T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
How is this a predictor of your success in medical school and long- term as a physician?
Nancy B. Clark, M.Ed.
Director of Medical Informatics Education
Learning Styles and
Approaches
1

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
• What are your characteristics?
• What do those scores mean?
• How can you leverage knowing your characteristics to….
– Study efficiently and effectively
– Form the most effective study group
– Prep for the boards
– Select the right specialty
Learning Styles and
Approaches
2

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
• Short Term
– Self aware
– Succeed in med school
– Form cohesive, productive study groups
– Adapt to new learning situations
– Maintain Sanity
• Long Term
– Life long learning
– Select right specialty
– Work well with healthcare team
– Teach students
– Educate patients
– Clinical competence
Learning Styles and
Approaches
3

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
Toddler
Learning Styles and
Approaches
Adult
4

Approaches
T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
• Adult Learners
– Build on their experiences
– Accept responsibility for their own learning
– Self-directed; typically not dependent on others for direction
• Learning takes place
– in context of a problem to be solved
– when questions are answered
– the issues are applicable to work/career
– when it doesn’t take too much time
5

High
T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
Faculty
Doctor
Low
Time
Learning Styles and
Approaches
Student
Medical School Residency
Faculty
6

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
Inventory of Learning Styles
Felder-Silverman Model
Decision
Active Reflective
Perception
Sensing Intuitive
Visual
Sensory
Reception
Verbal
Organization
Sequential Global
Weak 1-3 Moderate 5-7 Strong 9-11
Learning Styles and
Approaches
7

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
• Tend to retain and understand information best by doing something with it—discussing, applying or explaining it to others.
• "Let's try it out and see how it works"
• Like to work in group
• Sitting through lectures hard
• Usually Extroverts
• Prefer to think about it quietly first
• "Let's think it through first" is reflective learner's response.
• Reflective learners prefer studying alone
• Are quiet in group learning situations
• Usually Introverts
Learning Styles and
Approaches
8

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
• The majority of undergraduate students are
Active
• 83% of college student leaders were active
• 65% of Phi Beta Kappas were reflective
• Around 62% med students are Active
• Majority of university professors are Reflective
Learning Styles and
Approaches
9

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
Learning Styles and
Approaches
10

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
• like learning facts
• like solving problems by well-established methods
(logical)
• dislike complications and surprises
• want step-by-step instructions (linear)
• patient with details (detailed)
• Like memorizing facts and doing hands-on
(procedures) work
• more practical and careful than intuitors
• don't like courses with no apparent connection to real world ( concrete )
Learning Styles and
Approaches
11

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
• prefer discovering possibilities and relationships
• like innovation and dislike repetition
• may be better at grasping new concepts
• often more comfortable than sensors with abstractions ( abstract )
• tend to work faster and to be more innovative than sensors
• don't like "plug-and-chug" courses that involve memorization and routine calculations
Learning Styles and
Approaches
12

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
See the linkages in knowledge…
Learning Styles and

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
• The majority of undergraduates are Sensing
• 56% -72% college freshmen Sensing
• 83% of national merit scholarship finalists were Intuitive
• 92% of Rhodes Scholars were Intuitive
• 75% of first year medical students are
Sensing*
Learning Styles and
Approaches
14

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
Learning Styles and
Approaches
15

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
• Visual learners remember best what they see--pictures, diagrams, flow charts, time lines, films, and demonstrations
• 80% students are visual
• Verbal learners get more out of words-written and spoken explanations
• 20% are verbal
Learning Styles and
Approaches
16

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
Learning Styles and
Approaches
17

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
Auditory Visual
Reading/Writing
Kinesthetic
Learning Styles and
Approaches
18

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
-- Wertheimer
Gestalt Theory
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
…
Sequential
Organization
Global
Learning Styles and
Approaches
19

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
• gain understanding in linear steps, with each step following logically from the previous one
• follow logical stepwise paths in finding solutions
• Majority of M1s are sequential
• Detailed
• 62%
• learn in large jumps, absorbing material almost randomly without seeing connections, and then suddenly "getting it."
• to solve complex problems quickly or in novel ways, but have difficulty explaining how they did it.
• Want to see Big picture first.
Do not like details.
Learning Styles and
Approaches
20

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
Learning Styles and
Approaches
21

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
Personality Inventory -- Jung
Myers-Briggs
E xtrovert
S ensing
T hinking
J udging
Orientation
Perception
Judgment
Organization
I ntrovert
I N tuitive
F eeling
P erceiving
Learning Styles and
Approaches
22

Learning Styles and
Approaches
24

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
Learning Styles and
Approaches http://www.ttuhsc.edu/som/success/
25

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
• Specialty inventories not valid.
• Lifestyle: call, free time, $, location...
• Interest
• Detailed versus global
• Amount of patient interaction (E vs I)
• Decision making style (active vs reflective)
• Seeing results versus long term maintenance
Learning Styles and
Approaches
26

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
Learning Styles and
Approaches
27

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
• Women more likely than men to choose primary care.
• Feeling more likely primary care than Thinking.
• Intuitive more likely primary care than Sensing.
• In non-primary care: more male, extraverts and thinking types in surgical subspecialties.
Stillwell, NA, et al. 2000. Myers-Briggs type and medical specialty choice: a new look at an old question. Teach & Learn Med. 12(1), 14-20.
Learning Styles and
Approaches
28

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
• Linear
• Sequential
• Logical
• Verbal
• Reality based processing
• List makers
• Good spellers
Left Brain
Learning Styles and
Approaches
Herrmann
• Holistic/Global
• Random
• Intuitive
• Nonverbal/visual
• Fantasy oriented processing
• Creative
Right Brain
29

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
Learning Styles and
Approaches
30

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
• More predictive of success in medical school than learning styles
• Three approaches to learning
– Surface
– Deep
– Strategic
Newble, DI & Entwistle, NJ. (1986) Learning styles and approaches: implications for medical education. Medical Education. (20);162-171 .
Learning Styles and
Approaches
31

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
• Predominate Motivation
– Passing the course
– Fear of failure
• Intention
– Fulfill course requirements by reproduction
– Gorge and regurgitate
“Is that going to be on the test?”
• Learning Process
– Rote Learning: focus on tasks and pieces of information in isolation
– Uses routine procedures and repetition to memorize facts and ideas
• Outcome
– Superficial level of understanding
– Substantial knowledge of factual information
Learning Styles and
Approaches
32

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
• Predominate Motivation
– Interest in subject matter
– Career relevance
• Intention
– Reach personal understanding
• Learning Process
– Relates evidence to ideas; details to big picture
– Relate new ideas to previous knowledge
– Read and study beyond the course requirements
• Outcomes
– Deep level of understanding
– Integrated principles with facts
– Uses evidence to develop arguments
– Excellent problem solving skills
– Success in medical school
– Excellent physician with honed lifelong learning skills
Learning Styles and
Approaches
33

T HE F LORIDA S TATE U NIVERSITY C OLLEGE OF M EDICINE
Educating and developing exemplary physicians who practice patient-centered health care
• Predominate Motivation
– Making high grades
– Competing with others
• Intention
– To be successful by any means
• Learning Process
– Whatever it takes to make good grades
• Outcome
– Variable level of understanding
– Shallow, course specific knowledge
– Depth of learning dependent on assessment strategies of courses and course requirements
Learning Styles and
Approaches
34