B. What is everything made of?
• Element – Substance that can’t be broken down to any simpler substance, e.g.
carbon _____________,
oxygen
hydrogen
____________,
______________
element
• Atom – Basic unit of matter, smallest particle of an _______________.
• Compound – Pure substance made of two or more elements, e.g.
water (H2O) _______________________
carbon dioxide (CO2)
______________
atoms joined together.
• Molecule – Particle made of two or more __________
compound
Smallest particle of a __________________
Q: What’s the difference between an atoms and molecules?
Elements and compounds?
A:
Molecules are made up of two or more atoms joined
together.
Compounds are made up of two or more elements.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Click on “Monosaccharides”
Puzzle piece? Right click, “Run this plug-in”
“Run”
Other problems? Go for whatever allows you
to run this time, update later.
3-D Molecules
Essential Questions:
What are the molecules that make
up all living things?
Big Idea in Biology:
Life Builds from the
Bottom Up
Good Afternoon! 
Please get a computer, log on, and
navigate to the Links section of the
class website….
HW: Due today!
Finish for HW!
1. Click on “Monosaccharides” in the Carbohydrates section, then click
on the “Glucose” button. Right-click, select “Style,” then “ball & stick”
and rotate it.
a. What chemical elements is glucose made of? How many atoms
of each element are there in one molecule of glucose? (See color
key above)
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, 6 oxygen
C6H12O6
1B. WHAT IS GLUCOSE AND WHY
IS IT IMPORTANT TO ALL LIFE ON
EARTH?
• The sugar plants make in
photosynthesis.
• Glucose at beginning of ALL
food chains.
• Life on Earth runs on sugar.
(sugar)
Hydrothermal vent
Glucose is to living things as
gas
_________
is to cars.
2. Click on “Back to Index,” then “Disaccharides,” then “Sucrose.”
Change Style to “ball and stick” and rotate it.
a. What elements is sucrose (table sugar) made of? How many
atoms of each element in one sucrose molecule?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
12 carbon, 22 hydrogen, 11 oxygen
C12H22O11
b. Glucose is a monosaccharide; it is one simple sugar molecule
based on a ring of carbon atoms. How many carbon rings do you
see in a sucrose molecule? What do we call this kind of sugar?
2
disaccharide
3. WHAT ARE TWO MAIN FORMS OF CARBOHYDRATES AND WHAT IS
THE MAIN FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES IN LIVING THINGS
Sugars and starches
Main source of energy for all
living things
4. Click on “Back to Index,” then “Polysaccharides.” Find “Amylose”, a kind of starch, and
click on the “X” button next to it.
a. Change Style to “ball and stick” and rotate it. How many carbon rings do you see in
this small section of an amylose molecule?
6
Glucose molecule
Amylose section
4b. Click on the button with a movie camera on it under “Amylose” to see what a large
amylose molecule looks like. Hold down the Shift and Left-click buttons while moving your
finger up and down the mouse pad to zoom in and out. Each carbon ring you see is a sugar
molecule. WHICH MOLECULES ARE BIGGER, SUGAR OR STARCH? WHICH ARE BUILDING
BLOCKS FOR WHICH?
Starch.
Starch molecules made up of
sugar molecules joined together.
Glucose molecule
starch molecule
5. Go back to Index and click on “Fatty acids” in the Lipids section. Click on the “X”
button next to “palmitic acid” to see a saturated fat.
Change display to “ball & stick” and rotate it. What elements is
palmitic acid made of? How many atoms of each element?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
16 carbon, 32 hydrogen, 2 oxygen
6. Click on the “X” button next to “oleic acid” to see an unsaturated fat.
Change display to “ball & stick” and rotate it. What elements is oleic acid
made of? How many atoms of each element?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
18 carbon, 34 hydrogen, 2 oxygen
7. WHAT ARE THE HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH SATURATED FATS? Do you see anything
in their molecular structures that may explain why this is so?
• Saturated fats clog arteries, causing high blood pressure & heart
attacks.
• Sat. fat molecules straight, stack easier to form solid layers on
artery walls.
8. What are the two main forms of lipids and what is the main
function of lipids in living things??
• Fats and oils
• Store energy
9. Go back to Index and click on “Hemoglobin” in the Proteins section. Change
display to “ball & stick” and rotate it.
a. How does this protein molecule compare in size to sugar molecules? Lipids?
A lot bigger than both
Where in your body is
hemoglobin found…?
9b. Change Style to “Cartoon.” Right-click again and select “Color,” then
“Structures,” then “Cartoon,” then “Scheme,” then “Amino Acid.” Each
different colored section you see represents an amino acid. How many
different amino acids are there in hemoglobin? List the colors you see.
11: gray, white,
green, blue,
teal, blue-gray,
orange, red,
violet, peach,
yellow
9c. How are amino acids related to
proteins?
Proteins are
made up of
amino acids.
10. Proteins are often referred to as the “workhorses of the body”
because of the many functions they perform. IDENTIFY FOUR
IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS IN LIVING THINGS.
•
•
•
•
Building materials for muscle, bones, etc.
Help transport things in and out of cells
Help fight diseases (antibodies)
Control rate of chemical reactions
(enzymes)
11. Go back to Index and click on “DNA” in the Nucleic Acids section. Change Style
to “ball and stick.” What chemical elements is DNA made of? Click on “Color
Schemes” at bottom of menu on right side to see color key for elements.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
12. Use the mousepad to
rotate the DNA molecule.
How would you describe its
shape?
• Double helix
• Twisted ladder,
spiral
13. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION
OF DNA IN LIVING THINGS?
Carries genetic information
for traits passed from
parents to offspring ( hair
color, eye color, etc.)
14. Which three chemical elements were found in all the molecules
you observed? Which one forms the “backbone” of all these
molecules?
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Carbon
15. Take a look at the food pyramid below. What kind of foods are good sources of
carbohydrates? Lipids? Proteins?
Carbohydrates:
Starch: Bread, cereal, rice, potato, pasta.
Sugar: candy, soda pop, cake, etc.
Lipids: meat, poultry, dairy, fried foods
Proteins:
Meat, poultry, fish, dairy,
eggs, dry beans, nuts
16. Why do you think it’s important to balance your diet with foods from all these
groups rather than just some of them?
Can’t get all the nutrients your body needs from one group. Need to
eat from all groups to get all the nutrients you need.
Questions?
News Reports: Fructose vs. Glucose
• Fructose may lead to overeating
http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2020037233_fructos
eeatingxml.html#.UOUcMJwQbpY.facebook
• Cancer cells prefer fructose to glucose
http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/08/02/cancer-fructoseidAFN0210830520100802
A child’s palate has been stamped by evolution with inborn preferences and aversions
and influenced by the mother’s diet during pregnancy. This ten-month-old boy has
been subjected to a first encounter with broccoli at the Monell Chemical Senses Center
in Philadelphia.
How sugar affects the brain
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-sugar-affects-the-brain-nicole-avena?utm_source=TEDEd+Subscribers&utm_campaign=6124d2a12a2013_09_219_19_2013&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1aaccced48-6124d2a12a-46516589
When you eat something loaded with sugar, your taste buds, your gut and your brain
all take notice. This activation of your reward system is not unlike how bodies process
addictive substances such as alcohol or nicotine -- an overload of sugar spikes
dopamine levels and leaves you craving more…..
Questions?