Chapter 4, Section 1
THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES
The Puritans Leave England for Massachusetts
 Migration to Massachusetts began during the 1630
by a religious group known as the Puritans.


Puritans: unlike the pilgrims, puritans did not want to
separate entirely from the Church of England.
They hoped to reform the church by introducing simpler forms
of worship, such as doing away with many practices inherited
from the Roman Catholic Church such as, organ music, finely
decorated houses of worhsip, and speical clothing for priests.
Leaving England During “Evil Times”
 Puritans were a powerful group in England, which
consisted of mostly well educated farmers.
 King Charles I, disliked the Puritans way of life and
canceled puritans business charters and even had
some thrown in jail.
 As a result, the were able to convince royal officials
to grant them a charter to form a Massachusetts Bay
Company.
Leaving England During “Evil Times” cont.
 The Companies plan was to build a society based off
of biblical laws and teachings.
 John Winthrop, a lawyer and devout Puritan,
believed that the new colony would set an example
for the world!
Governing the Colony
 John Winthrop and a party of more than 1,000 arrived
in North American in 1630.
 Winthrop was chosen as the first governor of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony.
 There was a major issue with voting rights in
Massachusetts, only stockholders could vote.
 Those who were not stock holders, resented taxes and
laws passed by a government in which they had no say.
Governing the Colony
 Puritan leaders wished to keep non-Puritans out of
the government.
 As a result, only men who were church goers, were
allowed to vote.
 Male church members also elected representatives
to an assembly called the General Court.
Thomas Hooker Founds Connecticut
 May 1636, Puritan leader Thomas Hooker, led 100
settlers out of Massachusetts Bay Colony.
 They went west driving cattle, sheep and pigs along
an Indian trails.
 When they reached the Connecticut River they built
a town, which they called Hartford.
Thomas Hooker Founds Connecticut cont..
 Hooker left Massachusetts because he believed the
governor became too powerful.
 He wanted to set up a colony with strict limits on
government.
 The settlers wrote a strict form of government known
as the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut in 1639.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
 1. Gave men the right to vote who owned land,
including those who were not church goers
 2. Limited the Governors Power.
 Connecticut became a separate colony in 1662 and by
that time 15 towns were thriving along the
Connecticut river.
Roger Williams Settles Rhode Island
 Williams was a young minister of Salem.
 He believed the Puritan church had to much power.
 He also believed that there should be a separation
between church and state, since political ideas could
corrupt the church.


Role of the State should be to maintain order and peace.
He also felt the church did not have the right to force people to
attend religious services.
Roger Williams cont…..
 Rogers also believed in Religious Tolerance, which
means a willingness to let others practice their own
beliefs.
 Puritan leaders viewed Williams as a threat and ordered
him to leave Massachusetts.
 Williams fled to Narragansett Bay, because he believed
he would be sent back to England.
 After a few years it became the English Colony of Rhode
Island.
Rhode Island
 Williams put into practice his ideas on tolerance.
 He allowed complete freedom of religion for
Protestants, Jews, and Catholics.
 Gave all white men the right vote.
Anne Hutchinson Speaks Out
 A devout Puritan.
 After church her friends
would flock to her house
to discuss the minister’s
sermon.
 Puritan Leaders became
angry and believed her
religious' opinions were
full of errors.
Anne Hutchinson cont..
 According to Puritan leaders, women did not have
the right to explain God’s Law.
 As a result, Hutchinson was forced to appear before
the Massachusetts General Court in 1637.
 Her downfall came when she told Puritan leaders
that “God spoke directly to her”.
Anne Hutchinson cont..
 Puritans believed that God only spoke through the bible.
 As a result, the court ordered her and her family to leave
the colony.
 In 1638, Anne and her family arrived in Rhode Island.
 As a result, Anne Hutchinson became an important
symbol of religious freedom.
Puritans at War with Native Americans
 William Penn and Roger Williams tried to treat
Native Americans fairly.
 As more and more English settlers came to the
colonies they began to take over more and more
Indian land.
 By 1670, 45,000 English settlers lived in New
England.
Puritans at War with Native Americans cont…
 The largest conflict came in 1675 between English
settlers and Indian Chief Metacom (aka King Philip).
 Metacom and his people were determined to drive
English settlers off of their land.
 As a result they became attacking towns.
 In the end they destroyed 12 towns and killed over
600 people.
Religion and Family
 Sabbath- Holy day of rest. On Sundays puritans
were not allowed to play games or visit taverns, talk
or drink.
 The law required everyone to attend church on
Sundays.

Men sat on side of the church while the women sat on the
other.
Government
 Town Meetings: settlers discussed and voted on
many issues.
 This encouraged the growth of democratic ideas in
New England.
Chapter 4, Section 2
THE
MIDDLE COLONIES
New Netherland Becomes New York
 The Dutch set up the colony New Netherlands along
the Hudson river.
 New Netherlands became a thriving port do to
trading with Indians and the selling of Beaver skins.
 To encourage farming, Dutch officials granted large
parcels of land to a few rich families.
 Owners of these large estates were Patroons.
New Netherlands becomes N.Y. cont
 By 1664 , the rivalry between England and the
Netherlands had reached its peak!!

 By December, English warships had entered into
New Amsterdam's harbor.
 Dutch Governor Peter Stuyvesant was unable to
defend the city and had to surrender without even
firing a shot.
New Netherlands becomes N.Y. cont
 As a result, King Charles II gave New Netherland to
his brother, the Duke of York.
 He then renamed the colony “New York” in the
Dukes honor.
New Jersey Separates from N.Y.
 New York had stretched as far south as Delaware.
 The Duke decided that the colony was too big to govern
easy.
 They gave some land to Lord Berkeley and Sir George
Carteret and they set a proprietary colony , which they
called New Jersey, in 1664.
 Proprietary Colony – the king gave land to one or more
people in return for yearly payment.

The proprietors were allowed to divide the land and rent it to others.
New Jersey Separates from N.Y.
 N.J. had fertile land and a wealth of other resources
which attracted people from all over such as
Finland, Ireland, Scotland, Germany, and of course
the English and Dutch.
 By 1702, New Jersey became a Royal Colony, which
is a colony under the direct control of the English
crown.
The Founding of Pennsylvania
 William Penn, founded the colony of Pennsylvania in
1681.
 He was a personal friend of King Charles II.
 He Joined the Quakers, who were the most despised
religious groups in England.
The Quakers
 They were Protestant reformers.
 They believed that men, women, and children were
all equal under God’s sight.

Women were allowed to preach and refused to bow or remove
their hats in presence of nobles.

In England Quakers were jailed or even hanged for their
beliefs.
Penn went to King Charles II for help.


As a result the king gave Penn a charter naming him proprietor of
a large tract of land. The new colony would be know as
Pennsylvania.
A Policy of Fairness
 Penn wanted his new colony to be a model of
religious freedom
 As a result, Protestants, Catholics, and Jews went to
Pennsylvania to escape persecution.
 Penn also spoke out for fair treatment of Native
Americans and believed the land in North American
belonged to them.


Settlers should pay Indians for the land.
Indians respected Penn and there was peace between them for
years.
The Colony Grows
 Large numbers of German speaking Protestants
came to Pennsylvania.
 They were known as Pennsylvania Dutch.
 African slaves were also brought to Pennsylvania
which made up 1/3 of all new arrivals.
 The capital city of Pennsylvania was Philadelphia
“the city of brotherly love”.
Life in the Middle Colonies
 Most people made a living by farming in the Middle
colonies.
 The land was more fertile there than in the New
England colonies.
 Growing seasons also lasted longer than in New
England.
A thriving Economy in the Eastern Countries
 Cash Crops - crops that are sold for money at the
market.
 The Middle Colonies made so much grain they
became known as the “Breadbasket Colonies.
 Farmers also raised herds of cattle, goats, and pigs
and sent tons of meat each year to the ports in N.Y.
and Penn.
A thriving Economy in the Eastern Countries cont….
 There were also large numbers of artisans in the
Middle Colonies.
 In time, Pennsylvania became a center of
manufacturing and crafts.
 Settlers also profited from the regions rich iron ore
deposits.
Middle Colony Homes
 Homes in Pennsylvania were far apart from each other.
As a result there were county meetings instead of town
meetings.
 Swedish settlers introduced Log Cabins to America.
 The Dutch used red bricks to build narrow high walled
houses.
 German settlers introduced wood-burning stove that
heated a home better than a fire place.
The Backcountry
Chapter 4, Section 3
THE SOUTHERN COLONIES
Setting the Scene
 The Mason- Dixon Line - was a more than just the
boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland.
 It divided the Middle colonies from the Southern
Colonies.
Lord Baltimore’s Colony of Maryland
 In 1632, Sir George Calvert persuaded King Charles I
to grant him land for a new colony.
 He wanted to build a colony where Roman Catholics
could practice their religion freely.
 He named the Colony Maryland in honor of Queen
Henrietta Maria, the kings wife.
Settling the Colony
 Maryland was truly the land of the plenty such as
fish, oysters, and crabs.
 Remembering the hardships at Jamestown, the new
comers to Maryland avoided swampy lowlands.

Their first town was St. Mary’s.
-Eager to attract more settlers, Lord Baltimore made generous
land grants who brought over servants, women, and children.
Settling the Colony cont…
 Two sisters took advantage of Lord Baltimore’s offer
of land.


Margaret and Mary Brent

They arrived in Maryland with nine male servants.

Set up two plantations consisting of 1,000 acres each.
Religious Tolerance
 To ensure that the population of Maryland continued
to grow, Lord Baltimore welcomed Protestants and
Catholics into the colony.
 In 1649, he helped pass an Act of Toleration.
 This law provided religious freedom for all Christians.

This act did not extend toward Jews.
Bacon’s Rebellion
 In Virginia more and more settlers began moving
inland onto Indian lands to try and make a profit
growing tobacco.
 There were several bloody clashes between English
settlers and Indians.
 English settlers asked the governor to take action but
he refused because he was profiting from fur trade
with the Indians.
Nathaniel Bacon
 In 1676, Nathaniel
Bacon, a young farmer,
organized men and
women on the frontier.
 They raided all Indian
villages regardless if
they were friendly or not!
 He then led his followers
into Jamestown where
they burned the capital.
Bacon continued
 This uprising was known as Bacon’s Rebellion,
which lasted only a short time.
 The Governor hanged 23 of Bacon’s Followers.
The Carolinas
 In 1663, a group of eight
English Nobles received
a grant from King
Charles II.
 The Settlement took
place in two separate
areas, North and South.
The Carolinas cont..
 Settlers in the northern part of the Carolinas were
mostly poor tobacco farmers.
 They were farmers who left Virginia, and they
acquired small areas of land.
 Eventually in 1712, this area became known as North
Carolina.
 South Carolina was formed in 1719 and its capital
was Charleston.
Rise of Plantation Slavery
 In 1685 farmers realized that rice grew well in
swampy areas.
 Carolina rice became profitable as a result of slaves
that were brought over from Africa.
 Farmers later learned to grow Indigo, which was a
plant that was used to create a blue dye.
Rise of Plantation Slavery
 Planters needed large numbers of workers to grow rice.
 They tried to enslave Indians to work but many died
from disease.
 Planters then turned slaves from Africa who were
brought here against their will.
 Soon Africans outnumbered Europeans in America 2 to 1.
Georgia
 Last of England's 13
colonies.
 James Oglethrope, an
English Soldier, founded
Georgia in 1732.
 He wanted Georgia to be
a place where debtors
could make a fresh start.
Georgia cont..
 Debtors - people who owed money they could not pay
back.
 English law stated debtors could be imprisoned until
they paid what they owed.

As a result, after jail they ad no money or place to live.
-Oglethorpe offered to pay for debtors and other people to travel to
Georgia.
-In 1733 the colonies first settlement was built in Savannah Georgia
consisting of 120 colonists..
-Georgia’s population and productivity began to thrive when
Oglethorpe allowed slave labor.
Tidewater Plantation
 Southern colonies ad warmer weather and thrived at
growing tobacco.
 South Carolina and Georgia excelled in growing
indigo and rice.
 There were roughly 20 to 100 slaves working on
plantations, most of which worked in the fields.
Others were skilled laborers or house servants.
Tidewater Plantations cont
 Enslaved Africans played a crucial role on many
plantations.
 They used their native farming skills they had brought
from West Africa.
 English settlers learned to grow rice and used plants
unfamiliar to the English.
 They used palmetto leaves to make fans, brooms, and
baskets.
The Backcountry South
 The backcountry was more democratic, people treated
each other as equals.
 Men tended to small fields of tobacco or garden crops
such as beans, corn, or peas.

 Hunted game.
 Provided all the food they needed.
 Fewer slaves worked on the small farms.
Growth of Slavery and the Slave Trade
 The first enslaved Africans arrived in 1639.
 Some Africans were servants and others were slaves.
 Some Africans were able to buy their own freedom
and become successful property owners such as
“Anthony Johnson”.
 By 1700, southern colonies greatly depended on
slaves.
 They cleared the land, worked the crops, and tended
livestock.
Slavery in Africa
 In Africa, slavery was a tradition going back to
ancient times.
 Slaves were originally people who have been
captured in war.
 They were treated as servants not property.
 Muslim merchants also carried African slaves into
Europe and the Middle East.
Slavery in Africa cont….
 Over a period of less than 400 years, millions of
Africans were enslaved.
 Western European nations set up posts along the
coast of West Africa where they traded guns and
other goods for slaves.
 The slaves were loaded onto the ship like cattle and
sent to America.
The Middle Passage
 English sailors began referring to the passage of
slave ship west across the Atlantic Ocean as the
Middle Passage.
 Slaves were chained together hand to foot, and
stowed so close that they were not allowed above a
foot and a half from each other.
 They were allowed on deck to eat and exercise once
or twice a day.
Resistance
 To avoid a life of slavery, many Africans:
 Slaves fought back.

Refused to eat

Jumped overboard

And in rare occasions escaped
The Middle Passage cont..
 Nearly 10 percent of all Africans loaded onto ships
for slavery died on the voyage.
 Many died of disease and some died from
mistreatment.
 Over 400 years more than 2 to 3 million Africans
died on their way to America.
Limiting Rights
 Colonists passed laws that set out rules for slaves and
denied them their basic rights.
 Slave Codes- treated enslaved Africans not as human
beings but as property.
 Colonists believed that blacks were inferior to white
Europeans.
 Racism- the belief that one race is superior to another.
Chapter 4, section 4
ROOTS OF SELF-GOVERNMENT
England Regulates Trade
 England believed that the colonies should benefit the
home country.
 Mercantilism: an economic theory, in which a
nation became strong by keeping strict control over
its trade.
 The Colonies could only trade with England.
English Trade Routes cont…
 Mercantilists thought that a country should export more than
it imports.
 Exports – goods sent to markets outside the country.
 Imports- goods brought into the country.
 During the 1650s, the English Parliament passed a series of
Navigation Acts, which regulated trade between England
and its colonies.
 This ensured that only England benefited from colonial trade.
Navigation Acts
 The Acts listed what items the colonies could ship to
England such as tobacco and cotton
 The Navigation Acts helped the colonies as well.
 Forces colnists to build ship and as a result the New England
Colonies became a prosperous ship building center.
Many Colonists resented the Navigation Act because they
believed the laws only favored English merchants.
 As a result some merchants found a way of getting around
these acts.
Trade in Rum and Slaves
 Merchants form New England dominated colonial
trade.
 They were known as Yankees, which was a
nickname that implied they were clever and hard
working.
 They earned a reputation from making a profit from
any deal.
Triangular Trade
 Colonial merchants developed many trade routes.
 Triangular Trade – a famous trade route that got
its name from the three legs of the route formed a
triangle.



1. ships from New England to the West indies
carrying fish and lumber.
2. Carried rum, guns, gunpowder, and clothing to
West Africa.
3. Ships carried slaves that they acquired from West
Africa to the West Indies.
Elected Representatives
 Each colony had a legislature.
 A Legislature is a group of people who have the
power to make laws.
 In most colonies the legislature had an upper house
and a lower house.


The upper house consisted of advisers appointed by the
Governor.
The lower houses was an elected assembly.
It approved laws and protected citizens rights.
 Any governor who ignored the assembly risked losing his salary.

The Right to Vote
 Only white Christian men over the age of 21 were
allowed to vote.
 In some colonies only White Protestant men were
allowed to vote.
 All voters had to own property
Bill of Rights
 Glorious Revolution of 1688, Parliament removed
King James II from the throne and William and
Mary of the Netherlands to rule.
 As a result, they signed the English Bill of Rights in
1689.

Bill of Rights- is a written list of freedoms the government
promises to protect.
English Bill of Rights- protected the rights of individuals and
gave anyone accused of a crime the right to trial by jury.
Limits on Liberties
 Women had rights in the colonies but far fewer than white
males.
 A married woman could not start her own business or sign a
contract unless her husband approved it.
 Single women had more rights than married women in some
colonies.
 Africans or Indians had almost no rights.
 The conflict between liberty and slavery would not be resolved
until the 1860s.
Chapter 4, section 5
LIFE IN THE COLONIES
Colonial Society
 For the most part colonists enjoyed more social
equality than people in England.
 However, during colonial time a person’s birth and
wealth still determined his or her social status.
The Gentry and the Middle Class
 At the top of the Social Class were the Gentry.
 They were wealthy planters, merchants, ministers, lawyers,
and royals.
The Middle Class – Farmers who worked their own land,
skilled craft workers, and tradespeople.
*¾ of all white colonists belonged to the middle class.
The middle class prospered because land was plentyful.
Indentured Servants
 The lowest social class included hired farmhands,
indentured servants, and slaves.
 Indentured Servants – an individual would sign a
contract to work without pay wages for a period of
four to seven years.

Thousands of people came to North America as
indentured servants.
Women’s Work in the Colonies
 A wife took care of the household, husband, and





family.
She cooked meals, milked cows, watched the
children, and made clothing.
In the backcountry wives worked side by side with
their husbands.
In cities, women sometimes worked outside the
home.
A single woman may work as a maid.
Some sewed hates or dresses.
African Cultural Influences
 African customs remained strong among slaves.
 Parents gave their children traditional African
names.
 In some regions slaves spoke a distinctive
combination of English and West African Language
know as Gullah.
African Cultural Influences cont..
 In South Carolina Africans worked along the docks ,
making rope or barrels, and helped build ships.
 Some Africans opened up their own shops or stalls in
the marked.
 They used what money they made to buy their own
and family’s freedom.
 Africans took part in a ceremony to speed a dead
man’s spirit to his home, which he believed was
Africa.
The Great Awakening
 The Great Awakening was a religious movement that
swept through the colonies during the 1730s and
1740s.
 Preacher Jonathan Edwards, helped set off the Great
Awakening.

Told young people to examine their lives, and taught them the
beauty of God.
In 1739, when an English minister George Whitefield arrived in
the Colonies , the movement spread like wildfire.
Impact of the Great Awakening
 People who supported the movement normally
separated from their church.
 Many believer felt more free to challenge authority
when their liberties were at stake.
 They began to think differently about their political
rights and government.
Education in the Colonies
 New Englanders were the most concerned about
education.
 In 1642, Massachusetts assembly passed a law
ordering all parents to teach their children to “read
and understand the principles of religion.
 Towns with 100 or more residents set up a grammar
school.
 Massachusetts set up the first public school, or
schools supported by taxes.
New England Schools
 Public school allowed both rich and poor children to
receive an education.
 The schools hand only one room for students of all
ages.
 The teacher was paid in corn, peas, or other foods.
 Students were also expected to bring wood to burn in
the stove.
Middle and Southern Colonies
 In the middle colonies churches set up private schools.
 Since pupils had to pay to go to school , only the wealthy
families could afford to send their children.
 In Southern colonies, people lived to far away from each
other to bring children together in one school building.
 Some families used tutors, private teachers.
 By law slaves were not allowed to receive an education.
Apprenticeships and Dame Schools
 Boys whose parents wished for them to learn a trade
or craft served as apprentices.
 An apprentice worked for a master to learn a trade.



A child would normally live with the mentor for six to seven
years .
The mentor would give the boy food and clothing.
As a result, he would not pay the boy.
Girls normally attended Dame Schools, private schools run by
women in their own homes.

Other girls normally learned how to spin wool and other
skills by watching their mother.
The Enlightenment Spreads
 European thinkers of the last 1600s and 1700s
believed that reason and scientific methods could be
applied in society.
 Since thinkers believed in the light of human reason,
the movement was know as the Enlightenment.
 The most famous person during the Enlightenment
was English Philosopher, John Locke.

People could gain knowledge through observing and
experimenting.
Benjamin Franklin
 Best example of the
Enlightenment in the 13
colonies was Benjamin
Franklin.
 “Early to bed, early to
rise, makes a man,
healthy, wealthy, and
wise.”
Benjamin Franklin cont..
 Like other Enlightenment thinkers Benjamin
Franklin wanted to use reason to improve the world
around him.
 He invented:

A lightning rod, smokeless fireplace, bifocal glasses.
Got Philadelphia officials to pave roads, organize a fire company,
and set up the first lending library in America.
Colonial Cities
 Towns and cities served as the center of trade
between the coast and the growing backcountry.
 Culture flourished in the cities.
 By mid 1700s many cities had their own theaters.
 People sang songs, there were traveling circuses,
carnivals, and horse races.
The Trial of John Peter Zenger
 Growth of Colonial
Newspapers led to
dispute over freedom of
the press.
 John Peter Zenger
published the Weekly
Journal in N.Y.C.
 He was arrested for
publishing stories that
criticized the governor.
John Peter Zenger cont..
 Zenger was put on trail for libel- the act of
publishing a statement that may unjustly damage a
person’s reputation.
 Zenger's lawyer said since the stories were true that
he could not be tried for libel.
 The jury agreed and freed Zenger.
* Freedom of the Press would become recognized as
a basic American right!!