next… Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping
C. Former president, known for opening China to
economic reform
1 = Mao
2 = Revolutionary/Long
March generation

Deng Xiaoping
3 = Party/Guanxi risers

Jiang Zemin
4 = Technocrats

Hu Jintao
5 = princelings?? (Xi
Jinping)
 Lost Generation?
 Capitalist Generation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Hu Jintao  Pres, MAC, Gen Secretary  Deng
Wu Bangguo  NPC Chair  Jiang
Wen Jiabao  Premier Zhao Ziyang/Zhu Rongji (Deng)
Jia Qingling  CPPCC Chair  Jiang
Zeng Qinghong  VP of State, Secretariat  Jiang
Huang Ju  Vice Premier  Jiang
Wu Guangzheng  Jiang
Li Changchun  Jiang
Luo Gang  Li Peng (Chen)
Who’s out?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Hu Jintao
Wu Bangguo
Wen Jiabao
Jia Qinglin
Li Changchun
Xi Jinping
Li Keqiang
He Guoqiang
Zhou Yongkang
Who’s after Hu?




Fragmented authoritarianism
State control over organizations/unions (no
civil society)
Guanxi (relationships)
Patron/client ties
The Leninist State: Chinese Style
•




Party state the same since 1949—domination by the
CCP
National’s People Congress (over 2,000 member),
rubber stamp
Larger role given to provincial and local authorities
Real power lies within the party.

More than 70 million members

Party membership required for political career
The Road to Power
•

CCP Nomenklatura controls party and
government appointments.



Central committee only meets a few times a year,
large turnover.
Power remains concentrated in politburo and its
standing committee.
The party’s organization is neither as rigid nor as
powerful as the Leninist model.

No other parties allowed, 8% are formal members,
many recruited through CCP’s Youth League





Other ‘parties’ can run in an election, but must not disagree
with CCP policy, thus not real opposition parties
Hierarchies of party congresses at local, county,
provincial, and national levels feed into party
committees
Lower level Congresses elect the National Party
Congress, which meets every 5 years. Rubberstamp,
somewhat like National PEOPLE’s Congress in that it is
slightly more independent lately.
National Party Congress elects a 340 member Central
Committee that meet annually for a week (plenums).
Central Committee then elects a Politburo of 20 with a
Standing Committee of 7






Supreme Leader usually serves on
Politburo Standing Committee of 7
Each member of PSC is in charge of a
particular functional responsibility
1982 Constitution abolished position of
chairman to avoid the situation where
chairman dominated political system—
”general secretary”
2,000+ counties have local party
structures
Central Military Commission controls
People’s Liberation Army, reports directly
to Politburo
Unlike USSR, Chinese integrate military
into political structure





Conservatives: Crackdown on Democracy, reimpose power of the
State
Reformers/open door: supports major capitalist infusion, open door
trade policy. Prgamatic politically
Liberals: More accepting of democratic reforms, support reform
Factions follow the process of fang-shou—one will gain power, then
lose it, and there is a constant tightening up, loosening up cycle
Hu Jintao is tough to characterize, other than his anti-corruption
stance, but his mentor, Hu Yaobang, was a liberal










Conservatives
Selectively quote Mao
Keep Party Communist
Control media
Demand purity
Central Ec. Controls
Oppose for. Influence
Minimize local input
Take over Taiwan
Ideological










Liberals
Forget about Mao
Admit businessmen
Freer media
Modernizers
Market economy
Open to foreign influence
Expand local elections
Tolerate Taiwan
Empirical




PRC holds elections to legitimize the government and
the CCP
CCP controls the commissions that run elections and
reviews draft of candidates to weed out dissidents
Only direct elections are held at the local level with
voters choosing deputies to serve on the county
people’s congresses. Since 1980s, more than one
candidate has been allowed to run
One move towards democracy has occurred at the
village level, where local officials are no longer
appointed from above, but chosen in direct, secret
ballot elections






State owned
Regime continues to control mass media.
Government is mostly successful at
controlling access to Internet.
Millions find ways around Internet controls.
China is world’s leader in pirated films,
music, and software.
China’s official truth: “Marxism,-LeninsimMao Zedong Thought- Deng Xiaoping Theory”
 Might have to add Jiang Zemin & Hu Jintao
to this list






Influenced by geography like Russia, resistance to
imperialism
Maoism focuses on the “mass line”: required leaders
to listen and communicate with peasants, also
collectivism, struggle/activism to pursue socialism,
egalitarianism (flopped), and self-reliance
Xenophobia: latent anti-foreigner sentiment
Culture of self-sufficiency: Not globally minded,
culturally resilient (call American culture “cosmetic;”
struggle to avoid growing old!).
“Middle Kingdom” concept encourages isolation
Octogenarian leaders/wisdom of old






Deng Xiaoping Theory: practical approach to solving
problems. “It doesn’t matter whether the cat is white
or black, as long as it catches mice.” But no allowances
for democracy, human rights
Informal relationships ESSENTIAL (watered down
patron-client system)
8 non-Communist “democratic” parties are allowed to
exist—draw from intellectuals, businessmen. Not even
a “loyal opposition”—just loyal, for advice
CCP holds elections to try to legitimize the regime,
weeds out undesirables
Village elections are secret ballot
Guanxi or personal connections, are the “old boys and
old girls networks” and are the closest thing China has
to patron-client networks—people even in the
nomenklatura differ slightly on ideology (Hu Yaobang v.
Deng Xiaoping)


Civil society – formal and informal
organizations that are not part of the state
but operate in public. It is composed of
voluntary organizations that are autonomous
and self-governing to advance their own
causes.
Groups of Interest: labor groups, religious
groups, minorities, netizens





State, unions, business are all together as
“China Inc.”
State is insulated from interest-groups – uses its
power to co-opt other interests
Rules on the types of organizations that can be
formed (Labor – ACFTU)
Societal corporatism allows for civil society to
flourish
China instead has a transmission belt system





Technology has allowed this to develop
People still complain government is not
transparent
1990s NGOs allowed to register with the
government
Has allowed some protest groups
Still cracks down harshly if needed

Requirement of a “sponsor organization”





Many organizations are stretched thin and do not
want to sponsor new group
1996 restructuring added new requirements and
“re-approval” for groups
Requirements for recognition: 50,000 Yuan in
funds, a support staff, and a permanent office
Marginalized groups attempt to work outside the
structure
State connection impedes independent action





Xiagang
Contentious pensioners
Gender issues
Rural-urban migration
Migrant industries (coal
mining, sweatshops,
construction, etc) &
worker rights




100 million religious followers
Problems with the Catholic Church
Churches seen as “foreign” and in
1950s came under state control
Cultural Rev “outlawed” religion
(leaders imprisoned)





Spiritual/religious movement condemned by state
for spreading “superstitions” – state calls it a cult
Daoist and Buddhist meditation influences
Millions of followers (10 - 100 mil)
Use Qigong
Protests against the state: immolation,
demonstrations, defacing Mao’s portrait, hacking
TV stations

The CCP Still Harvests Organs From Living
Falun Gong Practitioners -






China is a very homogeneous state
Han Chinese dominant ethnic group
Minority groups make up 8% of China, but occupy more
than 60% of the territory
100 million minorities, large number, 55 recognized
groups.
China worried that they may encourage separatist
movements
Most live near borders of other countries
 Most live if 5 autonomous regions:
 Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Tibet, & Xinjiang


Long history of
separate ethnic
identity and own
state
Dalai Lama


Fled to India in
1959
Olympic torch
protest in 2008





Muslims of Turkish
descent living in Xinjiang
Close to Afghan, Pakistan
border
Militants want to separate
and form an independent
Islamic republic
Terrorist violence
More tensions after 9-11





Even among Han Chinese there is
great linguistic diveristy
Communist have made Mandarin
the official language
Repressive to Cantonese
(Shanghainese)
 Main language in Hong Kong
Rules require most to use
Mandarin in public, like speeches
or schools
The different dialects shows how
hard it is for a centralized to
impose its will on a huge territorial
space






Rise of organizations linked to overseas
Chinese (especially funding)
Virtual communities created (websites, chat
rooms, message boards, etc)
Cyber-democracy threat
Firewalls, monitoring devices in internet
cafes, internet channeled through main
servers… all to limit organization/ideas
Crimes against the state & spreading state
secrets – liberally defined
Fear as an obstacle to greater activism





Huge wealth gap
“Two Chinas”
Not just an economic divide, but lifestyle
divide too
In 2006, a government program “a new
socialist countryside” was instituted to lift the
rural economy
Hukou- China’s household registration policy
that makes it difficult to move from one place
to another, especially big cities

Tiananmen Square, 1989, student led,
would the “Berlin Wall” fall here too?





2 million march
Army, PLA, cracks down and kills hundreds
Tibet, 2008
Protests to the 2008 Beijing Olympic torch
relay
Riots in Xinjiang, 2009






Mass protest in Hong Kong, 2014
Upset that that Beijing would not let them freely elect
their leader as promised
Chinese media did not report on it to the mainland or
claimed repeatedly that the West had played an
"instigating" role in the protests
Beijing did not crush the rebellion, let it die out
Proved to mainland they can not protest either
http://thedailyshow.cc.com/videos/6d3bza/protesteddevelopment---dude--where-s-my-kim-
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hH8EYv
nlDxQ
John Oliver Tiananmen Square
Empty Buildings, Paris
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpnoPh
Y1f70
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Like Russia, China is an old civilization that
experienced massive upheaval during the
20th century.
Unlike Russia, China rose to regional
hegemony early
A letting go, tightening-up cycle evidenced
even under Mao in his reaction to the Hundred
Flowers Campaign. The cycle consists of three
types of actions/policies - economic reform,
democratic movements (letting go), and a
tightening-up by the CCP. With each new
economic reform, liberal factions react with a
demand for political reforms, which the Party
responds to with force.
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Cataclysmic political changes
1911 ended dynastic rule
1949 Communist Party came to power, the
People’s Republic of China (PRC) formed
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2 Chinas, Mainland and Taiwan
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Soviet Union poured money into PRC
Land Reform
Civil Reform
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Enhanced women’s rights
5 year plans
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Mao changed directions to free China from foreign
influence
Utopian effort
1.
All around development, agriculture too
2.
Mass Mobilization
3.
Political unanimity and zeal
1.
Cadres (lowest level of party workers) expected to
lead instead of bureacrats
4.
Decentralization
Massive failure
Mao’s efforts ran counter to the bureaucratic centralism
Some believed Mao had lost the mandate of heaven
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Mao was unhappy about China’s progress
toward a true egalitarian society
Goal was to purify China and remove all
vestiges of the old China in its hierarchical
bureaucracy and emphasis on inequality
Scholars were sent to the fields, universities
and libraries were destroyed
Elementary education was emphasized, but
nothing more than that which would create
inequality
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Four Modernizations- Industry, agriculture,
science, and the military
Followed this path ever since
Experienced economic liberalization
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Open door trade policy
Reforms in education
Institutionalization of the Revolution
Economic Reform
•
Deng Xiaoping’s open door policy
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One of most dramatic periods of economic growth in
history since 1976
Avoided reforms likely to threaten its power
Rapid economic growth of China made some
problems
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Its growth is very uneven
China is courting long-term difficulties: distribution of
economic wealth problem.
TABLE 10.4 Economic Growth in China: Annual Rates of
Change
Agriculture

1980s communes were dismantled and replaced with
the household responsibility system.
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Initial reforms were successful.

Most peasants are still very poor.
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People leave countryside for urban opportunities at
every chance.
Private Enterprise
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Private enterprise contributes to modernization.
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The success of economic reform
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Opened the economy to foreign investment
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Special Economic Zones in 1979
Joint ventures allowed and encouraged
Private Enterprise (Cont’d)
•
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State-owned enterprises (SOEs) lagging behind
Looming ecological crises in wake of economic growth
The reforms led to political and economic difficulties.
Standard of living has improved but working conditions
are poor.
China remains desperately poor, with class disparities
and regional inequalities.
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Inequalities
Banking reform & currency issues (USD)
Labor problems – xiagang, migration,
contentious pensioners
Social safety net
Pollution & energy issues
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Political concerns: transparency, rule of law,
development of civil society, succession
Corruption
Human rights pressures
Information regulation
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Hukou (registration) restrictions
State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) & the iron
rice bowl
Danwei (work unit)
Regional economies
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Gradualist approach
Deng’s “reform & opening” (1978+)
Agricultural reform
1980 SEZs ~ Pearl River Delta (PRD)
Late 1980s ~ iron rice bowl cracks, SOE
restructuring
Early 1990s ~ privatization & IOEs
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Term used to refer to an occupation with guaranteed job
security, as well as steady income and benefits.
Compared to concept of a breadwinner with cradle to
grave socialism.
Traditionally include military personnel, members of
the civil service, as well as employees of various state run
enterprises (through the mechanism of the work unit).
Recent moves at cutting benefits and privatization of
various state run like China Airlines have led many in
those industries to believe that their iron rice bowls are in
jeopardy, and has led to strikes (and threats thereof), as
well as being the subject of much political debate.
Had to break iron rice bowl to join WTO in 2001
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1990-1994 $25 bil
USD/yr
1994-1998 $50 bil
USD/yr
2004 = $162 bil USD
2005 = $201.6 bil
2006 = $232.6 bil
2007 = $256.3 bil
2008 = $268 bil
2009 = $223 bil
2010 = $270 bil
1980 = 4 SEZs (PRD)
1984 = 14 more cities
(YRD & NE)
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Population = 1.3 billion
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Rural/urban divide (55/45)
92% Han
200mil “floating”
Province/country parallels
1. China 1338
2. India 1166
3. USA 307
4. Indonesia 240
5. Brazil 198
6. Pakistan 176
7. Bangladesh 156
8. Nigeria 149
9. Russia 140
10.Japan 127
11.Mexico 111
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Guangdong 113
Henan 99
#12 Philippines 98
Shandong 92
Sichuan 87
Jiangsu 75
Hebei 68
Hunan 67
Anhui 65
#22 UK 61
Hubei 60
Chongqing 31
Shanghai 20+ (#50)
City comparisons: China has 100+
cities w/ 1mil+ people, the US only 9
Chongqing 31 mil
Xian 22.4 mil
Chengdu 22.1mil
Shanghai 20 mil+
China's One-Child Policy and
the Chinese Family
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Malthus and carrying capacity
Demographic transition
Goals of family planning
Population
1950
554.7 mil
1960
667.5 mil
1970
830.7 mil
1980
998.9 mil
1990
1,155.3 mil
2000
1,265.9 mil
2010
1,326.8 mil
2020
1,361.6 mil
2030
1,350.6 mil
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Early 1950s (pronatalist), mid-50s
(antinatalist), early 60s (pronatalist)
1971 – 5 year plans w/pop targets
Mid-1970s “wan, xi, shao”
1978 Deng links econ development with pop
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Minorities exempt
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No formal national law in 1979
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Encourage one
Control/regulate a second
Prohibit/eliminate/ban a third
Basic regulations:
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“Among government cadres, workers and urban residents
each couple shall have only one child, with the exemption
of those who for special reasons have obtained permission
to have more than one child. In rural areas, couples should
limit themselves to a single child, but some couples may be
given permission to have a second child… No one is allowed
to have a third child…”
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Central Committee & State Council Recommendations (1982)
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Implementation:
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Provincial authority & variation
Birth planning commissions
Grass-roots monitoring
Allocation:
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Validation: marriage certificates, work unit,
neighborhood committee
Quotas allocated – “birth planning certificates”
Additional births subject to county/city district
approval (not local)
Paperwork stamped/certified
After birth: certification & monitoring
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Article 17: “Both husband and wife bear equal
responsibility for family planning.”
Article 22: “…maltreatment, and abandonment of baby
girls are prohibited. “
Article 26: “Citizens who undergo surgical operation for
family planning shall enjoy leaves as specified by the
State. Local people's governments may give them
rewards.”
Article 27: “Where the only child of a couple is disabled or
killed in accidents, and the couple decides not to have or
adopt another child, the local people's government shall
provide the couple with necessary assistance.”
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Article 35: “Use of ultrasonography or other
techniques to identify fetal gender for nonmedical purposes is strictly prohibited. Sexselective pregnancy termination for nonmedical purposes is strictly prohibited.”
Article 41: “Citizens who give birth to babies
not in compliance with the provisions of
Article 18 of this Law shall pay a social
maintenance fee prescribed by law.”
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Different stages of enforcement
Exceptions
Son preferences
Forced sterilization
Monitoring of menstruation
Contraception challenges & abortion
Abandonment & adoption
4-2-1 problem
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Skewed sex ratios
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Normal 103:100
145:100 Shaanxi
116:100 national average
200:100 Tianjin (2nd order)
1,100 :100 [rural] (3rd order)
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Education pressures (cost, schools,
extracurriculars, etc) & competition
Little emperors
Social security role – must invest
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“one child = one opportunity”
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In November 2013, following the Third
Plenum of the 18th Central Committee of
the CCP, China announced the decision to
relax the one-child policy.
Under the new policy, families can have two
children if one parent is an only child
Not expected to lead rapid population growth
China
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Most executions/year (5000+)
Political prisoners
Lack of religious toleration
Forced labor of prisoners
Organ harvesting
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US has tried to link human rights to trade policies
with China but has had to abandon them
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Western view
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Political rights are also important
Point to Tiananmen square massacre
Point to reeducation through labor
Point to dissidents and suppression of free speech, internet
control, etc..
Deteriorating econ rights in China post reform
No sense of worker rights – unions, strikes, etc
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Imprisonment, arbitrary detention and forced exile based on
political ideas
Religious repression – arrests and beatings of practitioners
Absence of safeguards against police abuse, unlimited detention
without trial, etc
Treatment of minorities – population relocation policies (Xinjiang,
Tibet)
Hukou restrictions
Forced abortion, sterilization as a result of the One Child Policy
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Local authorities determine sentence (1-3
years) – no rights to lawyer and sometimes no
charge filed
Reeducation crimes: hooliganism, disturbing
the social order, those who associate with
criminals, violating administrative norms,
organizing illegal meetings
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16/20 most polluted cities, smog
World’s leading polluter from 2008
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Product Safety Issues
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• Nail houses – people refuse to move
for developers.
• March 2007, PRC passed its first
modern private property law.[
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WT9iZq
yS_HI
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1972, Ping Pong Diplomacy, Détente
“Most favored nations” status with the US
UN, G-20, WTO member
SEZs for foreign investors
Hong Kong- 1997
 One country, 2 systems, retained much autonomy,
self-rule, capitalism, civil liberties
Taiwan- reunite?
Japan, oil resources in South China Sea, who owns
Senkaku Islands
North Korea
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http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/thujanuary-24-2013/things-may-be-bad--but-atleast-we-can-t-chew-our-air
http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/thujanuary-20-2011/the-socialist-network
http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/monjanuary-16-2012/fear-factory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPILhiTJv
7E