Advanced Placement
European History
Fall 2014
Chapters 1 to 19
Review Drill

He was the grandson of Cosimo de’Medici and
ruled Florence as a despot in almost totalitarian
fashion but nevertheless was a skilled diplomat
and politician as well as a patron of scholars,
artists and poets.
a. Pico della Mirandola
 b. Lorenzo the Magnificent
c. Piero the Unfortunate
d. Thomas Paleologus
The Hobereaux were French nobles, who
a. were favored by the king
b. won their titles on the battlefield

c. although aristocrats, were mostly poor
d. purchased their titles
During the Consulate (1799-1804) when he was First
Consul, Napoleon set about restoring peace and order.
Which of the following did he not do?
He used flattery, bribery and a general amnesty
He allowed many aristocrats to return and reclaim
some of their lost land
 He made peace with Jacobins and the Catholic
Church
He limited free speech and censored newspapers
What religious order was founded by
St. Angela de Merici in 1535, primarily
for the education of girls and for the
care of the sick and needy.
The Ursuline Order
Tiny Portugal, which began the European Age of
Exploration, had one of the smaller colonial empires
but one of Europe’s largest single colonies in.
a.India

b.Brazil
c.Guiana
d.South Africa
e.Macao
After the fall of Napoleon, the Quadruple Alliance included
all of the following except:
Prussia
Austria
Great Britain
Russia
 Spain
In the Pensées, Blaise Pascal
 a.
defended the Christian religion
b. denied the Virgin Birth
c. said only the Church could interpret the Bible
d. Championed personal interpretation of the
Bible
e. argued that all people are reasonalble and
moral.
He was the founder of Western Monasticism. His
motto was Orare et Laborare (Work and Pray)?

a) Benedict of Nursia
b) Francis of Assisi
c) Gregory the Great
d) Thomas Aquinas
e) Pope Gregory VII
Napoleon’s greatest blunder that cost him his throne and
his empire was
the Continental System
his crowing himself emperor of the French
 his invasion of Russia
the destruction of his fleet at Trafalgar
his divorcing his wife Josephine and marrying an
archduchess of Austria.
He was the pope who was able to put all bishops
in the West under his authority.
a) Benedict of Nursia
b) Francis of Assisi

c) Gregory the Great
d) Thomas Aquinas
e) Pope Gregory VII
If a person traveled from west to east in
Europe in the eighteenth century, the more
likely it would be that he would see
a. rotten boroughs
b. more clearly defined and responsible
nobility

c. people bound to the land
d. the putting out system
He was the chief advisor to Charles I and
imposed strict efficiency on the government. He
was hated in Parliament and executed in 1641.
a. The Duke of Norfolk
b. James Edward Stuart
c. Sir Robert Walpole
 d.
Thomas Wentworth
John Constable and other Romantic painters tended to
idealize:
Ancient Greece
Empirical Reasoning
Urban Life
The Enlightenment
 Rural Life
Who wrote this manifesto of the French
Revolution? What is the Third Estate?
Everything! What has it been in the
political order up till the present? Nothing!
What does it ask? To become something!
a.
Abbé Siéyès
b. Marquis de Lafayette
c. Jacques Necker
d. Lazare Carnot
Which of the following was NOT a cause for
Mary Tudor’s unpopularity in England?
A. The burnings of Archbishop Cranmer and
other Protestant reformers
B. Mary’s marriage to Philip II.
C. The French war of 1557.
 D. The execution of Lady Jane Grey
To him, poetry was not a plaything but the highest of
human acts – mankind’s self-fulfillment in a
transcendental (or supernatural) world. He was
master of Gothic poems of the supernatural such as
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Kant the Categorical Imperative or
To ________,
human conscience was proof of mankind’s
natural freedom and the existence of God.
Name the three factors that led to the
rise of the Enlightenment.
The intellectual achievements and ideas of
Sir Isaac Newton and John Locke
The example of British toleration and
political stability
The emergence of a Print Culture
They were a Roman Catholic religious order,
founded in 1524 founded by Saint Cajetan, to
groom devout and reform-minded leaders at the
higher levels of the church hierarchy.
a. The Ursuline Order
 b.
The Theatines
c. The Jesuits
d. The Somaschi Order
In Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (1812), he
created a brooding, melancholy Romantic
hero. In Don Juan (1819), he wrote with ribald
(crude and offensive) humor, acknowledged
nature’s cruelty and beauty and even
expressed an admiration for city (urban) life.
Lord Byron
They were a Roman Catholic religious order,
founded in 1524 founded by Saint Cajetan, to
groom devout and reform-minded leaders at the
higher levels of the church hierarchy.
a. The Ursuline Order
 b.
The Theatines
c. The Jesuits
d. The Somaschi Order
The ___________________was the period
lasting from accession of Augustus to the death
of Marcus Aurelius in 180 C.E.
a. Republic
 b.
Pax Romana
c. Punic Wars
d. Period of the Kings
The Hohenzollerns turned which of the following
states in a major European power?
 a.
Prussia
b. Hungary
c. Spain
d. France
e. Austria
Immanuel Kant was the German philosopher who
a. boasted that everyone could go to heaven in his
own way
b. described the Enlightenment in two Latin words:
sapere aude, (dare to think) which meant the
 courage of the individual to use his or her
reasoning ability.
c. believed that the greatest “miracle” of all history
was that anyone even believed in miracles
d. argued that Christianity came into being and
evolved not because of divine intervention, piety
and the influence of miracles but because of
natural causes and human achievements
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of
the Late Middle Ages?
a. The Conciliar Movement
b. Plentitude of Power
c. The Mini Ice Age
d.
The Theory of Forms
Who issued the levee en masse which drafted the
entire population into the war effort and directing
all economic production for military purposes.
a. Abbé Siéyès
b. Marquis de Lafayette
c. Jacques Necker
d.
Lazare Carnot
Protestant reformers in the Sixteenth Century
tended to do all of the following except
a. oppose the celibate life for clergy
b. encourage basic education
c. oppose monasticism
 d.
view marriage as a degraded state of life
He was the son of Mehmed II. He attacked the
last Venetian outposts in Greece. He was patron
of both western and eastern culture and worked
hard to ensure a smooth running of domestic
politics.
a. Osman
 b.
Bayezid II (the just)
c. Selim the Grim (Selim the Brave)
d. John Sobieski
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748.
a. precipitated the War of Jenkins ear
b. outlawed the importation of slaves into the New
World
 c. ended the War of the Austrian Succession
d. forced Prussia to give up its possessions in the
Holy Roman Empire
In his efforts in opposition to the Atlantic Slave
Trade, he was hailed as a 'Renewer of
Society‘; and until his death in 1833 was
known as the conscience of Parliament.
a.
William Wilberforce
b. Julio Fandiño
c. b. John Trenchard
d. the Earl of Bute
What liberal aristocrat and hero of the American
Revolution gave France the Tricolor.
a. Abbé Siéyès
 b.
Marquis de Lafayette
c. Jacques Necker
d. Lazare Carnot
As a result of the Hampton Court Conference,
a. Parliament ordered the arrest and
eventual execution of the Duke of
Buckingham
b. Parliament passed the English Bill of
Rights
c. The English Civil War of 1642-1646 broke
out
 d.
Anglican and Puritan distrust accelerated
The Treaty of Utrecht gave the British a thirty
year Asiento or
a. control of the East Indian spice trade
b. control of all Spanish commerce in the
Mediterranean
 c.
a monopoly to supply slaves and goods to
Spanish colonies in the New World
d. authority for the British navy to patrol the
Atlantic to put a stop to illegal slave trading
He led the Conspiracy of Equals which called for
more radical democracy and more equality of
property. He and his follower believed that the
Revolution was not complete because the rich
were still in control; the poor had no real relief
and were not represented in the new
government.
Gracchus Babeuf
French Protestants/Calvinists were called
a. Congregationalists
 b. Huguenots
c. Stadholders
d. Puritans
The wealthy Esterhazy nobility were associated
with which of the following countries
a. France

b. Hungary
c. Prussia
d. Austria
Most philosophes in the Age of Enlightenment
favored
a. Nationalism
 b. Existing monarchies
c. American/British style democracy
d. French revolutionary democracy
Name the four principles that Caesere
Beccaria felt would make criminal
punishments effective and just
punishments must have a preventive function
(deterrent), not a retributive function (vengeance)
punishments should be proportionate to the
crime committed
procedures of criminal convictions should be
public;
punishments should be prompt
Christian Humanists, desiring reform
in the Church, welcomed Luther’s 95
Theses but became divided when
Luther went on to attack the church
itself. Who was most influential of
these Christian Humanists?
Erasmus
Aristotle favored polity by which he meant that
a. a ruler with complete authority should
have power in a state.
b. honor and honesty were far more
important than money or fame or political
power.
c. the world we live in is not the only world,
because our world is a pale and imperfect
reflection of a perfect world
d. that the rule of law should limit popular
 sentiment.
He first defended the Directory in Paris and was appointed
to take command the French army in Northern Italy where
the next year (1796) he drove the Austrians out of Italy at
the Battle of Lodi.
Napoleon Bonaparte
A person who engages in irregular (hit and run) warfare
especially as a member of an independent unit carrying
out harassment and sabotage is called a
Guerrilla
The three nations who partitioned Poland in the
late eighteenth century were
a. Prussia, France, Ottoman Empire
b. Great Britain, Austria, Russia
c. France, Prussia, Austria
 d. Russia, Prussia, Austria
She was a self-educated woman, who published
an essay in 1792, A Vindication of the Rights of
Women, in which she attacked Rousseau and
argued that women possessed all rights that
men possessed
a. Mary Astell
 b. Mary Wollstonecraft
c. Mary Montagu
d. Mary of Savoy
At the Peace of Augsburg in 1555
 a.
the prince of any principality determined
the religion of his principality
b. official recognition was given to both
Anabaptists and Calvinists
c. Maurice of Saxony supported Charles V
d. the Protestant princes refused to attend
and were condemned
French economic reformers such as Francois
Quesnay and Pierre Dupont de Nemours were
known as
a.
phisiocrats
b. philosophes
c. autocrats
d. technocrats
The Old Regime or Ancien Régime
a. was a term that applied to the nobility
only
b. was found only in Great Britain
 c.
was a series of social relationships
bound by tradition
d. ignored the peasants
Monarchs (Enlightened Despots) associated
with enlightened absolutism include all of the
following except
a. Joseph II (Austria)
 b. Louis XV
(France)
c. Frederick the Great
(Prussia)
d. Catherine the Great
(Russia)
They were written by Ignatius Loyola who said that
the Scholastic fathers - being of more recent date had the clearest understanding of what the Bible and
the Church fathers taught. Thus the Scholastics
should be used as a lens to study the past.
 a.
Spiritual Exercises
b. The Freedom of a Christian
c. A Defense of the Seven Sacraments
d. The Imitation of Christ
The Jansenists (followers of Cornelius Jansen)
a. opposed the teachings of St. Augustine
 b.
opposed Jesuit teachings about free will
c. were supported by Pope Innocent X
d. were defended by Louis XIV and Louis XV
In 1588 at the Battle of Gravelines, the English
a. finally drove the French from Calais
b. produced the Bill of Rights
c. won the Seven Year’s War
 d. defeated the Spanish Armada
Unlike the First World War, what factor led to the
bitterness of the Thirty Year’s War?
 a.
Catholic – Protestant hatred
b. growing nationalism
c. Louis XIV’s desire to control Europe
d. the Defenestration of Prague
This Neoclassical painter painted the The Oath
of the Horatii and The Death of Socrates.
 a.
Jacques Louis David
b. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
c. Jean-Honoré Fragonard
d. Balthazar Neumann
He was an invaluable leader during the dark
days of 1792 and had been a member of the
Committee of Public Safety before Robespierre
joined the group, but was one of Robespierre’s
victims when Robespierre turned on his fellow
Jacobin republicans.
Georges Jacques Danton
They were Renaissance humanists who believed
that Plato and Aristotle were compatible with
Christianity; and that it was possible to be steeped
in the Greeks and Roman classics and still be a
good Christian.
Christian Humanists
The War of the Roses was fought between the Houses
Lancaster
York and ______________.
of ___________
According to Hegel - At any given time, a set of ideas,
which are called the thesis hold sway; thesis can be
called a proposition or theory. Conflicting ideas,
which are called antithesis or a counter proposition,
challenge the thesis. As these propositions clash, a
___________ emerges that eventually becomes the
new thesis. Then the process begins all over again.
Synthesis
To raise money to build a new St. Peter’s Basilica
in Rome, his famous pitch line was As soon as a
coin in the coffer rings, the soul from
purgatory springs.
a. Julius II
b. Martin Bucer
c. Thomas Cranmer
 d. Johann Tetzel
During the Marburg Colloquy (meaning conversation
or dialogue) of 1529, Luther and Zwingli could not
agree on
a. Clerical Celibacy
b. Justification by Faith Alone
c. Cuius regio; eius religio
d. The nature of the Eucharist
The Second Hundred Years’ War refers to
a. the instability following the Thirty Years’ War
b. The Dutch struggles for it independence from
Spain
 c. Anglo-French Rivalry in the eighteenth century
d. The age of Religious Warfare
The Reformation Parliament of Henry VIII did all of
the following except
a. pass laws to dominate the clergy
b. recognize Henry as head of the Church in
England
c. make Henry the highest court of appeal for all
Englishmen
d. sanction the execution of Queen Catherine
In her Charter of the Nobility, she defined the
rights and privileges of the nobility in exchange for
their loyalty and service to the state. These rights
included heredity transferring of noble status,
power over their serfs and exemption from taxes
Maria Theresa
 Catherine the Great
Catherine de Médicis
Christina of Sweden
“Bloody” Mary
Why did Luther not support the Peasants’ Revolt?
a. He felt no pity for their harsh treatment by the
German nobility
b. The peasants supported Charles V and the
old Catholic prince-bishops

c. Luther’s view of Reformation was not political
but spiritual
d. Luther was afraid that the Catholic party
would win if he backed the peasants.
Restrictions on clothing, food, and luxury items
are all examples of
a. the Vingtième
b. Banalités
c. the English Game Laws
 d.
Sumptuary Laws
e. Ghetto life
The center of the Capitalist System is
a. Bullionism
b. Mercantilism
 c.
The Free Market
d. Sumptuary Laws
e. Industrialization
Plato and Aristotle both
a. felt that Philosopher Kings should rule
b. favored Polity or a Constitutional
Government dominated by members of
the middle class
c. developed the idea that rulers themselves
are both the guardians of the law and
subject to the law

d. despised tyranny and mob rule and
wanted a just and stable society.
In the long term, the Columbian exchange
a. brought a lasting decline in population
because of the ravages of diseases such
as smallpox.
b. had very little influence on world population
figures.
c. led to economic instability because of a
glut of Chinese silver.
 d.
increased world population because of the
spread of new food crops.
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
a. condemned most (but not all) of Luther’s
doctrines and gave Luther sixty days to
recant.
b. affirmed the principle of cuius regio, eius
religio (whose kingdom, his religion)
c. was a pamphlet by Luther in which he
 attacked the seven sacraments, arguing
that only the Eucharist and Baptism were
fully scriptural.
d. was Henry VIII’s famous attack on Luther’s
Reformational theology.
The Petition of Right of 1628
 a.
forbade taxation by the king without the
permission of Parliament
b. attempted to collect taxes from the nobility
by forcing property owners to pay a forced
loans to the government
c. laid the basis for Magna Carta
d. reflected a deep distrust of Oliver Cromwell
and his Parliamentary forces
Mercantilists thought of the world as
 a.
an arena of limited resources and economic
limitations
b. a vast area of unlimited resources and
economic possibilities
c. a basis for never-ending wars
d. Proof that the colonial system was a viable
economic system
Their hypocritical use of casuistry deeply
offended Blaise Pascal.
a. Jansenists
b. Cynics
c. Franciscans
 d.
Jesuits
e. Calvinists
Elizabeth I and her 3rd
Archbishop of
Canterbury, John
__________
Whitgift used the
Conventicle Act
_______________of
1593 to force
separatists like
_____________
Congregationalists
__________________
to conform to the
practices of the
Church of England or
face death or exile.
Chapter 12
The nobility in Prussia were called
a. Jansenists
b. Jesuits
 c.
Junkers
d. Boyars
e. Szlachta
A sudden and illegal overthrow of a government is called a
Coup d’état
The professionals (doctors, lawyers) and rising capitalists
of the upper middle class were called the
Bourgeoisie
The nobility in Poland were called
a. Jansenists
b. Jesuits
c. Junkers
d. Boyars
 e.
Szlachta
The nobility in Russia were called
a. Jansenists
b. Jesuits
c. Junkers
 d.
Boyars
e. Szlachta
His/her Table of Ranks linked compulsory
state service to the nobility
a. Frederick the Great
b. Catherine the Great
c. Joseph II
d.
Peter the Great
e. Maria Theresa
The time period from 1550 to 1800, when the
monarchs in France, England and Spain began
building strong states by organizing their
resources, curbing the power of the feudal nobility
and creating strong centralized bureaucracies is
called
a. the Age of Enlightenment
b. the Age of Monarchs
c. the Age of Revolution
 d. the Age of Absolutism
The death of
what great
philosopher is
pictured?
a. Plato
b. Aristotle
c. Marcus Aurelius
 d.
Socrates
He gives his soul to the devil in exchange for greater
knowledge than any other human possesses.
Faust
In spite of her sins (drowning her child), she repents
before her execution and is received into heaven
Gretchen
How is Faust saved in spite of his pact with
Mephistopheles?
He vows to dedicate his life for the betterment of
mankind
In 1790, this “Father of Conservatism” published
Reflections on the Revolution in France in
which he argued that the French Revolution
would end disastrously because it was not
rational and ignored the complexities of human
nature and society.
Edmund Burke
He led Philip II’s armies in the
Netherlands in order to stamp of the
Protestants.
a. Duke of Alençon
b. Don John of Austria
c. Gaspard de Coligny
 d. The Duke of Alba
He was a Florentine historian, philosopher, humanist,
diplomat, civil servant and writer, who is perhaps the
most well-known of the founders of modern political
science. He developed the maxim for which he is
known: The End Justifies the Means.
Niccolò Machiavelli
Where are the cities of Palermo and Syracuse?
The island of Sicily
The Edict of Nantes in 1598
a. Established universal religious toleration

b. Gave Huguenots qualified religious freedom
c. Gave Lutherans religious Freedom
d. Settled the French – Spanish border
John Ray, the English Physico-Theologian, said that
a. humans were depraved and savages
b. Maria Cunitz was the Silesian Pallas
c. Protestants alone could improve the world with
their religious dogmas
 d.
God intended man to improve the world and
not look back
The Council of Trent, which lasted from 1545
to 1563, successfully
a. reached a compromise between Luther
and Calvin.
b. played a key role in Henry VIII's break
with the Catholic church.
 c. took steps to reform the Catholic church.
d. launched the Society of Jesus (the
Jesuits).
Elizabeth’s Via Media
a. was a Protestant victory
b. was a Jesuit victory
 c. created the Anglican Church
d. reflected Elizabeth’s Calvinist
beliefs
Peter the Great drew
most of his inspiration for
reforming Russia from
a. Japan
b. the United States
c. the Ottoman Empire
 d.
Western Europe
Louis XIV’s view of the monarchy was
influenced by his experience of the revolt
known as the
a. Parlement
 b.
Fronde
c. Taille
d. Jaquerie
In the Spanish colonies in the New World,
recruitment of labor from the indigenous
peoples came through an institution known as
 a.
Encomienda
b. Audiencias
c. Enhenos
d. Reconquista
They were inspired by Herder to travel and collect
folk tales first published as Children's and Household
Tales (Kinder- und Hausmärchen), was published in
1812.
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm
He believed that all periods of history had
approximately the same value because by definition
each civilization was necessary for the achievement
of those that came later.
Hegel
In 1549 under King Edward VI, the Act of
Uniformity imposed the _________________on
all English churches.
a. Schleitheim Articles
b. Via Media
c. Six Articles of 1539
 d.
Book of Common Prayer
The economic basis of eighteenth century
agrarian life was
a. regional trade
b. international trade

c. the land
d. industry and manufacturing
e. guilds
Which of the following occurred as a result the
Treaty of Paris in 1783?
a. Napoleon was able to get Louisiana
returned to France
b. The Articles of Confederation period ended
 c. Britain ceded land to the United States
extending to the Mississippi River
d. Canada was granted Dominion status
This leader of the Counter Reformation wrote
Spiritual Exercises and founded the Society
of Jesus.
a. Charles V
 b. Ignatius Loyola
c. John Calvin
d. Cardinal Caspar Contarini
He was given the title of the Peasant Emperor
because he genuinely cared for his people
a. Frederick the Great
b. Catherine the Great
 c.
Joseph II
d. Peter the Great
e. Maria Theresa
Janissaries
 a.
became the elite warrior troops of the
Ottoman armies
b. smashed the Ottoman armies in 1402
thereby giving Constantinople a forty year
reprieve
c. required Christians to contribute young
boys to become slaves of the sultan
d. were the first Muslim religious warriors to
follow Osman
In his book, Leviathan, he argued that people
were “nasty, greedy and selfish” and needed a
strong, strict governmental to keep them under
control.
a. John Locke
 b. Thomas Hobbes
c. Rene Descartes
d. Voltaire
The Modern Devotion Movement of the late
fifteenth century was a religious movement that
stressed all of the following except
a. individual piety
b. practical religion
c. education
 d. monastic life
Charles de Montesquieu
a. was the first professor of Arabic and Islamic
studies at the University of Paris.
b. blamed Islam for the fall of both the Roman
and Byzantine Empires.
 c. associated Islamic society with a passivity that
he attributed to peoples subject to political
despotism.
d. wrote Turkish Embassy Letters, in which he
praised Ottoman society especially its practice
of vaccination against smallpox.
Napoleon’s initial invasion of Egypt was a success but
the English admiral,___________________, destroyed
the French fleet at the Battle of Abukir Bay (sometimes
called the Battle of the Nile) on August 1st, which cut off
the French army from France and forcing Napoleon to
return home.
Lord Horatio Nelson
The members of the Royal Society of London
a. saw themselves as the descendants of
Erasmus and Socrates.
 b. Believed in Bacon’s idea that the scientific
community should have confidence in its own
abilities.
c. associated Islamic society with a passivity that
attributed to peoples under political despotism.
d. eagerly bought and sold innovative ideas –
good and bad that advanced science.
The initial driving force in Luther formulating
the Ninety-Five Theses was
a. his excommunication from the Roman
Catholic church.
 b. the sale of indulgences.
c. the rise of secular humanism during the
High Middle Ages
d. the influence of John Calvin.
In the Sixth Century, he managed to obtain the
obedience of all western bishops, was a skilled
theologian, and emphasized the authority of the
Church over its members, as in stressing the
sacrament of penance.
a. Urban II
b. Hugh Capet
 c. Gregory I
d. John XII
One of the clearest examples of aristocratic
domination of the peasants can be found in the
English _____________ laws passed in
Parliament by English landowners from 1671 to
1831.
a. Neolocalism
b. Sumptuary
c. Economy
 d. Game
He was the protégée and son-in-law of Ulrich
Zwingli, who, after the death of Zwingli at Kappel in
1531, became the new leader of the movement
and guided its eventual merging into Calvinism.

a. Heinrich Bullinger
b. Hugh Capet
c. Johan Eck
d. Conrad Grebel
He was the most famous Italian sculptor of
Renaissance times; lived from 1475 to 1564. He felt
called as a sculptor and created the statue of David
in Florence and Pieta in Rome; but perhaps he is best
known for his painting of the Sistine Chapel; both
the ceiling and the back wall.
Michelangelo Buonarotti
Aristocrats of Spanish extraction but born in the
New World were called…
Creoles
After the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia that ended
the Thirty Year’s War, _____________emerged
as Europe’s dominant power
 a. France
b. Prussia
c. England
d. The Holy Roman Empire
The basic challenge facing the Hapsburg
Empire after 1648 was:
a. Lack of Resources
 b. Political and Ethnic Diversity
c. Weak and incompetent rulers
d. The rising power of England
The writings of Bartolomé de Las Casas
contributed to the emergence of
a. a new kind of fanatical conquistador
b. a defense of the morality of conquest

c. the Black Legend
d. large scale Indian revolts
He was better known by his pen name Stendhal
and was the first Frenchman to call himself a
Romantic.
Henri Beyel
He and his Junker nobility feared and hated
reform but the humiliation at Jena created the
atmosphere where reforms came about despite
their opposition.
King Frederick William III of Prussia
The first real Prime Minister of Great Britain was
a. James Edward Stuart
b. William Pitt the Younger
 c. Robert Walpole
d. The Duke of Buckingham
England’s ultimate defeat in the Hundred Year’s
War was offset by
a. the death of Joan of Arc
 b.
Columbus’ discovery of the New World
c. the death of Henry V and Charles VII
d. the rebirth of the wool trade in Flanders
Henry VIII's Reformation in England
 a. was much more politically driven than
Luther's.
b. was inspired more by John Calvin's
thought than by Luther's.
c. made far more profound changes in
theology than Luther's.
d. ignored Luther and instead pushed for
change within Catholic guidelines.
The Petition of Right of 1628
a. caused Parliament to invite William and
Mary to be co-monarchs of England
b. was a result of the Glorious (or
bloodless) Revolution
 c. stated that no taxes of any kind could
be allowed without the permission of
Parliament
d. agitated for suffrage for all British
males
He wrote a Defense of the Seven Sacraments
a. Martin Luther
b. Ignatius Loyola
c. Pope Julius II

d. Henry VIII
e. John Calvin
Foundling Hospitals in the eighteenth century
 a.
were homes for orphan children
b. were founded by French aristocrats for
wounded soldiers
c. were the first true hospitals in the modern
sense of the word
d. were dangerous and unhealthy places
where only the poorest people were
treated
Adam Smith like many Scottish thinkers
embraced the Four Stage Theory of human
social and economic development. Name them.
hunter-gatherer – migratory; no settled life
pastoral – semi nomadic, but some private
property and small urban areas
agricultural - settled with some urban areas
and clear-cut property arrangements
commercial – large urban areas, manufacturing
centers, sophisticated trading networks, division
of property and financial institutions
He was probably the most corrupt pope in history,
promoting the careers of his illegitimate children
and the expansion of the Papal States.
a. Urban VIII
b. Julius II
c. Martin V
 d.
Alexander VI
In some ways a comparison can be drawn between
the reforms of ___________ of Spain and George
III of England both of whom wanted to reassert
royal authority but whose policies eventually lost
them their empires in the New World.
a. Philip II
 b.
Charles III
c. Philip V
d. Ferdinand I
He was an English Romantic poet who believed that
the artist’s imagination was God at work in the mind
and said that “the imagination was a repetition in
the finite mind of the eternal act of creation in the
infinite I AM.”
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
He wrote a 1576 treatise, The Six Lives of the
Republic, in which he defended the sovereign
right of the monarch in his famous quotation that
The Sovereign Prince is accountable only to God
a. Giovanni Boccaccio
b. Leonardo Bruni
 c.
Jean Bodin
d. Jean Colet
The Librum Veto
a. was the mechanism by which the
Hapsburgs sought to strengthen their hold
on these states and also extend their
influence outside the Holy Roman Empire
b. encompassed Bohemia [the modern Czech
Republic], Moravia and Silesia
c. brought the War of the Spanish Succession
to an end
 d. made any legislation in Poland impossible
without 100% agreement
The American colonies won their independence
a. because the American armies under General
Washington gained the upper hand over the
British armies
b. because the Loyalists either fled to Canada
or joined the rebel side
c. because the Americans were able to hold the
key cities of Boston, New York and
Philadelphia
 d. because British were tired when they weren’t
able to either destroy the Continental Army or
hold much land
In the view of Thomas Hobbes, all men and
women are
a. people who are neither good nor evil
b. destined for salvation
 c. self-centered beasts
d. Essentially if not completely good
In the view of John Locke, all men and
women are
a. people who are neither good nor evil
b. destined for salvation
c. self-centered beasts
 d. essentially if not completely good
He was a Spanish social historian, social reformer
and Dominican priest who became an effective
advocate for Native Americans under Spanish
subjugation. His two most famous works were A
Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies and
Historia de Las Indias, both of which brought
attention to the atrocities committed by Spanish
settlers against the indigenous peoples.
Bartolome de Las Casas
Who painted this Rococo painting Pilgrimage to
the Isle of Cytheria?
Watteau
Boucher
Gainsborough
Fragonard
He was the fiery leader of the Reformation in
Switzerland and was killed in October 1531 at
the Battle of Kapel. His movement would
eventually coalesce with Calvinism
a. Conrad Grebel
b. Heinrich Bullinger
 c. Ulrich Zwingli
d. Philip of Hesse
He was a Byzantine scholar who taught at
Florence between 1397 and 1403 and opened
the world of Greek scholarship and knowledge of
the Greek language to Italian humanists.
a. Conrad Grebel
 b. Manuel Chrysolorus
c. Thomas Linacre
d. Constantine Paleologus
He proposed a coup d’état by the Directory just at the time
Napoleon returned from Egypt. Napoleon was defeated in
Egypt but he ensured the success of his coup d’état .
 Abbé Sieyès
Louis Antoine Duke of Enghien
Henrich vom Stein
Joseph Bonaparte
He was the founder of Anabaptism which
objected to infant baptism and insisted that only
an adult with fully developed mental faculties
could make such an important spiritual decision.
 a. Conrad Grebel
b. Heinrich Bullinger
c. Ulrich Zwingli
d. Philip of Hesse
In the seventeenth century, England
 a. evolved into a constitutional monarchy.
b. split from the Catholic church under the
leadership of Henry VIII.
c. became the classic example of an
absolutist state.
d. survived an attempted invasion sent by
the Spanish king Philip II.
The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713
a. ended the Seven Years War
b. ended the War of Jenkins Ear
 c. ended the War of the Spanish Succession
d. ended the War of the Austrian Succession
The great English leader who said that America
was won on the plains of Germany was
 a. William Pitt the Elder
b. William Pitt the Younger
c. Lord Shaftsbury
d. The Earl of Bute
He was a French leader of the new learning who
cultivated a generation of reform minded young
humanists, especially the future reformation
leader, John Calvin.
Guillaume Briconnet
Who painted the School of Athens in the
Vatican Palace in Rome?
Raphael
Who defined the Enlightenment when he said,
“Have the courage to use your own
understanding.”
a. Peter Gay
 b. Immanuel Kant
c. Baruch Spinoza
d. Voltaire
All of the following contributed to the decline of
the Netherlands in the eighteenth century
EXCEPT:
a. lack of unified political leadership
b. the rise of British naval superiority

c. violence due to religious intolerance
d. the decline of the Dutch fishing industry
Which of the following was not one of the
principles built into the government of the newly
formed United States of America?
a. the creation of a federal republic.
b. a federal government based on popular
sovereignty.
 c. the equality of all inhabitants.
d. a written constitution that guaranteed
personal freedoms.
He was an Italian author and poet, a friend, student,
and correspondent of Petrarch, and an important
Renaissance humanist – and like Petrarch, he also
collected manuscripts. He wrote De mulieribus claris
(On Famous Women), a collection of biographies of
historical and mythological women from Eve to
Cleopatra to Joanna, the contemporary Queen of
Naples.
Giovanni Boccaccio
Which of the following best describes the
historical sweep of the Byzantine Empire?
a. a new society
 b. a transmitter society
c. A secular society
d. an innovative society
This Englishman grew wealthy as he provided an
example for young colleagues of how to write so
as to be able to earn a living.
a. John Locke

b. Alexander Pope
c. Isaac Newton
d. Joseph Addison
The ______________ were born in Spain and stood
at the top of the social hierarchy of the Spanish
colonies. They filled the administrative posts which
brought the highest monetary compensation?
a.Creoles
b.Mestizos
 c.Peninsulares
d.Maroons
He was perhaps the greatest German writer of
modern times and defies classification. Much of
his work is clearly part of Romantic genre; and
part was his condemnation of Romantic
excesses. The book that made his early
reputation was The Sorrows of Young Werther
published in 1774.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
He was the founder of Methodism and a priest in the
Church of England (Anglican) until he died.
John Wesley
The Crusades
a. stopped all trade between the eastern
and western Mediterranean
b. had virtually no impact on trade
whatsoever between the eastern and
western Mediterranean
c. led to a slight decline in trade between
the eastern and western Mediterranean.
 d. increased trade between the eastern and
western Mediterranean.
When Voltaire urged his readers to "crush the
damned thing" he was talking about
a. the Enlightenment
b. the National Assembly
c. the Roman Catholic Church
d. the Jacobin party
Name the four groups that formed society in
the Ancien Regime
The aristocratic elites who possessed
numerous and inherited legal privileges
Established churches intricately intertwined
with the state and the aristocrats
An urban labor force usually organized into
guilds
A rural peasantry oppressed by high taxes
and feudal dues
John Locke
a. promoted global Catholicism through rigorous
education and political skill.
b. argued that a government appointed by the
king and his ministers for the people was the
best form of government
c. instituted a policy of forced and rapid
modernization in Russia.
 d. argued that the people formed governments
to protect their natural rights and that the best
form of government had limited power and
was accepted by all the citizens.
In his Summa Theologica he created a manual in
which he used Aristotelian logic to explain such
concepts as the existence of God, what conditions
make a just war, an explanation of church
doctrines such as transubstantiation and
questions of ethics and morality.
 a. Thomas Aquinas
b. Constantine XI Palaeologus
c. Dante Aligheri
d. Francesco Petrarch
Thomas Coram was an Englishman who
a. was who engineered the Westminster
Convention between Prussia and Britain
b. invented a mechanical seed drill which
deposited seed in rows
c. was the engineer who drained thousands of
acres of useless marshy land called Fens
 d.
established the first Foundling Hospital in
London in 1741
Who said in his book, The Prince, the “end
justifies the means”?
a. Frederick the Great
 b. Nicolo Machiavelli
c. John Adams
d. Xuangzong
This was a style of historical writing or propaganda
that demonized the Conquistadores and in particular
the Spanish Empire in a politically motivated attempt
to incite animosity against Spain.
The Black Legend
He was a native Peruvian who authored a letter to
King Philip III of Spain that has survived and serves
as a record of the Indians' grievances against the
Spanish colonists and the greedy clergy.
Guaman Poma
The Investiture Contest centered around
a. the struggle between Christian and Islamic
forces for control of Jerusalem.
b. Monophysitism versus Iconoclasm
c. the conflict between France and England
for control over Lombardy.
 d. the appointment of church officials by
imperial authorities.
He championed legislative government which he
believed embodied the will of the people. His Two
Treatises of Government maintained that in the
past people had given up their political rights to
rulers in order to promote the common good.

a. John Locke
b. Baron de Montesquieu
c. Adam Smith
d. Louis Philippe
He not only explained why the planets moved
through space in an orderly manner but also
demonstrated the importance of empirical
(existential) data which came from observation.
a. John Locke
b. Alexander Pope
 c. Isaac Newton
d. Joseph Addison
Which of the following is NOT a contribution of
the Greeks to European Culture?

a. Classical Greece was the soil in which
Christianity grew and flourished
b. The Greeks developed a passion for political
theory which did not hesitate to debate the
merits of different governmental models.
c. The Greeks laid the basis for the tools of logic
d. The Greeks produced the first true historians
in Western Civilization.
Emelian Pugachev
a. led the rebellion of Aristocratic
Resurgence in Russia
b. was the boyar who led a rebellion against
Peter the Great
c. represented the Old Regime in Poland
 d.
led Russia’s largest peasant rebellion
against Catherine the Great
By the eighteenth century, which of the following
empires was known as “the sick man of Europe?”
a. Austrian
b. British
c.
Ottoman

d. Russian
e. Spanish
During the early 1300s, the princes of Moscow
had expanded their state by war, marriage and
outright purchase. This policy was called
a. the State Policy
 b. the Gathering of the Russian Land
c. the rebirth of the Russian Nation
d. the Third Rome
When Napoleon pushed aside Sieyès and in December
of 1799, he issued the __________________________.
Although it paid lip service to universal male suffrage,
this document was complicated and placed the authority
to rule not in three consuls but in one consul, the First
Consul, t which Napoleon quickly assumed for himself.
Constitution of the Year VIII
Napoleon in many ways looked back to this first Roman
emperor, who hid his monarchy under the guise of old
Republican Rome. Nevertheless, Napoleon was more
dictatorial and is considered the first of the modern dictators
of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Charlemagne
Julius Caesar

Augustus
Constantine
Which of the following series of events in Roman
History is in correct order?
a. Fall of Rome, Fall of the Republic, Fall of the
Kings, Fall of Byzantium
b. Fall of Byzantium, Fall of the Republic, Fall of
the Kings, Fall of Rome
c. Fall of the Republic, Fall of the Kings, Fall of the
Rome, Fall of Byzantium
 d. Fall of the Kings, Fall of the Republic, Fall of
Rome, Fall of Byzantium
Which of the following is NOT true about
Margaret Cavendish
a. She was the only women ever allowed to
attend a meeting of the Royal Society of
London
b. She was critical of the Royal Society for
ignoring practical scientific questions
 c.
She brought Rene Descartes to Stockholm
to establish foundations for the new science
d.
Wrote an influential treatise: Grounds of
Natural Philosophy.
The ____________________ did much to
bring Christianity to the Baltic States
 a. Teutonic Knights
b. Cathars
c. Franciscans
d. Dominicans
This Frankish ruler was crowned King of the
Romans by the pope in Rome in 800 A.D.
a. Liutprand
b.Justinian

c. Charlemagne
d.Otto the Great
Which group grew MOST in influence during
the eighteenth century?
a.monarchs
b.the nobility
c. the clergy
 d.the middle class
e. the peasantry
He was the Spanish conquistador responsible for
the defeat of the Aztec empire and the
establishment of the Spanish empire in
Mesoamerica.
Hernan Cortes
He won the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1488 and
founded the Tudor dynasty in England.
Henry VII
The center of a capitalist system is
a.
The
Free
Market

b. The Physiocrats
c. Religious Toleration
d. Bullionism
e. Mercantilism
When Charles VI of Austria died, he ignored
the pragmatic Sanction and seized Silesia
a. Louis XV of France

b. Frederick II of Prussia
c. Prince Wenzel Kaunitz of Austria
d. Peter III of Russia
Which of the following was not representative of
Renaissance painting?
a. the creation of the individual portrait as an
artistic genre.
b. the use of linear perspective to represent
three dimensions.
 c. a deeply religious tone as represented in
its choice of subjects.
d. the choice of themes from the Greek or
Roman world.
Humanist moral philosophers of the Renaissance
believed that
a. people should withdraw from the world and
dedicate themselves to prayer.
b. the thought of the middle ages was much more
pure than the scandalous ideas of the
Renaissance.
c. people could lead morally virtuous lives while
 participating in the world.
d. the ideals of the Greeks and Romans should be
shunned because they were pagan.
The greatest of proponent of Capitalism was
a. Karl Marx
b. John M. Keynes
c. Leon Blum

d. Adam Smith
The Reconquista
a. was the Portuguese trade route around
the tip of Africa.
b. was the reestablishment of native
Chinese rule by defeating the Mongols.
c. was the failed Islamic attempt to win back
control over southern Italy.
 d. was the Christian attempt to win Spain
from Islamic control.
The goal of Mercantilism was to
a. build as many warships as possible
b. to stay out of the way of Capitalism
c. take advantage of market variables

d. increase monetary wealth
William Laud triggered a war with
Scotland by
a. imposing the Clarendon Code
 b.
imposing the English Prayer Book
c. executing Oliver Cromwell
d. failing to link England to the Treaty of
Dover
The ___________________was the stable
governing council in Oligarchic Venice
Council of Ten
He laid the egg that Luther hatched.
Desiderius Erasmus
He described the mind at birth as a blank slate
(tabula rasa) which is filled during life through
experience.
 a. John Locke
b. Alexander Pope
c. Isaac Newton
d. Joseph Addison
The term mestizo refers to
 a. an individual of indigenous and European
parentage.
b. the Spanish plantations on which millions
of Central and South Americans were
enslaved.
c. the Aztec term for the mysterious disease
which devastated their population.
d. the percentage of silver which went to the
Spanish government.
Which Hellenistic philosophy viewed pleasure
as the greatest good?
a. Stoicism
b. Hedonism
 c. Epicureanism
d. Skepticism
Historians often call the Eighteenth Century
a. The Golden Age of Diplomacy
b. The Age of Revolution
c. The Coming of Republicanism
 d.
The Golden Age of Smuggling
e. The Great Era of the Monarchs
In 1520, Martin Luther wrote a pamphlet, An
Address to the Christian Nobility of the German
Nation, in which he
a. asked the German princes to defend the real
presence of Christ in the Eucharist
b. attacked those princes who held to the
Anabaptist doctrine of adult baptism
c. urged the German princes to crush the AntiTrinitarians for their unorthodox beliefs
 d. urged the German princes to force the
Catholic Church to reform
He was the most important philosopher of the
Romantic period and perhaps one of the most
complicated and significant philosophers in the
history of Western Civilization.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Hegel also believed that all history – from age to age was found in the mind and purpose of a World Spirit
(sort of like God) and later called the
_____________.
Zeitgeist
Midwives
a. were women whose husbands died and were
abandoned by society
 b.
gave care to women in childbirth
c. were economically independent women who
usually ran small businesses
d. worked in factories to supplement their
husbands’ income
The battle of Marathon in 490 B.C.E. proved to
be
a. a bloody stalemate with neither side
claiming victory.
b. an overwhelming Persian victory.
 c. a Persian loss.
d. a slight victory that turned the tide in
Persia's favor in the Persian Wars.
Audiencias
a. regulated all Spanish and Portuguese trade
with the New World

b. were used to keep Spanish viceroys in check
c. presided over municipal councils in the
Spanish Empire
d. replaced the Inquisition in the New World
Louis XIV considered his revocation of the
Edict of Nantes
a. unimportant
b. militarily significant
 c.
his most pious act
d. a necessary evil
The oldest child of Henry
VIII was (by Catherine)
a. Elizabeth I
b. Edward VI
c. Arthur
 d.
Mary I
Who was the third
child of Henry VIII (by
Jane Seymour)?
Elizabeth I
Edward VI
Arthur
Mary I

She wanted Stockholm to become the Athens of
the North and brought René Descartes to
Sweden to organize a scientific academy
 a. Christina of Sweden
b. Maria Cunitz
c. Maria Winkelmann
d. Elizabeth Koopman Helvius
The Enlightenment
a. was an 16th century movement supportive of
the Roman Catholic Church.
b. worked to undermine the power of the nobility.
c. envisioned a motionless earth surrounded by
nine spheres.
 d. abandoned Aristotelian philosophy and
substituted rational analysis for blind
adherence to traditional norms of thought.
Which of the following was NOT a result of the
Little Ice Age?
a. Timbuktu was flooded at least 13 times by
the Niger River.
b. In Northern Europe, agricultural production
declined sharply and led to famines
 c. In North America, Native American groups
dispersed as famines became more
common.
d. Viking colonies in Greenland died out.
The study of writing or speaking as a means of communication
or persuasion was called
Rhetoric
The word sublime comes from the Latin sublimen (uplifted
or elevated) and has come to mean
lofty, exalted, or awe-inspiring
Which was NOT one of the stipulations of the
Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt, both of which
ended the War of the Spanish Succession?
a. The Bourbon family secured the Spanish
throne but in return Spain forfeited its
possessions in Flanders and Italy
b. Philip V remained the King of Spain
c. Louis XIV recognized the legitimacy of the
House of Hanover in Great Britain
Spain reclaimed the Spanish Netherlands and
d.
took Gibraltar and Malta from Great Britain
He was an Italian humanist and teacher who
epitomized the goal of an educator. He opened his
own boarding school. His methods were
revolutionary. He lived with his students and
befriended them. His students studied the great
Roman authors and he cared for their health
especially by introducing physical education. His
school was, comfortable, well lighted and he made
the curriculum more interesting by taking field trips
Vittorino da Feltre
The Byzantine emperor Justinian's most important
and long-lasting political achievement was
a. his reconquest of the western half of the
Roman empire.
b. his democratic reforms.
c. his attempts to find a compromise between
the Monophysites and the Orthodox
religious parties.
 d. his codification of Roman law.
Socrates believed that it was most important to
try and understand
a. the will of the gods
b. the basic laws of nature
c. cosmology (study of the universe)
 d. human nature
The Reformation began as an attempt
 a.
to reform the Catholic Church
b. to crush the Albigensians
c. to spread humanism
d. to curb the power of the rising monarchies
e. to expand the power of the papacy
Native Americans sometimes fought back against
their Spanish and Portuguese oppressors. The
Pope led a huge uprising in Northern
shaman, __________,
Mexico called the Pueblo Revolt. An even larger
rebellion took place a century later in 1780 in Peru
where over sixty thousand Inca tried to throw off
Spanish tyranny and restore the last bloodline Incan
ruler ________________.
Tupac Amaru Both rebellions were
viciously put down and thousands were executed
(massacred).
He wrote De Elegantiis (Elegances of the Latin
Language), a critical examination of MedievalChurch Latin as opposed to Classical Latin, which
caused humanist scholars to purge their
contemporary Latin of Medieval words and style.
Using his new knowledge of Classical Latin style, he
shocked the Christian world by proving that a
document, The Donation of Constantine could not
possibly have been written in the Fourth Century.
Lorenzo Valla
The Bourgeoisie who supported Napoleon had not intention
of sharing their new privileges with the
émigrés (the old aristocracy)
peasants and others of the lower classes
professionals
monarchists
The principal author the First
English Book of Common
Prayer was
a.
Thomas Cramner
b. Thomas Cromwell
c. Martin Bucer
d. John Fisher
He was an Italian scholar, poet, and one of the
earliest humanists. He came to be called the
Father of Humanism, and he traveled around
Italy and France, avidly (with determination)
searching out Latin and Greek manuscripts.
a. Ludovico il Moro
b. Francisco Pizzaro
c. Pico della Mirandolla
 d. Francesco Petrarch
He founded the University of Alcalá near Madrid in
1509 and used the new learning to reform and to
reinforce the Roman Catholic practice of religion in
Spain. His greatest literary achievement was the
Complutensian Polyglot Bible.
a. Miguel Cervantes
 b. Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros
c. Jacques Lefévre d’Etaples
d. Saint Ignatius Loyola
Whom does this quote best describe: They
glorified the human being. They were the first
true Humanists and adopted the idea that man
with all his achievements was truly the measure
of all things.
a. the Stoics
b. the Persians
c. the Romans
 d. the Greeks
This was the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman
Empire which was created in the fifteenth century
in a attempt to control the feuding of local princes.
It consisted of the seven electors, the non-electoral
princes, and representatives from the sixty-five
imperial free cities.
a. Star Chamber
b. Pfefferkorn
c.
Reichstag

d. Parlement
The famous French foreign minister who served Louis
XVI, the various governments of the French Revolution,
Napoleon and Louis XVIII was
Mikhail Kutuzov
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
Clemens von Metternich
Victor Hugo
Francois Rene de Chateaubriand
Which of the following was not a difference
between the Spanish approach to colonization
and that of the English and French?
a. private investors played a much greater role
in the English and French approach.
 b. the English and French viewed the
indigenous populations as their equals.
c. the English and French did not encounter
large, centralized states.
d. the Spanish saw the Americas as a land to
exploit rather than one to settle or colonize.
Aristotle
a. gave unconditional support for the Platonic
World of Forms.
b. called for a renunciation of the world
because its distractions blinded the thinker.
 c. believed that philosophers could rely on
their senses.
d. refused to take a strong position on any
political, social or moral issue
This Father of Empiricism and the Inductive
Method urged his peers to ignore the scholastics
who paid too much attention to the ancients and
to “strike out on their own” in search of a fuller
understanding of nature.
a. Rene Descartes
b. Thomas Hobbes
c. Galileo
 d.
Francis Bacon
He was a native Peruvian who authored a letter to
King Philip III of Spain that has survived and
serves as a record of Native American grievances
against the Spanish colonists and the greedy
clergy.
 a.
Guaman Poma
b. Tupac Amaru
c. Bartolome de Las Casas
d. Pero Alvares Cabral
He was a famous caliph whose reign (786-808 C.E.)
brought the Abbasid dynasty to its high point; he was
known for his support of artists and writers, lavish
living, and luxurious gifts; his death led to civil war
over succession between his sons seriously
damaging Abbasid authority.
a. Ibn Rushd
b. al-Ghazali
c. Saladin
 d. Harun al-Rashid
The government established by Augustus Caesar
 a. was a monarchy disguised as a republic.
b. was a dictatorship similar to the one
imposed by Julius Caesar.
c. carried on the classical republic structure
that the Romans had followed for centuries.
d. quickly dissolved into anarchy.
What architectural style is Chartres
Cathedral?
a. Baroque
 b. Gothic
c. Romanesque
d. Neo Classical
In his Manifesto of the Renaissance he stressed the
amazing nature of human achievement; that humans
were the only creatures in the world that had the
capacity to be whatever they chose to be: to fly with
angels or wallow with the pigs.
Pico della Mirandola
He established the science of textual criticism
Lorenzo Valla
It was a unique English institution which had the
sanction of Parliament and whose function was
prevent the nobility from exercising intimidation
and violence to win court cases. Moreover, it was
staffed with the king’s judges who were not
intimidated by the nobility and ushered in a more
stable and equitable court system.
Star Chamber
In his 1573 treatise, De Nova Stella (On the
new star), he refuted the Aristotelian belief in
an unchanging celestial realm.
a. Thomas Hobbes
b. John Locke
 c. Tycho Brache
d. Isaac Newton
Crucial to the growth of the Industrial Revolution was
a. the leadership role taken by the Luddites.
b. the willing support of the major industrial
unions.
c. the leading role provided by specialization of
labor due to the Agricultural Revolution.
 d. the replacement of human and animal power
with inanimate sources of energy such as
steam.
Which early Italian Humanist said, It is better
to will the good than to know the truth?
a. Baldassare Castiglione
b. Christine de Pizan

c. Francesco Petrarch
d. Marsilio Ficino
Which religious group of the Reformation Era
was most closely identified with Byzantine
Icnoclasm?
 a.
Calvinism
b. Lutheranism
c. Anglicanism
d. Anabaptism
The Quran
 a. is the holy book of Islam.
b. were the priests who watched over the
Ka'ba.
c. was Muhammad's journey to Yathrib.
d. is the law code of Islam.
Which of the following did NOT contribute to the
decline of Spain?
 A.
the revolt in Portugal
B. Philip II’s extravagant spending
C. the revolt in the Netherlands
D. the defeat of the Armada
E. Philip’s interference in French politics
He was an Italian Dominican preacher in Florence,
who after its conquest by Charles VIII, convinced the
Florentines that the French conquest was a long
overdue punishment by God because of their
immorality. He confiscated all items associated with
moral laxity (from mirrors to pagan books) and burnt
them all in the town square. But his Puritanism did
not last. In 1498, he was accused of heresy and burnt
at the stake for heresy.
Girolamo Savonarola
Which of the following is NOT correct?
a. Muslims must acknowledge Allah as the only
God and Mohammad as his prophet.
b. Muslims must observe a fast during the
daylight hours during the month of Ramadan
 c. Muslims must contribute alms or the jizya for
the relief of the poor
d. Muslims must, if financially and physically
possible, must make the hajj and make at
least one pilgrimage to Mecca to honor
Mohammed.
The Treaty of Tilsit in July 1807
made a short peace with Great Britain
forced Austria to cede parts of her empire to Bavaria,
the Duchy of Warsaw, Russia and France; and lose
about three and a half million of her subjects
provided for the restoration of the Bourbons as the
kings of France
confirmed France’s territorial gains, stripped Prussia of
 half of its territory and redrew the map of Europe
This English Humanist wrote Utopia, which
depicted an imaginary society that had
overcome all social and political injustice by
holding all property and goods in common
and requiring every person to earn their own
living.
a. John Colet
b. Thomas More
c. Thomas Linacre
d. Thomas Wolsey
What philosophy does this quote reflect? “Seek not
that things, which happen, should happen as you
wish; but wish the things, which happen to be as
they are, and you will have a tranquil flow of life.”
 a. Stoicism
b. Mithraism
c. Humanism
d. Hedonism
By the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1763
a. Prussia surrendered Silesia to Austria
b. The British North American Colonies won
their independence
c. France regained the French territory around
Madras in India
 d.
France retained her sugar-plantation
colonies in Guadeloupe and Martinique
By the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783
a. Prussia surrendered Silesia to Austria
 b.
The British North American Colonies won
their independence
c. France regained the French territory around
Madras in India
d. France retained her sugar-plantation
colonies in Guadeloupe and Martinique
He was the first to hold that the Bible
alone was the source of all authority
 a.
Martin Luther
b. John Calvin
c. John Tetzel
d. Ulrich Zwingli
e. Henry VIII
The center for the revival of Platonism was in
Florence at the ____________________, a discussion
group, which was founded after more of Plato’s works
had been introduced during the Council of Florence
was.
Florentine Academy
For Plato, love carries people to the contemplation
of the divine. Hence the expression…
Platonic Love
_________________ was the famous work of
St. Augustine which sought to explain the
meaning of history and the world from a
Christian point of view.
a. The Institutes
b. The Edict of Milan
 c. The City of God
d. The Digest
After the Münster debacle of 1534,
a. there was a smaller drop in the numbers of
clergy and monasteries
b. all Lutherans and Catholics to convert to
Anabaptism or emigrate to another place
c. Jansenism began to lose ground to Calvinism
in France and Spain
 d.
Anabaptists became moderate and pacifistic
During the Age of Exploration, the
marginalization of indigenous peoples was
a. more common in Latin America than in
North America
b. least common in Canada and Peru
 c. common in both North and South
America
d. most common in the United States
He co-published the Spectator, which fostered the
value of polite conversation and the reading of
books.
a. John Locke
b. Alexander Pope
c. Isaac Newton
 d. Joseph Addison
______________________________
The Elector Frederick of Saxony
was a friend and supporter of
Luther. After the Diet of Worms,
Charles V had Luther made and
outlaw. He then “kidnapped” and
Wartburg
hid Luther in ___________
Castle for
almost a year. While there Luther,
using Erasmus’ Greek Bible and the
Latin Bible, translated the
New Testament into German.
She was the wife of Louis XVI and the daughter of the
Austrian Empress Maria Theresa. Initially popular in
France, she became “that Austrian woman” and was
accused of sexual promiscuity and personal
extravagance.
Pauline Leon
 Marie Antoinette
Olympe de Gouges
Claire Lacombe
After World War II, Europe was forced to abandon
99% of its colonial empires, a process called
a. Ethnic Dispersal
b. Ethnic Disintegration
 c. Decolonization
d. Anschluss
Many scholars refer to the __________________
as a pruning phenomenon. The irony was that in
1400, there were fewer people in Europe than in
1300, but personal income and production
actually increased.
a. Hundred Years’ War
b. Renaissance
c. Seven Year’s War
 d. Bubonic Plague
In 1519 _________________was
Ulrich Zwingli
appointed Leutpriestertum (people's
priest) at the main church in Zurich
because of superior reputation as a
preacher and writer. As the Father of
the Swiss Reformation his
overarching principle was:
Chapter 11
Whatever lacked literal
Scriptural support was to be
neither believed
nor practiced.
The institution of the Devshirme produced
a. Umams
b. Uzbecks
 c. Janissaries
d. Shkhs
In 1650, this Silesian astronomer published
Urania Propitia, in which she corrected and
updated much of Kepler’s work.
 a. Maria Cunitz
b. Maria Winkelmann
c. Elizabeth Koopman Helvius
d. Margaret Cavendish
Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in
a. 410 CE
b. 711 CE
c. 1204 CE
 d. 1453 CE
After Charles V had Luther declared an
outlaw, Frederick of Hesse hid Luther in his
own castle where Luther
a. wrote an influential treatise, The
Babylonian Captivity of the Church, in
which he attacked the seven sacraments.
b. inspired the formation of the
Schmaldkaldic League
 c. translated the New Testament into German
d. wrote the Marburg Colloquy
Which of the following is not a reason why the
Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain?
a. Great Britain was blessed with large
deposits of coal and iron ore
b. The Protestant Work Ethic.
c. The Enclosure Movement
 d. Conservative governments which gave their
blessing to borrowing foreign capital.
The quip (sarcastic comment) that the Holy
Roman Empire was "neither holy, nor
Roman, nor an empire" is attributed to
a. Hugh Capet
b. William of Normandy
 c. Voltaire
d. Edward Gibbon
Constantinople was sacked and plundered by
Crusaders and the Venetians in
a. 410 CE
b. 711 CE
 c. 1204 CE
d. 1453 CE
Deism
 a. was a belief in the existence of God but a
denial of the supernatural teachings of
Christianity
b. allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith
only in a few specified French cities
c. was a rational analysis of religion rather than
blind obedience to the Christian religion
d. held that kings derive their authority from
God and serve as "God's lieutenants on
earth."
The two big winners in the Seven Years’ War were
a. Prussia and Austria
b. France and Russia
 c.
Britain and Prussia
d. Britain and Russia
e. France and Austria
In the new world of the Americas, viceroys were
a. Spanish settlers
b. peoples of mixed black-Native American
ancestry
c. the first society of the Americas to come
into contact with the Spanish.
 d. the Spanish administrative officials who
ruled over the colonies and reported
back to Spain.
The Treaty of Schöenbrun in 1809
made a short peace with Great Britain
forced Austria to cede parts of her empire to Bavaria,
the Duchy of Warsaw, Russia and France; and lose
about three and a half million of her subjects
provided for the restoration of the Bourbons as the
kings of France
confirmed France’s territorial gains, stripped Prussia of
half of its territory and redrew the map of Europe
Along with Madame de Staël, he helped bring the
Romantic Movement to France. He will always be
immortalized in his 1862 novel Les Misérables
Victor Hugo
This pope, who condemned both the Civil
Constitution of the Clergy and the Declaration of the
Rights of Man and Citizen was driven into exile by the
French and died in exile in 1799.
Pius VI
Socinanism was identified with (the)
a. clerical celibacy
 b.
anti-Trinitarianism
c. Via Media
d. Counter Reformation
e. Lutheranism
In his Institutes of the Christian Religion,
this influential Protestant reformer taught
that salvation was God’s free gift to those
whom God “predestinated”.
a. Martin Luther

b. John Calvin
c. Sir Thomas More
d. Ignatius Loyola
Which of the following statements is most correct
about Napoleon Bonaparte?
His only defeat was at the Battle of Lodi in Northern
Italy.
He thoroughly supported the French Revolution.
He defeated Lord Nelson at the Battle of the Nile
He made his brother Joseph king of Sweden
This English philosopher was the father of
Empiricism which states that knowledge comes
only or primarily from sensory experience.
a. Nicolas Copernicus
b. Tycho Brahe
c. Isaac Newton
 d. Sir Francis Bacon
The Edict of Nantes in 1598
a. denied Huguenots religious freedom

b. Established universal religious toleration in
France
c. Settled the border between France and
Spain
d. Ended French involvement in Italy
He wrote a progressive Romantic novel, Lucinde,
which attacks misogynistic prejudices that regard
women as little more than lovers or domestic
servants. He depicted Lucinde as the perfect
friend and companion as well as an unsurpassed
lover. Like other early Romantic novels, Lucinde
shocked contemporary morals by frankly
discussing social issues and sexual mores – and
creating a female equal to the male hero.
Frederich Schlegel
The political world of the ancient Greeks
a. achieved unification under Pericles.
b. was a history of early, long-lasting
centralized government.
c. stabilized after the conquest by Persia.
 d. usually consisted of independent,
autonomous city-states.
On St. Bartholomew’s Day, August 24th, 1572,
a. Henry of Navarre was assassinated by a
Catholic fanatic.
b. Henry of Navarre issued the Edict of Nantes
c. over twenty thousand Huguenots were
 massacred all across France
d. John Knox published his First Blast of the
Trumpet against the Terrible Regiment of
Women.
Spanish dreams of a European [and World]
Empire in the sixteenth century were
undermined by
a. unending revolts in Portugal
b. uprisings among the Spanish nobility
c. the emergence of a strong Spanish
Protestant movement
 d. Spain’s attempt to impose Roman
Catholicism on the Netherlands
European Feudalism
a. made it impossible to build powerful
states.
b. insured political chaos.
c. insured a strong centralized political
system.
 d. made it difficult but possible to build
powerful states.
He believed that behind the development of human
history from one period to the next lay the mind and
purpose of what he called the World-Spirit, a concept not
unlike the Christian God.
Immanuel Kant
John Wesley
Lord Byron
Georg Hegel
Queen Elizabeth I of England is best associated
with (the)
a. clerical celibacy
b. anti-Trinitarianism
 c.
Via Media
d. Counter Reformation
e. Lutheranism
In his 1762 novel Émile, Rousseau
a. argued that they should have a wider role in
society
b. suggested ways to improve women’s lives
c.
felt
a
woman’s
chief
role
to
make
herself

pleasing for men
d. supported the right of women to divorce
She tried to reconcile the Protestant and Catholic
factions in France. In 1562, she issued the January
Edict, which granted French Protestants freedom to
worship privately in urban areas and publically in
the countryside.
a. Jeanne d’Albert
b. Marguerite of Valois
c. Mary of Burgundy
 d. Catherine de Mèdici
This English scientist, who criticized the Royal
Society for being too interested in instruments and
no results, also wrote The Blazing World (a fanciful
depiction of a satirical, utopian kingdom in another
world)is one of the earliest examples of science
fiction.
Maria Winckelmann
John Ray
 Margaret Cavendish
Thomas Hobbes
He praised the Romantic literature of Dante,
Petrarch, Shakespeare, the Arthurian legends
and Cervantes. In his Lectures on Dramatic art
and Literature (1809-1811), he stated that
what Romantic literature was to Classical
Literature was the same as what the organic
and living were to the mechanical.
August Wilhelm von Schlegel
He wrote the Dark Night of the Soul which
tells the story of a human soul leaving its
bodily home to find mystical union with God.
a. St. Philip Neri
b. Ignatius of Loyola
c.
St. John of the Cross
d. Miguel Cervantes
The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494
a. granted England control over Australia.
 b. split Central and South America between
Spain and Portugal.
c. limited Spanish northern expansion at
modern-day Florida.
d. ended the English practice of raiding
Spanish treasure galleons.
Which of the following was NOT part of the Concordat of
1801?
The government nominated bishops but the popes
had the right to depose them.
 Catholicism was again made the state religion.
The Catholic Church gave up all its claims to
Church lands that were confiscated after 1790.
The government paid salaries to the clergy who
were required to swear allegiance to the state.
Which of the following achievements was NOT a
part of the early middle ages?
a. a restoration of political order through a feudal
system.
b. an economic recovery.
c. the development of the Romance Languages
 d. the re-establishment of centralized, imperial
rule.
As a general rule Industrialization and the
Industrial Revolution
a. strengthened the family bond.
b. had almost no influence on women.
c. gave middle class women greater economic
flexibility.
 d. often tore working classes families apart.
The Society of Jesus (or the
______________________
Jesuits) was founded by St.
Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556), a
Basque nobleman whose goal was
to go on the offensive and both to
expand Roman Catholic territory in
distant lands and to win back
Protestants to the Roman Catholic
Church in Europe itself.
Chapter 11
Whom did Napoleon invite to take part in his coronation
but at the last minute agreed that Napoleon should crown
himself
Frederick William III of Prussia
 Pope Pius VII
Maria Theresa
William Pitt the Younger of Great Britain
This seventeenth century movement within the
Catholic Church (mostly in France) echoed the
Augustinian tradition and Calvinism in that it
emphasized original sin, human depravity, the
necessity of divine grace, and predestination.
a. Spiritualism
b. Anabaptism
c. Scholasticism
 d. Jansenism
By the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1763,
which two of the following did NOT happen?
 a.
Prussia surrendered Silesia to Austria
b. The British North American Colonies won
their independence
 c.
France regained the French territory around
Madras in India
d. France retained her sugar-plantation
colonies in Guadeloupe and Martinique
After the Glorious Revolution in 1688, William
and Mary recognized a Bill of Rights which
effectually made England a
a. representative democracy

b. limited monarchy
c. absolute monarchy
d. enlightened monarchy
European worldwide expansion can be divided
into four eras or stages. Name them.
Voyages of Discovery – conquest of the New
World – economic penetration in Asia
Eighteenth century Mercantilist Empires
dominated by colonial trade rivalry
Late nineteenth century European carving
up of the world into colonies
Decolonization after World War II
This poem tells the story of a sailor cursed for
killing an albatross. It deals with the sailor’s
crime against nature and God and raises issues
of guilt, punishment, penance and
redemption. At the end, the sailor discovers
the unity and beauty of all things. He repents
and the curse – symbolized by a dead
albatross hung around his neck – is taken
away.
The Rime of the Ancient
Mariner
The smallest, wealthiest, best defined and most
socially responsible aristocracy in Europe during
the eighteenth century was found in
a. France
b. Germany
c. France
 d. Great Britain
e. Russia
They were a group of Jacobins that dominated the early
days of the Legislative Assembly. Although they were
determined to deal severely with the enemies of the
Revolution, their attitudes were milder than the
Mountain or Sans-Culottes
Levee en Masse
 Girondists
Directory
Bourgeoisie
The arrival of the Europeans in Africa
a. created a slave market where none had
existed before.

b. dramatically increased previously existing
slave networks.
c. had almost no influence on the slave
networks.
d. dramatically decreased the number of
Africans sold into slavery.
He said, “Paris is worth a Mass.” This meant that he
abandoned the Protestant Religion and became a
Roman Catholic
 a. Henry IV.
b. John Knox
c. Cardinal Richelieu
d. Charles IX
When Thomas Jefferson wrote We hold these
truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator,
with certain unalienable Rights, that among these
are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness he
was echoing the Hellenistic philosophy
called_____________________.
a. Stoicism
b. Skepticism
 c.
Epicureanism
d. Cynicism
Deism
 a. was a belief in the existence of God but a
denial of the supernatural teachings of
Christianity
b. allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith
only in a few specified French cities
c. was a rational analysis of religion rather than
blind obedience to the Christian religion
d. held that kings derive their authority from
God and serve as "God's lieutenants on
earth."
The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 ended
a. the English Civil War
 b. the Thirty Years’ War.
c. the War of the Austrian Succession
d. the Seven Years’ War
_________________ is the rule of a small class of
aristocrats, elites or nobility.
 a. Oligarchy
b. Monarchy
c. Democracy
d. Tyranny
This legislation of Parliament finessed by Henry
VIII is often seen as the beginning of the English
Reformation even though Henry would not
abandon traditional Catholic theology. …
a. The Six Articles of 1539
b. The Ninety Five Theses
c. A Defense of the Seen Sacraments
d.
The Act of Supremacy of 1534
This revolution in thinking began towards the end
of the Renaissance and continued through the late
18th century, the later part being called The
Enlightenment.
a. the Industrial Revolution
b. Romanticism

c. the Scientific Revolution
d. Nationalism
In 1543, this Prussian priest and astronomer
published a revolutionary treatise just before his
death, On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres,
which pointed astronomy in a completely new
direction.

a. Nicolas Copernicus
b. Tycho Brahe
c. Isaac Newton
d. Sir Francis Bacon
Certitude of Salvation which teaches that God
works to bring about the salvation of individuals
by means of grace and without the cooperation
from the individual was the teaching of
a. Martin Luther
b. Michael Servetus
c. Thomas Cranmer

d. John Calvin
He is regarded as the Father of Classical
Liberalism who argued that people were basically
reasonable and moral, and that they had natural
rights that belonged to all humans by virtue of birth.
a. Rene Descartes
b. Thomas Hobbes
 c. John Locke
d. Tycho Brache
This –ism stresses the importance of liberty and
equal rights; and grew out of the Enlightenment.
Ironically, these equal right often did not extend to
women or the lower classes.
a. Imperialism
b.
Liberalism

c. Conservatism
d. Nationalism
e. Socialism
Henry VIII wanted
a. A divorce from Catherine of Aragon.
b. Lutheranism to spread in England.
c. to protect Pope Clement VII.
 d.
a child to survive and be his heir
This Father of Deductive Reasoning wrote
Meditations on First Philosophy and Physical
World which observed that the world was like a
giant machine which could be measured and
observed and extended to all human studies.
 a.Rene Descartes
b.Thomas Hobbes
c.John Locke
d.Tycho Brache
The final stage of European worldwide
expansion is marked by
a. Mercantilist Empires
b. the Cold War
c. Christian missionary zeal

d. Decolonization
A good description of the Protestant
Reformation of the sixteenth century might be
a. the migration of Italian humanism
b. a defense of Scholasticism
c. a reaction to the Council of Trent
 d.
the last gasp of medieval piety
__________________
Sola Scriptura
is the
Reformational doctrine that all
Christian authority comes from the
Bible alone.
The Reformation is sometimes
called…
Chapter 11
This pope perfected the idea of Plentitude of
Power which taught that the pope and his
bishops had full authority to speak and act for
themselves and for their own interests, without
appealing to higher authorities.
 Innocent III
Urban IV
Benedict XII
Clement VI
Which of the following was NOT a tax or
requirement to work for another in place
of a tax?
a. Vingtième
b. Corvée
 c.
Higglers
d. Resm-i Çift
e. Robot
The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
 a.
made Britain and Prussia allies
b. brought the War of Jenkins Ear to an end
c. created hostility between Maria Theresa
and Russia
d. made France and Austria enemies
Blaise Pascal, both a theologian and
mathematician, believed that:

a. it is better to believe in God than not to
believe in God
b. the Jansenists were wrong
c. atheists were right and that there is no God
d. traditional religious belief must be
transformed by science
His struggles in England impressed
unhappy American colonists
a. Lord North
 b.
John Wilkes
c. The Earl of Bute
d. William Wilberforce
e. Thomas Paine
In France, Nobles of the Sword gained their
rank from
 a.
military service
b. service in the Church
c. serving in the bureaucracy
d. industrial achievement
Which of the following events came first?
a. The Golden Age of Athens
 b.
The Exodus
c. The Peloponnesian War
d. The Fall of Constantinople
e. The Fall of Rome
Which of the following events came last?
a. The Golden Age of Athens
b. The Exodus
c. The Peloponnesian War
 d.
The Fall of Constantinople
e. The Fall of Rome
In The Republic, Plato proposed that the best
rulers of society should be
a. the descendants of Socrates.
b. individuals who had a strong sense of duty to
help others lead virtuous lives
c. the Spartans because of their emphasis on
self discipline
d.
Philosopher Kings
He was Bishop of Chiapas, and the first officially
appointed "Protector of the Indians." He wrote A
Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies,
which brought attention to the atrocities committed
by Spanish settlers against the indigenous peoples.
a. Guaman Poma
b. Tupac Amaru
c.
Bartolome de Las Casas
d. Pero Alvares Cabral
He was the Archbishop of Canterbury, who along
with six other bishops who refused the Declaration
of Indulgence to be read from their churches, was
arrested by James II, confined to the Tower of
London and later acquitted to the delight of London.
a. Thomas Cranmer
And the year was?
b. William Laud
c.
William Sancroft
d. Matthew Parker
1688
All but two of the following firmly believed that Plato
and Aristotle were compatible with Christianity; and
that it was possible to be steeped in the Greek and
Roman classics and still be a good Christian. Who
are they?
a. Innocent III
 b.
Leonardo Bruni
 c.
Thomas More
d. Savonarola
The Critique of Pure Reason was written by
Hume
Pope Pius VII
Rousseau
 Hegel
Kant
Guilano della Rovere took the papacy to the peak
of its secular and military authority; he suppressed
the Borgia family and gained the title of The Warrior
Pope. His papal name was…
a. Alexander VI
b. Clement VII
c. Pius V
d.
Julius II
The _____________of architecture, interior design,
painting along with music, literature and theater
emerged after the death of Louis XIV and took root
when the aristocracy spent less time at Versailles
and more times enjoying the diversions of Paris.
Neo-Gothic
Renaissance
Baroque
Rococo
Working on John Locke’s thinking, she attacked the
absolute sovereignty of the male head of the
household. She dared to ask that ‘If all men are
born free, why are all women born slaves?' .
Maria Cunitz
 Mary Astell
Mary Wollstonecraft
Maria Winkelmann
This is the economic system in which private
parties make their goods and services available on
a free market and seek to take advantage of
market conditions to profit from their activities.
a. Colonialism
b. Mercantilism
c.
Capitalism
d. Socialism
One of Montesquieu’s most influential ideas was
his
a. theory of enlightened despotism
b.
conception of division of power within
government
c. belief that a strong government was needed to
keep people in conformity with the law
d. Support for the restoration of the Stuart kings in
Great Britain
He who dies with the most gold is a parody of what
kind of eighteenth century thinking?
a. Enlightened Despotism
b. Slavery
c. Religious Toleration
 d.
Bullionism
e. The Free Market
________________produced
Thomas Cranmer
the first
English Book of Common Prayer and
was martyred under Queen Mary I
Edward VI was the son of Henry
_____________
VIII. He was a gloomy and sickly
young man with Protestant leanings.
He died young but his legacy was the
Reformation in England took root
during his reign.
Chapter 11
The war of Jenkins’ Ear was a war over
 a.
Trading Rights
b. Ending the Slave Trade
c. Religious Toleration
d. Prussia’s desire to gain possession of Silesia
e. Austria’s desire to gain revenge for her defeat in
the Seven Year’s War
After the Thirty Years’ War, which nation
emerged as the most powerful?
A. England
 B. France
C. The Netherlands
D. Spain
E. The Holy Roman Empire
In 1778, he published an influential essay On
the Knowing and Feelings of the Human Soul.
In it he rejected the explanation of the
universe in mechanical terms – so popular
among Enlightenment writers – and viewed
human beings and societies as organisms that
– like plants – that grew and developed over
time.
Johann Herder
Which two of the following were not components
of Byzantine society?

a. Islam
b. Hellenism
c. Roman Law
d. Christianity
e. Scholasticism
Which of the following countries saw the most
improvement in agricultural methods in the
eighteenth century?
a. Austria
 b.
The Netherlands
c. France
d. Spain
Whom did John Wesley ordain as the first bishop of the
Methodist Church?
Arthur Wellesley
John Constable
John Turner
 Thomas Coke
He scandalized his fellow Jews when he said, God
is Nature and Nature is God.
a. Barthélemy d’Herbert
b. Gotthold Lessing
c. Moses Mendelssohn
 d.
Baruch Spinoza