DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
ST 240
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Etiology
 The study of ALL factors that may be
involved in the development of a
disease
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SOURCES OF PATIENT DATA
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H&P
IMAGING
LAB FINDINGS
ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
ENDOSCOPIC
PULMONARY DX
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HISTORY AND PHYSICAL
 First step of Etiology
 Medical, social, psychological, family
 Physical examination – should include
all body systems
 Height, weight, temperature, pulse,
respiration, blood pressure
 All surgery patients must have an
H&P in their records before taken into
the O R
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DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
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Radiography p. 372
Fluoroscopy p. 373
Angiography
Heart Catheterization
Cholangiography p. 376
Computed Axial Tomography ( CAT scan)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI )
Ultrasonography
Doppler Ultrasonography
Isotope Scanning
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Radiography
 ID the location of abnormalities and F.B.
 Locate retained sponges, sharps, or
instruments
 Discover fluid or air within the body
 Verify the correct location for an operative
procedure
 Aid in bone reduction or prosthesis
placement
 Verify placement of indwelling catheters,
tubes, and drains
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ID the location of abnormalities and
F.B.
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Verify the
correct
location for
an
operative
procedure
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Aid in bone reduction or prosthesis
placement
 AP view
 Lateral view
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Verify placement of indwelling
catheters, tubes, and drains
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Locate retained sponges, sharps, or
instruments
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Discover fluid or air within the body
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Mammography
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Myelogram
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Fluoroscopy
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Cholangiogram
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Angiogram – peripheral
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Cardiac Catheterization
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Computed Tomography (CT scan)
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Positron emission tomography
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Ultrasonography
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Doppler
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Isotope scanning
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Lab reports
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H&H
 Hemoglobin – protein-iron compound
in the blood that carries oxygen to
the cells from the lungs and carbon
dioxide away from the cells to the
lungs
 Hematocrit – a measure of the
packed cell volume of red cells
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Hematological studies – Values
p379 table 13-1
 Hemoglobin - Male 13.5 to 18g/dL
Female 11.5 to 15.5g/dL
 Hematocrit – Male 40-52%
Female 35-46%
 Platelets – 130 to 400
 WBC – 5,000 to 10,000
 Coagulation – 5 to 15 minutes
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Urinalysis -Values p 380 table 13-2
 A clean-catch is used
 Color – light straw to dark amber
 pH – 4.5 to 8.0 (average 6)
 Glucose – negative
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Tissue specimens
 Needle aspiration – needle and
syringe
 Incisional biopsy – partial of lesion
 Excisional biopsy - entire tumor
 Frozen Section – for immediate dx;
no formalin
 Permanent section – for final dx, 24
hrs; placed in formalin
 Orientation and Margins are
important
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Bacteriologic tests
 Culture and sensitivity – aerobic and
anaerobic
 Taken with cotton-tipped applicator
 Special care should be used with the
anaerobic culture
 Taken under sterile conditions and
before antibiotic therapy
 Gram stain – a way to ID bacteria
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Electrocardiography
 Used to record and study the
electrical activity of the heart
 3 lead for typical surgeries; 5 lead for
more extensive surgeries
 Holter monitor is used to monitor a
person’s heart for a 24 hour period
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Electroencephalography
 Used to record and study the
electrical activity of the brain
 Used during cranial, spinal, and
vascular procedures for monitoring of
neurological function
 Can be used to determine the area of
the brain affected by a tumor
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Electromyography
 Used to record and study the
electrical activity of skeletal muscle
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Pulmonary Diagnosis
 Pulse oximetry – arterial saturation of
hemoglobin with oxygen is measured
by passing a light through the tissues
 Capnography – used to estimate
arterial levels of carbon dioxide (endtidal CO2)
 Spirometry – used to evaluate the
patient’s respiratory status; lung
capacity, resistance, and vent
pressure
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Plethysmography and
Phleborheography
 Used to record variations in the blood
volume and variations of a body part
or extremity
 Can be used to diagnose DVT
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ENDOSCOPY
 Used for DX, BX, therapeutic
purposes
 Arthroscopy
 Laparoscopy
 Thoracoscopy
 Bronchoscopy
 Laryngoscopy
 Colonoscopy
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ENDOSCOPY cont.
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Gastroscopy
Hysteroscopy
Sinusoscopy
Otoscopy
Cystoscopy – resectoscope
Choledochoscopy
Mediastinoscopy
Ureteroscopy
Angioscopy
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