Jemma Rose
The physiological effects of nitrate supplementation when exercising at altitude
HEPH04
20033556
Introduction
Larsen et al., (2007) explained the roles of nitrate oxide (NO) and the physiological
effects and adaptations it has within the body. These effects include increasing blood
flow to the working muscles, regulating muscle contractions and glucose uptake,
reducing resting blood pressure and the oxygen demand during submaximal
exercise in healthy individuals (Bailey et al., 2009 ; Larsen et al., 2007). NO is also
an important modulator of blood flow and mitochondrial respiration during physical
exercise.
Nitrate supplementation has recently been studied for its potential to enhance
exercise performance. The most commonly used source of nitrate is organic beetroot
juice. Bailey et al., (2009) and Lansley et al., (2011) completed similar studies that
examined the pulmonary and cardiovascular responses during progressive load
cycling. Both studies used the same protocol of 500ml of beetroot juice for six
consecutive days. Lansley et al., (2011) reported that the consumption of nitrate was
associated with an improvement of the body’s efficiency to utilise oxygen. Both
studies evidently show that the participant’s systolic blood pressure values
decreased and they were able to prolong the time at which they reached exhaustion.
Cermak et al ., (2008) study found supporting results from using 140ml beetroot juice
for six consecutive days. The findings from this study reported a decrease of 3.5%
and 5.1% oxygen consumption during submaximal exercise. These findings are
1
Jemma Rose
significant in view of the traditional belief that exercise efficiency is resistant to
significant change, particularly as efficiency has been found to be similar across
training status (Moseley et al., 2004). Given that this is considered a key predictor of
endurance exercise performance (Joyner and Coyle, 2008), there is potential for
nitrate supplements to be used as ergogenic aids in endurance based activities.
Maximal oxygen uptake decreases as altitude increases. Thus, VO2max decreases as
the atmospheric pO2 drops below 131 mmHg, this generally occurs at an altitude of
1,500 to 1,600m. At altitudes of up to 5,000m, the decreased vo 2max is due to the
reduced arterial PO2; at higher elevations, a decreased maximal cardiac output
further limits the body’s overall efficiency to consume oxygen (Wilmore et al., 2008).
This drop in pO2 also causes an increased heart rate and stroke volume resulting in
a higher blood pressure and the individual to hyperventilate as each breath delivers
less oxygen to the body. Due to this increase in respiratory, the cardiovascular
response is to increase heart rate and stroke volume and a decrease in plasma
volume (Wilmore et al., 2012).
Alizadeh et al., (2012) explains these atmospheric changes can cause acute
mountain sickness (AMS). AMS has been defined as developing two or more of the
following symptoms: dizziness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and headaches.
Burtscher (2005) explains AMS can also have a negative impact on an athlete’s
ability to utilise their aerobic capacity resulting in a reduction in performance. Hahn
and Gore, (2001) review of relevant literature also highlights the negative effect
altitude can have on cycling as they reported a 6% decrease in performance.
Therefore when oxygen availability is reduced unavoidably, as it is at high altitude, a
potential mechanism to improve oxygen delivery to working tissues is necessary to
2
Jemma Rose
increase blood flow (Bond et al., 2012). Many people train and live at high altitudes
without pulmonary hypertension or cardiac hypertrophy, which suggests that another
factor may intervene to maintain blood flow when the blood carries less oxygen and
the usual vasoconstriction response increases pulmonary resistance (Brian et al.,
2005), that factor is NO. NO is a vasodilator and can be found within the lungs,
particularly among Tibetans (Ezurum et al., 2007). In order to enhance performance
whilst training at high altitudes, nitrate supplementation has been used in an attempt
to enhance the functions of NO. For example, supplementation with dietary nitrate
sources or sodium nitrate has been shown to reduce blood pressure and improve an
athlete’s ability to efficiently use utilise oxygen (Bond et al., 2012).
The aim of this study was to examine the effects that beetroot supplementation had
on the physiological components of cycling at altitude. It is hypothesized that after
the nitrate supplementation period oxygen consumption will decrease and the RER
and heart rate values will reduce.
Method
Subject characteristics
Three healthy and moderately fit subjects (two females, one male) with a mean age
(23) and body mass (74.13kg) completed the nitrate supplementation study. The
subjects were asked to refrain from consuming alcohol and caffeine 24 hours prior to
testing and nitrate high foods throughout the experimental period. The subjects were
also asked to consume 1.5L of water the night before the experiment and 500ml the
morning of the experiment to ensure they were hydrated. Each subject gave their
3
Jemma Rose
informed consent and filled out a Par-Q form prior to the trail. The subjects were
made aware they could withdraw from the study at any time.
Protocol
The experiment consisted of each subject cycling at 70 (RPM) for 30 minutes at a
work rate of 3% body mass at 2660m altitude. The subjects completed this protocol
twice, once as a baseline for all subjects and again after the subjects had completed
the consumption of 500ml per day for six consecutive days of beetroot juice as a
nitrate supplementation.
Procedure
After consent was provided from all the subjects, the preparation procedures began
by the subjects providing: a urine sample for analysis (Osmochek, Vitech scientific
Ltd. West Sussex, UK), nude body weight (Excell weight counting scale excel
precision co ltd, Taiwan), Height (Seca medical measuring systems, Birmingham,
UK), body fat percentage (Tanita multi-frequency body composition analyser MC180MA, Tanita corporation, Tokyo, Japan), heart rate monitor (Polar heart rate
monitor, polar electro, Finland), taking an average blood pressure value from 3
readings (Digital automatic blood pressure monitor, MX2 basic, Omron, Kytoto,
Japan) and a resting blood lactate measure taken from a capillary sample from the
finger (YSI 2300 stat plus, YSI, Ohio, USA).
The subject then made their way into the chamber which was set to 2660m (Climatic
test chamber 201003-1, T.I.S services, Hampshire, UK) and onto the bike where a
heart rate monitor was attached around their chest. The subjects then placed a
cortex mask on that was attached to a pre calibrated gas analyser (cortex metalyser
3B, cortex, Leipzip, Germany).
The subjects were required to pedal sub-maximally against 3% of their body weight,
maintaining an average of 70 RPM continuously for 30minutes with the HR, RER,
Vo2, VCo2 and RPE values being collected every 5 minutes. Once the subjects had
reached the 15 minute mark, blood lactate and blood pressure values were both
4
Jemma Rose
taken. All these measurements were repeated once the subjects had completed the
experiment and then they were removed from the chamber.
This procedure was then repeated 14 days later prior to the beetroot
supplementation period. The beetroot supplementation period was consumed 7
days before retesting and the subjects were required to drink 500ml every morning
after breakfast. This nitrate supplementation was to be part of the subject’s usual diet
minus foods high in nitrate. To ensure the subjects diets were similar they were
asked to keep a daily diary to record the foods/drinks they consumed. The subjects
were then asked to replicate what they consumed two days prior to retesting.
Data analysis
Excel will be used in order to calculate the subjects average data values, STDEV
and to design appropriate line graphs in order to interoperate the data effectively.
The data that will go through this process is; systolic blood pressure, vo 2, heart rate,
RER and RPE. SPSS will then be used to run a pre and post paired sample T-test to
see if there is a significant difference to the data stated.
5
Jemma Rose
Results
Vo2
4.5
VO2 (mL/(kg·min)
4
3.5
3
PRE VO2
POST VO2
2.5
2
1.5
1
5
10
15
20
Time (mins)
25
30
Figure 1. Pre and Post nitrate supplementation averages from 3 of the participant’s
VO2 (mL/(kg-min) values against time (mins). Data showing nitrate supplementation
did not improve O2 consumption efficiency.
2.5
VO2 mL/(kg-min)
2.3
2.1
PRE VO2
1.9
POST VO2
1.7
1.5
5
10
15
20
25
30
Time (mins)
Figure 2. Pre and Post nitrate supplementation values of participant A’s VO2
(mL/(kg-min) data against time (mins). Data showing nitrate supplementation did not
improve the participants O2 efficiency.
6
Jemma Rose
Heart rate
200
Heart rate (Bpm)
190
180
170
160
Pre HR
150
Post HR
140
130
120
5
10
15
20
25
30
Time (mins)
Figure 3. Pre and Post nitrate supplementation averages from 3 of the participant’s
Heart rate (Bpm) values against time (mins). Data showing nitrate supplementation
did not decrease the participant’s heart rate values.
195
190
Heart rate (Bpm)
185
*
180
175
PreHR
170
PostHR
165
160
155
150
5
10
15
20
Time (mins)
25
30
* Indicates significant different between Pre and Post heart rate (Bpm) values (p<.006)
Figure 4. Pre and Post nitrate supplementation values of participant A’s Heart rate
(Bpm) during submaximal exercise against time (mins). Data showing nitrate
supplementation had a positive effect and reduced participant A’s heart rate (Bpm).
7
Jemma Rose
RER
1.2
1.1
RER
1
0.9
PreRER
0.8
PostRER
0.7
0.6
0.5
5
10
15
20
Time (mins)
25
30
Figure 5. Pre and Post nitrate supplementation averages from 3 of the participant’s
respiratory exchange ratio (RER) values against time (mins). Data showing that the
participant’s RER values fluctuated throughout the incremental exercise test.
1.1
RER
1
0.9
*
0.8
PreRER
PostRER
0.7
0.6
0.5
5
10
15
20
Time (mins)
25
30
*Indicates significant different between Pre and Post RER values (P<.001)
Figure 6. Pre and Post nitrate supplementation values of participant A’s RER values
during submaximal exercise against time (mins). Data showing nitrate
supplementation had a positive effect on the participant’s efficiency to burn fats.
8
Jemma Rose
Systolic blood pressure
150
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
145
140
135
130
125
Pre Systolic BP
120
Post Systolic BP
115
110
105
100
0
30
Time (mins)
Figure 7. Pre and Post nitrate supplementation averages from 3 of the participant’s
systolic blood pressure (mmHg) values against time (mins). Data showing that
systolic blood pressure did not decrease but remained the same post
supplementation.
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
145
140
135
130
125
120
pre systolic BP
115
Post systolic BP
110
105
100
0
30
Times (mins)
Figure 8. Pre and Post nitrate supplementation values of participant A’s systolic
blood pressure (mmHg) data during submaximal exercise against time (mins). Data
showing systolic blood pressure values were not significantly different.
9
Jemma Rose
RPE
19
17
RPE
15
13
PreRPE
11
PostRPE
9
7
5
5
10
15
20
Time (mins)
25
30
Figure 9. Pre and Post nitrate supplementation averages from 3 of the participant’s
RPE values against time (mins). Data showing RPE increased after the nitrate
supplementation period meaning the participants found the exercise more strenuous .
20
18
RPE
16
14
PreRPE
12
PostRPE
10
8
6
5
10
15
20
Time (mins)
25
30
Figure 10. Pre and Post nitrate supplementation values of participant A’s RPE data
against time (mins). Data showing no significant different post nitrate
supplementation. However from the graph it is clear there was a slight improvement
post nitrate.
10
Jemma Rose
Discussion
Physiological adaptation to exercise involves major cardiovascular and metabolic
changes within the body. Oxygen consumption increases in the active and working
muscles with a similar increase in the muscle blood flow. During these processes,
the endogenous gas nitric oxide (NO) plays an important regulatory role. NO
increases blood flow to the muscles and regulates muscular contraction and glucose
uptake (Stamler and Meissner, 2001). In addition, it is involved in the control of
cellular respiration through interaction with enzymes of the mitochondrial respiratory
chain (Moncada and Erusalimsky, 2002). However due to high atmospheric
pressure during training at altitude, there is a decrease in the oxygen supply which
further limits the bodies oxygen cost. Thus, the nitrate- nitrite- nitric oxide pathway is
more active under hypoxia, therefore studies have shown nitrate supplementation
can enhance and improve an athlete’s ability to utilise oxygen more efficiently whilst
training at high altitudes. Larsen et al., (2007) ; Muggeridge et al., (2013) studies
both evidently show corresponding results for the positive effects of beetroot
supplementation. Both sets of results show a reduced oxygen consumption of the
participants within their studies. Contrary to these positive results, they can’t be
identically compared to the findings from this study, but only used as a guideline.
Due to the fact Larsen et al., (2007) created their study based around a specific
criteria and purposeful sampling (Patton, 2002), using ‘nine well trained male
athletes’.
Both sets of data within figures 1 and 2 show no significant difference of vo2
improvements from pre and post beetroot supplementation. This could have been
11
Jemma Rose
due to the time at which the post experiment took place, as this experiment was
completed late afternoon compared to pre-test which was recorded during late
morning. Two of the subjects used within this study were classified as ‘trained’ as
they competed within various sports which required more than 12 hours of training
per week. Schena et al., (2002) stated that trained participants require more NO3 to
see similar adaptations as untrained athletes when conducting experiments at high
altitudes. This could explain the results within figure 2 as the athletes could already
have been fully nitrate loaded prior to the pre nitrate supplementation test.
Results obtained by subject A showed that nitrate supplementation over a 6 day
period had a positive effect on heart rate, RER and RPE. This is shown within the
figures above as there is a sufficient decrease in the exercise variables post beetroot
supplementation. There is a clear significant reduction (P<.001) to the subjects RER
values. Goedecke et al., (2000) explains that the RER value is used to represent a
ratio between carbon dioxide and oxygen that is measured from an athletes expired
gas. Values for RER range from 1.0 to 0.7 with the athletes utilising carbohydrates at
a value of 1 and fats with a value of 0.7. This is due to fat only being burned during
the presence of oxygen whereas; carbohydrates are burned when the oxygen supply
is depleted (Goedecke et al., 2000). The results within figure 6 show clearly that the
participant reduced their RER value throughout the entire submaximal exercise
cycle. Resulting in the subject exercising more aerobically and burning more fats in
comparison to the results pre beetroot supplementation where their RER value was
evidently closer to a value of 1. This can be due to the subject working less hard at
the same rate of exercise. Thus, as the subject completed the post experiment late
afternoon, there is a high possibility that their glycogen stores could have been
12
Jemma Rose
higher due to the time of the day. This could have had a positive effect on the
subjects RER values as the intake of carbohydrates are more efficiently utilised as
an energy substrate compared to fatty acids (Cermak et al., 2012). If more
carbohydrates are used as a substrate, this should yield a lower oxygen uptake at a
given work rate.
Larsen et al., (2007) explains the physiology behind why heart rate may have
decreased after supplementation. They state nitrate supplementation can increase
the levels of circulatory NO, which can lead to an increase in blood flow to the
exercising muscles. This increase in blood flow can increase nutrition delivery and
improve waste removal from the working muscles, resulting in the athlete improving
their exercise performance and developing a more efficient rate of recovery. In
theory this means after nitrate supplementation, working at the same rate of exercise
as the participants were within this study, should require less work from the heart to
supply the same amount of blood and oxygen required in order to complete the
exercise duration. This is evident from participant A within figure 10 and explains
why they felt as though they were working less hard on the RPE scale.
Pre-exercise values were not significantly different for any of the physiological
variables. This shows that nitrate supplementation in this study did not affect preexercise variables. Cermak et al., (2012) completed a similar study using the same
dosage of beetroot juice for 6 consecutive days. Results from Cermak et al., (2012)
study correspond with the pre-exercise blood pressure variables identified within this
experiment, as they stated nitrate supplementation did not have an impact on resting
systolic and diastolic blood pressure values. However, Vanhatalo et al., (2010) found
reductions in both the systolic (−4 mmHg; −3%) and diastolic (−4 mmHg; −5%) blood
13
Jemma Rose
pressure values post nitrate supplementation. Therefore data has proven to be
conflicting in terms of the benefits of nitrate supplementation.
Lansley et al., (2011) ; Bescos et al., (2011); Wilkerson et al., (2012) showed
improvements in performance and exercise efficiency arose from an acute dose of
nitrate supplementations 75-150 minutes prior to exercising. Suggesting that the
effects of nitrate supplementation may have positive benefits for athletes within a
short time frame. Overall, more studies have demonstrated the support for the
multiple day dosing strategy as used within this study. Vanhatalo et al., (2010)
directly compared the effects of acute and chronic nitrate supplementation on
exercise efficiency. This study revealed no improvement in performance during a
graded exercise test following an acute dose of beetroot juice (0.5L, 2.5 hours before
exercise). However, following 5 and 15 days of supplementation, of 500ml daily,
there was an improvement of peak power and gas exchange threshold. Thus, the
duration and dosage of beetroot supplementation used with this study alongside all
the other literature stated, could have played an instrumental role in the
improvements of subjects A’s RPE, RER, and heart rate values.
Conclusion
The experiment and literature discussed within this report has been designed to
explore the factors and results related to nitrate supplementation and exercising at
altitude. Prior to the experiment it was hypothesized that after the nitrate
supplementation oxygen consumption, RER, heart rate and blood pressure values
will all reduce resulting in nitrate playing a positive role when training at altitude.
Therefore it can be concluded that nitrate had a positive effect on some of the
14
Jemma Rose
variables relating to subject A but did not have a beneficial effect based on the
groups averages. It was stated that this could have been due to two of the
participants being classified as ‘trained’, therefore they could have been fully nitrate
loaded prior to the post test experiment. The duration and dosage of nitrate
supplementation could have impacted the NO levels and the time at which the post
experiment took place. Taking all the literature in relation to this experiment into
account, future recommendations should suggest experiments to find out if there is a
maximum nitrate supplementation intake that an athlete can consume, before their
nitrate and NO levels are full, resulting in further improvements with regards to the
variables used within this study (Wilmore et al., 2008).
15
Jemma Rose
References
Alizadeh, R., Ziaee, V., Aghsaeifard, Z., Mehrabi, F., and Ahmadinejad, T. (2012)
Characteristics of Headache at Altitude among Trekkers; A comparison between
Acute Mountain Sickness and Non- Acute Mountain Sickness Headache. Asian
Journal of Sports Medicine. Vol. 3. No. 2: 126-130
Bailey, S.J., Winyard, P., Vanhatalo, A., Blackwell, J.R., DiMenna, F.J., Wilkerson,
D.P., and Jones, A.M. (2009) Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O-2 cost
of low-intensity exercise and enhances tolerance to high-intensity exercise in
humans. Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 107. No. 4 : 1144–1155
Bescos, R., Rodriguez, F.A., Iglesias, X., Ferrer, M.D., Iborra, E., and Pons, A.
(2011). Acute Administration of Inorganic Nitrate Reduces (V) over dotO(2peak) in
Endurance Athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. Vol. 43. No 10:
1979–1986
Bond, B., Morton, M. and Braakhuis, A.J. (2012) Dietry nitrate supplementation
improves rowing performance in well trained rowers. journal of sport nutrition and
exercise metabolism. No. 22: 251-256.
Brian, D.H., Dalton, D., Erzurum, S.C., Laskowski, D., Strohl, K.P. and Beall, C.M.
(2005) Nitric oxide and cardiopulmonary hemodynamic in Tibetan highlanders.
journal of applied physiology. Vol. 99: 1796-1801
Burtscher., M. (2005) The athlete at high altitude: Performance diminution and high
altitude illnesses. International sports medicine journal. Vol. 6 No. 4: 215-223
16
Jemma Rose
Cermak, N.M., Res, P., Stinkens, R., Lundberg, J.O., Gibala, M.J. and Van Loon,
L.J.C. (2012) No Improvement in Endurance Performance. International Journal of
Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,. No. 22: 470-478.
Ezurum, S.C., Ghosh, S., Janocha, A.J., Xu, W., Bauer, S. and Bryan, N.S. (2007)
Higher blood flow and circulating NO products offset high-altitude hypoxia among
tibetans . University of California School of Medicine. Vol. 104, No. 45: 17593–1759.
Goedecke, J.H., Gibson, A., Grobler, L., Collins, M., Noakes, M. and Lambert, E.
(2000) Determinations of the variability in respiratory exchange ratio at rest and
durirng exercise in trained athletes. Journal of applied physiology. Vol. 6, No. 279:
1325-1334.
Hahn., A.G. and Gore., C.J. (2001) The Effect of Altitude on Cycling Performance A
Challenge to Traditional Concepts. Journal of sports medicine. Vol. 31. No. 7: 533557
Joyner, M.J., & Coyle, E.F. (2008). Endurance exercise performance: the physiology
of champions. The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 586 No.1: 35–44.
Lansley, K.E., Winyard, P.G., Bailey, S.J., Vanhatalo, A., Wilkerson, D.P., Blackwell,
J.R., Jones, A.M. (2011). Acute Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Improves Cycling
Time Trial Performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. Vol. 43. No.
6: 1125–1131
Lansley, K.E., Winyard, P.G., Fulford, J., Vanhatalo, A., Bailey, S.J., Blackwell,
J.R., DiMenna, F.J., Gilchrist, M., Benjamin, N. and Jones, A.M. (2011) Dietary
17
Jemma Rose
Nitrate Supplementation Reduces the O2 Cost of Walking and Running: A PlaceboControlled Study. Journal of Applied Physiology. Vol. 110, No. 3: 591-600. [Online]
Available from:
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=59447697&site=eh
ost-live
Larsen, F.J., Weitzberg, E., Lundberg, J.O. and Ekblom, B. (2007) Effects of Dietary
Nitrate on Oxygen Cost During Exercise. Acta Physiologica. Vol. 191, No. 1: 59-66.
[Online] Available from:
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=26054638&site=eh
ost-live
Moncado, S. and Erusalimsky, (2001) Does nitric oxide modulate mitochondrial
energy generation and apoptosis?. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. No. 3:
214-220.
Moseley, L., Achten, J., Martin, J. C., and Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004). No Differences
in Cycling Efficiency Between World-Class and Recreational Cyclists. International
Journal of Sports Med, Vol. 1: 374-379.
Muggeridge, D.J., Howe, C.C.F., Spendiff, O., Pedlar, C., James, P.E. and Easton,
C. (2013) The Effects of a Single Dose of Concentrated Beetroot. International
Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism,. No. 23: 498-506
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks,
Calif; London: Sage.
18
Jemma Rose
Schena, F., Cuzzolin, L., Pasetto, M. and Benoni, G. (2002) ). Plasma nitrite/nitrate
and erythropoietin levels in cross-country skiers during altitude training.. Journal of
medicine and physical fitness. Vol. 2, No. 42: 34-129.
Stamler, J.S. and Meissner, G. (2001) Physiology of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle.
Physiology Review. No. 81: 209-237.
Vanhatalo, A., Bailey, S.J., Blackwell, J.R., DiMenna, F.J., Pavey, T.G. and
Wilkerson, D.P.Benjamin, N., Winyard, P.G. and Jones, A.M. (2010) Acute and
chronic effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on blood pressure and the
physiological responses to moderate-intensity and incremental exercise . American
journal of physiology. Vol. 299: 31-121.
Wilkerson, D.P., Hayward, G.M., Bailey, S.J., Vanhatalo, A., Blackwell, J.R., and
Jones, A.M. (2012). Influence of acute dietary nitrate supplementation on 50 mile
time trial performance in well-trained cyclists. European Journal of Applied
Physiology. Vol. 112. No. 12: 4127–4134
Wilmore, J.H., Costil, D.L. and Larry Kenny, W. (2008) Physiology of sport and
exercise. (4th ed.) USA: Human kinetics.
19
Jemma Rose
Appendices A
PRE VO2
Participant c
0.4
PARTICIAPNT
A
0.3
Participant B
0.3
average
0.333333
stdev
0.057735
5
1.7
10
2
15
1.9
20
2.2
25
2.1
30
2.3
2.4
2.1
2
2
2.2
1.9
3.4
3.1
3.5
3.5
3.6
3.8
2.5
2.4 2.466667 2.566667 2.633333 2.666667
0.8544 0.608276 0.896289 0.814453 0.83865 1.001665
POST VO2
Participant c
1.8
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.3
2
2.3
PARTICIAPNT
A
0.3
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.3
Participant B
0.8
3.8
4.2
3.4
4.3
3.5
4.3
average
0.966667
2.7 2.866667 2.666667
3 2.566667 2.966667
stdev
0.763763 0.953939 1.159023 0.64291 1.126943 0.814453 1.154701
PRE RPE
Participant C
PARTICIAPNT
A
Participant B
Average
stdev
POST RPE
Participant C
PARTICIAPNT
A
Participant B
Average
stdev
20
6
7
10
12
12
12
14
6
13
15
15
15
17
18
6
7
10
12
12
12
14
6
9 11.66667
13
13 13.66667 15.33333
0 3.464102 2.886751 1.732051 1.732051 2.886751 2.309401
6
11
13
14
15
17
16
6
13
6
13
6 12.33333
1.154701
13
13
13
0
14
14
14
0
15
16
17
15
16
17
15 16.33333 16.66667
0 0.57735 0.57735
Jemma Rose
RER
PRE
Participant C
Participant B
PARTICIAPNT
A
AVERAGE
STDEV
POST
Participant C
Particpant B
PARTICIAPNT
A
AVERAGE
STDEV
5
0.87
0.98
10
0.86
0.99
1
0.95
0.07
0.97
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.95
0.94 0.926667 0.883333
0.9 0.883333
0.07 0.10116 0.142244 0.183576 0.198578
0.97
1.06
0.97
1.1
0.94
1.01
20
0.72
0.95
0.96
1.03
0.88
0.75
0.7
0.67
0.97
0.94 0.883333 0.886667
0.09 0.176918 0.162583 0.190875
PRE HR
PARTICIAPNT
A
Participant C
Participant B
AVERAGE
ST DEV
15
0.81
0.98
80
103
94
25
0.69
1.03
30
0.66
1.04
0.97
1.01
0.99
1.12
0.81
0.81
0.93 0.973333
0.10583 0.155671
5
10
15
20
25
30
171
150
155
178
152
173
182
157
181
184
151
183
185
155
187
189
159
189
92.33333 158.6667 167.6667 173.3333 172.6667 175.6667
179
11.59023 10.96966 13.79613 14.15392 18.77054 17.92577 17.32051
POST HR
PARTICIPANT
A
Participant C
Participant B
81
80
79
AVERAGE
STDEV
80 171.3333
180 182.6667 186.3333
188 193.6667
1 4.618802 5.196152 6.658328 4.618802 3.464102 6.658328
166
174
174
174
183
183
175
186
187
181
189
189
184
190
190
POST SYSTOLIC BP
PRE SYSTOLIC BP
0
PARTICIPANT
A
Participant C
Participant B
21
average
stdev
30
114
107
124
140
111
127
115
8.544004
126
14.52584
PARTICIPANT
A
Participant
C
Participant
B
average
stdev
0
30
119
130
120
104
120
130
119.6667 121.3333
0.57735 15.01111
186
197
198
Jemma Rose
Appendices B
Particpant A data
systolic
HR
RER
VO2
114
119
140 pre
130 post
PRE
POST
171
178
182
184
185
189
166
174
175
181
184
186
PRE
1
0.97
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.95
POST
0.88
0.75
0.7
0.67
0.81
0.81
PRE
2.4
2.1
2
2
2.2
1.9
POST
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.3
15
15
15
17
18
13
14
15
16
17
RPE
PRE 13
POST
13
22