Infocomm networks’ planning
traffic aspects
PPKE ITK
2011/12
tanév
Őszi
Félév
(Arc de Triomphe, Paris)
1. TTE all around
Information
http://digitus.itk.ppke.hu/~gosztony/
1-1
What is TTE ?
(TTE – Teletraffic Engineering)
Is it required at all ?
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
2
TTE - in general
Teletraffic theory is defined as the
application of probability theory to the
solution of problems concerning planning,
performance evaluation, operation, and
maintenance of telecommunication
systems. More generally, teletraffic theory
can be viewed as a discipline of planning
where the tools (stochastic processes,
queueing theory and numerical
simulation) are taken from the disciplines
of operations research.
V.B. Iversen
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
3
Basics 1. – the task

Features of traffic handling capacity are
required for:
• a tervezéshez, (planning)
• rendszerek teljesítményének értékeléséhez
(performance evaluation),
• az üzemeltetéshez (operation) és
• karbantartáshoz (maintenance)

Questions:
• traffic: what is it and how large is it ?
• what are traffic characteristics ?
• how can traffic and its’characteristics be
measured?
• ….. and calculated?
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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Basics 2. – details of the task

Teletraffic
• data communication & telecommunication &
media  infocommunication traffic

Tasks
•
•
•
•
•
•
Measurement of traffic size and characteristics
Description of traffic by mathematical models
Quality of service versus system details
Service quality monitoring
Planning of investments (short and long term)
Handling emergency situations
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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Basics 3 – system details

Human factor
• stochastic and
unpredictable

Reliability
• failures: a stochastic
process

Strategy
• computer: operating system
• telecommunications: stored program control
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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Basics 4. – the traffic
• measuring real systems
• modelling,
• iteration,


Assumption of arrival process
„Holding time” – what is it??
and holding time independence
(basic case)
Subscriber beaviour modelling (eg. call repetition)
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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Basics 5 - modelling
Both mathematical and simulation models
• have to describe reality reliably
• have to offer methods for


continuous checking,
determination of parameters involved,
• have to be applicable in practice
Mathematical models might be easier
applied, but very often there is no time for
their elaboration.
Simulation models are trustworthy only if
based on detailed measurement
background.
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
8
Trends 1. - Convergence
Convergence
mobility
Telecom
Industry
Internet
PC-LAN
PC
desk top computing
Infocom
Industry
Computer Industry
main frames
Media Industry
electronic
publishing and
entertainment
Takács Gy.: Infocomm Systems_2010
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
9
Trends 2. – Demands -1
Statements
•
•
•
•
•
The winner is: bit transport
We are in the age of practically
infinite bandwidth
We are in the age of the practically
free bandwidth („too cheap to meter”)
No distance limits within the globe
These facts together can lead to
revolution in the field of
infocommunications
Takács Gy.: Infocomm Systems_2010
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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Trends 2. – Demands -2
Traffic demand of USA households
“Network levels
at peak use times
can be as much as
twenty-five times
higher than during
low-use periods.”
Anticipating the Bandwidth Bottleneck
Meeting Future Bandwidth Demands
Motorola, 2009. 01.
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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Trends 2. – Demands -3
“Network levels
at peak use times
can be as much as
twenty-five times
higher than during
low-use periods.”
Anticipating the Bandwidth Bottleneck
Meeting Future Bandwidth Demands
Motorola, 2009. 01.
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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Trends 2. – Demands - 4
CAGR =
compound
annual
growth rate
Exabyte: 1018 byte
Zetabyte: 1021 byte
Source: Cisco VNI Hyperconnectivity and the Approaching Zettabyte Era, 2010. 06. 02.
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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Trends 2. – Demands - 5
CAGR: Compound
Annual Growth Rate
Exabyte: 1018 byte
Zetabyte: 1021 byte
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
14
Trends 2. – Demands – 5a
PB =
petabyte
(1015 byte)
CAGR =
compound
annual
growth rate
Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2008–2013, (2009.06.)
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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Trends 2. – Demands – 5b
PB =
petabyte
(1015 byte)
CAGR =
compound
annual
growth rate
Compare
5a and 5b
Saturation
or
crisis ??
Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2010–2015 (2011.06.)
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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Trends 2. – Demands – 5c
CAGR: Compound
Annual Growth Rate
Petabyte: 1015 byte
Exabyte: 1018 byte
Zetabyte: 1021 byte
Source: Cisco VNI
Forecast and
Methodology,
2010–2015
(2011.06.)
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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Trends 3. – Attitude
Consequence No 3
(infinite and free bandwidth supposed !)


Completely different user behaviour
New ratio of :
• computing
• downloading
• storing!
Takács Gy.: Infocomm Systems_2010
. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
Infocomm networks' planning
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Trends 4. – Network convergence
Today’s Solutions
Future Solutions
Data/IP
Networks
Services/Applications
PSTN/ISDN
Data/IP Networks
PSTN/ISDN
Services
Connectivity
Access, Transport & Switching Networks
Takács Gy.: Infocomm Systems_2010
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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10 kb/s
100 kb/s
CWDM, ITU G964
P-P Microw. Radio
10 Mb/s
Bluetooth
VDSL
SHDSL
G igabit PO N
ITU-T G.98 4.1, 2, 3
Etherne t PO N
IEEE 8 02.3
Fixed
Portable
2,4
WL
AN
:
Low Mobility
GHz WiMA
, 3,5
X
GHz
, 5,4
2,4
EDGE
GPRS: 900 MHz, 1800 MHz
GSM: 900 MHz, 1800 MHz
SMS, chat
e- mail
1 Mb/s
ADSL, ADSL2,
ADSL2plus
1 Gb/s
DECT
ISDN
ATM P O N
ITU -T G.983
100 Mb/s
POTS
10 Gb/s
High Mobility
GHz
GH MTS UMTS
:2G
z, 5
Hz
GH
z
U
Online bank 40 kbit/s-tól
Online játékok 40 kbit/stól
Online magazinok 40 kbit/s-tól
Teleshopping 40 kbit/s-tól
Video telefon -70 kbit/s-tól
Audio letöltés 110 kbit/s-tól
Video konferencia 110 kbit/s-tól
Távmunka, Távoktatás 110 kbit/s-tól
Digitális televízió, DVD letöltés 1000 kbit/s-tól
Trends 5.–Access network technologies
Data Rate
Mobility PKI
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
Sípos et al.
Nap 2004.
20
Trends 6. – NGN
Application layer
Management
Application servers
Control layer
Softswitch, contolls
IP/ MPLS Network
Transport layer
L2 (Ethernet) Aggregation
GW
Wired
Wireless
GW
Access Network
MPLS-Multi Protocol Label Switching
GW - Gateway
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
Sípos et al.
PKI Nap 2004.
21
Where is TTE required ?

We need TTE (Teletraffic Engineering) in dealing with.:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

backbone- and access networks,
circuit and packet switching arrangements,
fixed and mobile networks,
the evaluation of transmission systems,
time, space, etc. switches
different signalling systems,
fixed PSTN, IP, ADSL networks,
GSM networks and their traffic handling processes,
in-door systems,
satellite systems
VoIP and IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem),
private networks,
NGN (New Generation Networks)
and all systems in which one can find bit-flows,...
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. in all kind of networks
Basics
of network
components



Backbone networks: long distances,
high traffic, interconnection of nodes,
transport bits of any services.
Access networks: local distances,
interconnection of terminals and local
nodes
Network planning: optimal selection
of positions of nodes, dimensioning
of node traffic handling capacities,
dimensioning of link capacities,
selecting technologies.
Takács Gy.:
KomRendsz_2008
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
23
.. circuit and packet switching..
MPLS
Takács Gy.: Infocomm Systems_2010
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
24
.. fixed and mobile networks ..
Comparison
of wireline
and wireless
systems
Takács Gy.: Infocomm Systems_2010
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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..evaluation of transmission systems..
Multiplexing
principles







Takács Gy.: Infocomm
Systems_2010

To reduce transmission costs
To utilize higher bandwidth
„Framing” and „packing” of
information
TDM -- Time Division Multiplexing
FDM -- Frequency Division
Multiplexing
CDMA -- Code Division Multiple
Access
WDM -- Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
Mixed
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. time and space switches..
Time and space
switches
Takács Gy.: Infocomm Systems_2010
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. different types of switching ..
Connection oriented
transfer phases:
Connection setup
(setup packet with
complete address,
Logical Channel
Number stored in
each node.
Data transmission
(only LCN in the
header).
Release
Connectionless
transport:
Destination address
in the header
Path selection
in the nodes
Different packets have
different delay
The order of received
packets has no
guarantee
Takács Gy.: Infocomm Systems_2010
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. signalling ..
Principles of
Common
Channel
Signalling
CCS
Takács Gy.: Infocomm Systems_2010
. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
Infocomm networks' planning
29
.. signalling ..
Signalling for distributed
supplementary services
Takács Gy.: Infocomm Systems_2010
. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
Infocomm networks' planning
30
.. signalling ..
Signalling in
packet
switched
networks
Takács Gy.: Infocomm Systems_2010
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. fixed networks ..
Secondary exchange
Backbone
network
Primary exchange
Local
exchange
Inter
exchange
network
Access
network
Subscriber
Earlier telephone network structure of T-COM (MATÁV)
Takács Gy.: Infocomm Systems 2010
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
32
.. fixed networks ..
T-COM IP network
hálózat
KTV elérés
Dial-up
Budapest
GE
Edge
ADSL
ATM
connectivity
12 523
KTV felhasználó
Gigabit
routert
maghálózat
Dial-up
KTV elérés
11 487
dial-up port
NB elérés
Edge
1 366
1 260
Edge
ATM
connectivity
ADSL
198 150
ADSL felhasználó
Sípos et al.
PKI Nap 2004.
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
33
.. fixed networks ..
What is ADSL?






Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line,
A modem technology,
Convert existing twisted-pair telephone lines into
access paths for multimedia and high speed data
communication,
Can transmit up to 6Mbps downstream,
Can transmit up to 832 kbps upstream,
Transform the existing PSTN network to a
powerful system capable of bringing multimedia,
full motion video to the subscriber’s home.
Takács Gy.: Infocomm Systems 2010
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
34
.. GSM networks ..
GSM
network
components
Mobile services
Gateway Switching
MSC
Center
Authentication Center
Visitor Location Register
Home Location Register
Equipment Identity Register
Base Station Controller
Base Transceiver Station
Network Management Center
Operation and Maintenance
Center
Takács Gy.:
Infocomm Systems
2010
Mobile Station
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. GSM networks ..
GSM Wikipedia
2010. 09. 03.
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
36
.. GSM networks ..





CELL: area of radio coverage by one BS
antenna system, assigned to specific
number (Cell Global Identity)
Location Area (LA): Group of cells, the
identity of LA stored in VLR
GSM
Geographic
Network
Structure
MSC Service Area: Group of LA-s
belonging to one MSC
PLMN Service area: set of cells served
by one network operator (e.g. PANNON)
GSM Service Area: geographic area in
which a subscriber can gain access to a
GSM network (e.g. Europe)
Takács Gy.:
Infocomm Systems_2010
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. GSM traffic handling processes ..

Idle key
terms




Takács Gy.:
Infocomm Systems
2010

Registration: MS informs a network
that it is attached
Roaming: MS moves around the
network in idle mode
International Roaming: MS moves into
a network which is not its home
network
Location Updating: MS inform the
network when enters in new LA
Locating: BSC function to suggest
connection to another cell based on MS
measurement reports
Paging: The network tries to contact an
MS by broadcasting message containing
MS identity
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. GSM traffic handling processes ..
Basic
Handover
Takács Gy.: Infocomm Systems 2010
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
39
.. indoor systems ..
Indoor
wireless
connections
Takács Gy.:KomRendsz_2006
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. satellite systems ..
VSAT - Very Small Aperture Terminal
Takács Gy.:
KomRendsz_2006
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. VoIP ..
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol):
Summary term for the transmission of
voice, telefax and related services over a
partly or entirely packet switched IP
network.
VoIP network: false term, since there
are only IP based networks and they
might offer VoIP.
IP (Internet Protocol): Communication
protocol of the public Internet and of
other dedicated IP based packet
switched networks.
A VoIP és a szabályozás
Dr. Bartolits István, NHH
Szakmai Fórum Budapest, 2004.
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. VoIP ..
Multimedia PC
PSTN
PBX
International
bacbone network
PSTN
IP
based
network
Colourful
world of
VoIP...
Transit
server
Transit
server
PSTN
Transit
server
Bartolits:NHH Szakmai
Fórum 2004.
Multimedia
PC
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. VoIP..
Bartolits I.: IP alapú beszédátviteli
szolgálatok – NHH 2008.11
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
44
.. VoIP ..
Situation in Hungary
(proportions were bigger than the European average)
Bartolits I.: IP alapú beszédátviteli
szolgálatok – NHH 2008.11
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
45
IP Multimedia Subsystem
Wikipedia, 2011. 08.
.. IMS ..
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. private networks - 1
Common
features of
private
networks





Takács Gy.:
Infocomm Systems
2010

Internal numbering schemes, addressing
system
Strictly regulated gateway function for
interconnection to other (public)
networks
The transmission part of networks might
be leased line or own connection (radio)
The multiplexing, switching,
management, authentication processes
are private functions
Task oriented service quality parameters
(reliability, usability, error rate, response
time, redundancy, backup time …)
Separated frequency management
(„governmental” use)
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. private networks -2








Hungarnet -- for research and
academic community in
Hungary
Pázmány CU is one of the
members
Governmental support
Part of EU GEANT project
The transmission part is set of
leased dark fibre connections
The switching and operation
function in the hand of
HUNGARNET
www.niif.hu
www.hungarnet.hu
An example of
private networks
GEANT:
Gigabit European
Academic Networking
Technology
Takács Gy.:
Infocomm Systems 2010
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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(only the wide bandwidth Hungarian country
connections are marked)
Backbone network topology
.. private networks -3
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
49
.. private networks - 4
GÉANT2
The world-leading
research and
education network
for Europe.
Planned Topology
by the end of 2010
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. to realize NGN -1
Coincidence of infocomm trends and
paradigm shift
Bartolits
NGN és Szélessáv Fórum
2007
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. to realize NGN - 2
Basic features of NGN according the
definition by ITU
• general use of packet switching;
• multiservice, broadband, QoS capable transmission;
• separation of service functions from transport functions;
• unrestricted access to different service providers
• support for general user mobility in accessing different
services0
Bartolits
NGN és Szélessáv Fórum
2007
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. to realize NGN -3
Economic driving force of NGN
CAPEX cost of
NGN migration
OPEX cost
CAPEX cost of
NGN components
Conventional
network
Present
OPEX cost
Hybrid network
Transition
OPEX: Operating Expenses
CAPEX: Capital Expenses
NGN network
Future
Bartolits
NGN és Szélessáv Fórum
2007
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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.. to realize NGN - 4
Migration models:
Upgrade – TDM network with NGN/VoIP capabilities
Replace – NGN instead of the TDM network
Overlay or island-like –TDM and NGN together
MG – Media Gateway
(NGN
TDM)
SIP – Session Initiation
Protocol
Bartolits
NGN és Szélessáv Fórum
2007
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
54
.. to realise NGN - 5
Application layer
Control layer
Transport layer
Access layer
Bartolits
NGN és Szélessáv Fórum
2007
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
55
Where is TTE required ?

We need TTE (Teletraffic Engineering) in dealing with.:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

transit- and access networks,
circuit and packet switching arrangements,
fixed and mobile networks,
the evaluation of transmission systems,
time, space, etc. switches
different signalling systems,
fixed PSTN, IP, ADSL networks,
GSM networks and their traffic handling processes,
in-door systems,
satellite systems
VoIP and IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem),
private networks,
NGN (New Generation Networks)
and all systems in which one can find bit-flows,...
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
56
Summary-1.
Performance phenomena are observed in any
shared resource system, as illustrated in
following examples:





Road traffic: many vehicles share common resources
like a lane. a junction etc. and traffic jams may result
in case of heavy traffic.
Similarly, traffic problems in railway or airline systems
occur due to temporary shortage of resources.
Queueing delay in front of a counter (bank, ticket
office ) due to temporary overload of the serving
person.
Blocking of a connection in a (telecommunications)
network due to a temporary occupation of all available
transmission links.
Response time delays for world wide web access
through the Internet.
. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
Infocomm networks' planning
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Summary - 2.
All of the before mentioned examples have a common
reason for performance degradation:
the stochastic (random) nature of service
requests and the random nature of resource
occupations.
The variable density of requests and the variable
occupation of a common server are responsible for short
term overloads which result in blocking of shared
resources. Shared resources are simultaneously used by
a huge number of users who interfere with each other
when accessing common resources. Once a system is
overloaded it may happen that resources are blocked and
cannot be used effectively so that the system throughput
can fall far below its theoretical capacity.
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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Summary - 3.
A typical example is a computer system with too many
users activated: the sharing of common memory leads to
ineffective execution of user processes as frequent data
transfers in and out of memory cause excessive
overhead. To improve the performance, proper operating
strategies have to be deployed to protect the system
from being overloaded.
Similar phenomena are known from
telecommunication systems: In an overload situation
calls are blocked causing repeated call attempts; each
unsuccessful attempt introduces processor overhead and
reduces the call handling capacity.
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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Summary – 4.
For a proper system design and operation traffic
performance studies can be made to detect
bottlenecks and to dimension critical system
resources adequately.
Traffic performance studies rest on models of
the real system representing all relevant details
(resources. traffic load. operational functions).
The model can be analyzed either analytically
(queueing theory, teletrafflc theory) or
experimentally by computer simulations.
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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1-2
QoS – Quality of Service
GoS – Grade of Service
(Traffic handling capability)
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
61
Introduction
• Traffic handling capacity (and related
parameters) give us information about
one aspect of the quality of service
experienced by users.
• Quality of service is affected by many factors
which are partly independent but, at the same
time are interrelated.
• Quality of service may be handled theoretically
from a system engineering view, however a
practical approach by defining and comparing
relevant parameters might have practical
importance as well.
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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QoS – relationships – 1.
U
S
U
E
S
R
E
R
Terminal
Equipment
Terminal
Equipment
performance
variability
Access
Core
Access
Network
Network
Core
Network
wireless
cable
ADSL
etc
Network
single or multi provider,
technology
(digital multiplexing, IP, etc.),
transmission media
(air, optical or metal cable),
etc.
Access
Network
Access
Network
wireless
cable
ADSL
etc
Terminal
Equipment
U
S
E
R
performance
variability
End to End QoS
ITU-T Rec. E.800 (2008)
Definition of Terms Related to Quality of Service:
Schematic contributions to end to end QoS – Figure 1. enhanced.
. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
Infocomm networks' planning
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QoS – relationships – 2.
To specify the end-to-end QoS it is necessary to state the
specified operating conditions
in which a service, supported over a
connection (connectionless or connection oriented), takes place.
The QoS could also be altered for a given set of specified operating conditions by
environmental conditions
such as
traffic and routing.
ITU-T Rec. E.800 (2008)
Definition of Terms Related to Quality of Service:
Infocomm networks' planning. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
64
QoS – system-approach –1.
System-approach
Quality of Service
Network
Performance
Non –
Network Performance
bit error rate,
latency
(response time),
etc.
provision time,
repair time,
range of tariffs,
complaints resolution time,
etc.
ITU-T Rec. E.800 (2008)
Definition of Terms Related to Quality of Service: Figure 2. enhanced
. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
Infocomm networks' planning
65
QoS – system-approach- 2
2101 Quality of Service (QoS)
Totality of characteristics of a telecommunications service that bear on
its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs of the user of the service.
2118 Network Performance
The ability of a network or network portion to provide the functions
related to communications between users.
Note 1: Network performance applies to the Network Provider’s
planning, development, operations and maintenance and is the
detailed technical part of QoSO.
Note 2: Network performance parameters are meaningful to
network providers and are quantifiable at the part of the network,
which they apply.
ITU-T Rec. E.800 (2008)
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QoS – aspects – 1
User =
user of the
service
Provider =
service provider
ITU-T Rec. G.1000 (2001)
Communications quality of service:
A framework and definitions – Enhanced Figure 2.
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QoS – aspects – 2
2102
QoS requirements of user/customer (QoSR)
A statement of QoS requirements by a customer/user or segment/s of customer/user
population with unique performance requirements or needs.
Note : The customer/user needs may be expressed in descriptive terms (criteria)
listed in the order of priority, with preferred performance value for each criterion. The
Service Provider then translates these into parameters and metrics pertinent to the
service (see E 802).
2103
QoS offered/planned by service provider (QoSO)
A statement of the level of quality planned and therefore offered to the customer by
the service provider.
Note: Level of QoS the service provider plans to achieve (and therefore offers)
to the customer/user is expressed by target values (or range) for measures of
parameters pertinent to a specified service.
2104
QoS delivered/achieved by provider (QoSD)
A statement of the level of QoS achieved or delivered to the customer.
Note: Achieved or delivered QoS is expressed by metrics for the pertinent
parameters for a service.
ITU-T Rec. E.800 (2008)
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QoS – aspects – 3
2105
QoS experienced/ perceived by customer/user (QoSE)
A statement expressing the level of quality that customers/users believe they
have experienced.
Note 1: The level of QoS experienced and/or perceived by the customer/user
may be expressed by an opinion rating.
Note 2: QoSE has two main man components; quantitative and qualitative. The
quantitative component can be influenced by the complete end-to-end system
effects (network infrastructure).
Note 3: The qualitative component can be influenced by user expectations,
ambient conditions, psychological factors, application context etc.
Note 4: QoSE may also be described considered as QoSD received and
interpreted by a user with the pertinent qualitative factors influencing his/her
perception of the service.
ITU-T Rec. E.800 (2008)
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QoS/NP – random character
Quality of Service/
Network Performance
measurement
errors
measurable
parameters
(unit, actual value)
users’
views fluctuate
(MOS)
the result has a
random
character
operation
application
damages
reliability,
maintenance
traffic
forecasting, planning,
routing, fluctuation
MOS=Mean Opinion Score
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QoS/NP – terms (selection)
Network accessibility
The probability that the user of a service after a request (to a
network) receives the proceed-to-select signal within specified
conditions.
NOTE – The proceed-to-select signal is that signal inviting the
user to select the desired destination.
Connection accessibility
The probability that a connection can be established within specified
tolerances and other given conditions following receipt by the
exchange of a valid code.
Trafficability performance
The ability of an item to meet a traffic demand of a given size and
other characteristics, under given internal conditions.
NOTE: Given internal conditions refer, for example, to any
combination of faulty and not faulty sub-items.
ITU-T Rec. E.800 (2008)
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QoS - NP relationship
Quality of Service parameter
Network Performance parameter
User oriented
Network provider oriented
Service related attributes
Network element and technology related
attributes
Focus on user observable effects
Focus on planning development (design),
operations and maintenance
Observed at service access points for the Observed at network connection element
users, independent of network process
boundaries, e.g. relating to protocol specific
and events
interface of
signals
Table 3.1 – Categorization
QoS and NP parameters
ITU-T QOS Handbook – Ed. 2004. 05.
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QoS measurements – T-Com/Invitel (1)
T-Com
Invitel
www.nhh.hu
Piacfelügyelet
New data
are not
available
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73
QoS measurements – T-Com/Invitel (2)
T-Com
Invitel
www.nhh.hu
Piacfelügyelet
New data
are not
available
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QoS – agreement
SQA =
Service
Quality
Agreement
A szolgáltatásminőség annak a mértéke, hogy mennyire felel meg a
szolgáltató által a felhasználónak nyújtott szolgáltatás az ügyfél és a
szolgáltató között létrejött megállapodásnak. (Eurescom)
ITU-T Rec. 801 (1996 10) – Framework for Service Quality Agreement
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QoS – example NIIF/HBONE
Quality of Service (QoS) [1] :
- HBONE policy is the same as GEANT QoS policy [2]
- We apply DiffServ [3] QoS technology in HBONE.
- QoS configuration can only be found there where the link load reaches 50%
- MPLS:
In case of MPLS the EXP bits transfer the DiffServ priority
The EXP field is 3 bit long
Matching to the EXP bit values with the help of class-map (external label)
- Defined HBONE QoS classes:
5: realtime traffic (VoIP + video conference)
The VoIP traffic is the more important one from the two. The bandwidth
defined for the QoS class is the sum of the max. traffic of the VoIP and the
video conference (x*E1 + 2Mbps), so they do not interfere with each other.
3: premium
0: best effort
© 1986-2009 National Information Infrastructure Development Institute
Source URL (retrieved on 2009-02-16 17:07): http://www.niif.hu/node/129
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_service
[2] http://www.geant2.net/server/show/nav.813
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiated_services
??
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Service Level Agreement -1.
Service Level Agreement
PROVIDER
Service Description
QoS Agreement
Legal Issues
Billing
...
USER
E.860_F4-1
Figure 4-1/E.860 – One stop responsibility and Service Level Agreement
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Service Level Agreement -2.
Figure 4-2/E.860 – Application of the one stop responsibility concept
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78
Service Level Agreement -3.
Figure 5-5/E.860 – QoS parameter levels in Timeline Model
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Service Level Agreement - 4.
Figure 6-1/E.860 – Association of entities which are involved in realization
of the End-to-End QoS
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1-3
Service Quality
related activity in the
International Telecommunication Union
(ITU)
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International standards
organisations
World- organisations



ISO - International Standards Organization
IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission
ITU - International Telecommunication Union
European organisations



CEN - European Committee for Standardization
CENELEC - European Committee for
Electrotechnical Standardization
ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards
Institute
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82
ITU-T –Study Groups
2. Operational aspects of service provision and
telecommunications management,
3. Tariff and accounting principles including related
telecommunication economic and policy issues,
5. Protection against electromagnetic environment effects,
9. Television and sound transmission and integrated
broadband cable networks,
11. Signalling requirements, protocols and test specifications,
12. Performance, QoS and QoE,
13. Future networks including mobile and NGN,
15. Optical transport networks and access network
infrastructures,
16. Multimedia coding, systems and applications,
17. Security,
(Period 2009-2012)
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TTE – ITU-T framework
ITU–T Rec. E.490.1 (2003. 01): Overview of Recommendations on traffic engineering.
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Reminder – TTE in general
Teletraffic theory is defined as the
application of probability theory to the
solution of problems concerning planning,
performance evaluation, operation, and
maintenance of telecommunication
systems. More generally, teletraffic theory
can be viewed as a discipline of planning
where the tools (stochastic processes,
queueing theory and numerical
simulation) are taken from the disciplines
of operations research.
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TTE – Teletraffic Engineering

The cost of communication systems
depends on:
• the number of users
• the amount of traffic


Systems have to be planned with the aim
that fluctuation of users’ demand should
not cause inconvenience (service
degradation !).
Infocommunication systems corresponding
to traffic demands is the goal of TTE
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GoS 1. – decisions at start
Services
Quality of service
(components !)
Network infrastructure
Information transfer mode
Market presence?
Costs ?
Transport network
Reliability
Traffic routing
Grade of Service – GoS
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QoS/NP – Reminder
2101
Quality of Service (QoS)
Totality of characteristics of a telecommunications service that bear on its ability
to satisfy stated and implied needs of the user of the service.
2118
Network Performance
The ability of a network or network portion to provide the functions related to
communications between users.
Note 1: Network performance applies to the Network Provider’s planning,
development, operations and maintenance and is the detailed technical
part of QoSO.
Note 2: Network performance parameters are meaningful to network
providers and are quantifiable at the part of the network, which they apply.
Trafficability performance
The ability of an item to meet a traffic demand of a given size and
other characteristics, under given internal conditions.
NOTE: Given internal conditions refer, for example, to any
combination of faulty and not faulty sub-items.
ITU-T Rec. E.800 (2008/09)
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GoS 2. – Definition
A number of traffic engineering variables used to
provide a measure of adequacy of a group of
resources under specified conditions. These
grades of service variables may be probability of
loss, dial tone delay, etc.
Parameters – GoS parameters
selection
e.g. probability of delay
Prescribed parameter value – GoS standards
standard value
Achieved parameter value – GoS results
achieved value
ITU-T Rec. E.600 (1993/03)
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1-4
Infocommunication traffic
a closer view
Concepts, characteristics,
points of measurement
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Traffic 1. – Terms
Traffic intensity
(traffic per time unit)
Definition: The instantaneous traffic intensity in
a pool of resources is the number of busy
resources at a given instant of time.
The pool of resources may be a group of servers, e.g. trunk lines,
registers, buffers.
T
1
Y (T)  ·  n t  dt.
T 0
n(t) = number of busy devices at moment t
Unit: erlang (E) – after Erlang, a Danish mathematician
Dimensionless
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Traffic 2. – Terms
Traffic carried
Definition: The traffic served by a pool of resources.
The average traffic intensity in practice
Traffic volume
Definition:Traffic volume is equivalent to the sum of
the holding times in the given time interval.
Unit: erlanghour (Eh)
Lost/rejected traffic
Definition:The difference between offered traffic and
carried traffic
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Traffic 3. – Terms
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Traffic 4. – Terms
Offered traffic
Definition: The traffic that would be carried by an
infinitely large pool of resources
A  .s
  call intensity, calls/demands offered by unit time
s = average service/holding time
In the case of N traffic types, each of which seizes
several channels:
N
si = average service time of traffic type i
i 0
di = number of occupied channels by the
calls/demands of traffic type i
A   i .si .d i
Can not be measured !!
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Traffic 5. – Terms
Utilisation
 
 .s

 arrival intensity of jobs
 speed of data transfer (e.g. job units/sec)
s the unit of the job (e.g.: bit, byte, packet, frame)
0   1
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Traffic 6. – Terms
Busy hour
Different definitions might exist
Time consistent busy hour, (TCBH): those 60 minutes (determined with an
accuracy of 15 minutes) which during a long period on the average has the
highest traffic.
It may happen that the traffic during the busiest hour is larger than the time
consistent busy hour, but on the average over several days, the TCBH traffic
will be the largest.
We also distinguish between busy hour for the total telecommunication system,
an exchange, and for a single group of servers, e.g. a trunk group. In practice,
for measurements of traffic, dimensioning, and other aspects it is an advantage
to have a predetermined well–defined busy hour.
The TCBH concept above reflects the experience related to traditional
voice telephone traffic. For other traffic types the length of the busy
period might be different.
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TTE – ITU-T framework
ITU–T Rec. E.490.1 (2003. 01): Overview of Recommendations on traffic engineering.
. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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Traffic measurement
ITU-T Rec. E. 490 (1992.06)
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Telephone traffic characteristics – 1.
Forgalom
[erlang]
forgalmas órai forgalom
forgalmas óra
7
8
Busy hour
9
10
11 12
13
14 15
16 17
18 19
20 21
22 23
Idő (óra)
4. ábra: A napi forgalom ingadozása
Traffic fluctuation during the day
Konkoly Lászlóné: Forgalomtechnika – OKTIG 1998
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Telephone traffic characteristics – 2.
Forgalom
[erlang]
H
K
Sz
Cs
P
Sz
V
Napok
5. ábra: A heti forgalom ingadozása
(Naponta a 10 - 11 óra közötti forgalom)
Traffic fluctuation during the week
Konkoly Lászlóné: Forgalomtechnika – OKTIG 1998
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Telephone traffic characteristics – 3.
Forgalom
[erlang]
Jan.
Febr.
Márc. Ápr.
Máj.
Jún.
Júl.
Aug. Szept.
Okt.
Nov.
Dec.
Hónapok
6. ábra: Az éves forgalom ingadozása
(Havi átlagok)
Traffic fluctuation during the year
Konkoly Lászlóné: Forgalomtechnika – OKTIG 1998
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Telephone traffic characteristics – 4.
Forgalom
[erlang]
7
8
9
10
11
12
Idő
7. ábra: Forgalom mennyiség
Traffic volume
Konkoly Lászlóné: Forgalomtechnika – OKTIG 1998
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Telephone traffic characteristics – 5.
Figure 2.3: The mean number of calls per minute to a switching centre taken as
an average for periods of 15 minutes during 10 working days (Monday –
Friday). At the time of the measurements there were no reduced rates outside
working hours (Iversen, 1973 [36]).
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Telephone traffic characteristics – 6.
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Telephone traffic characteristics – 7.
Figure 2.5: Number of calls per 24 hours to a switching centre (left scale). The number of calls
during busy hour is shown for comparison at the right scale. We notice that the 24– hour traffic
is approximately 8 times the busy hour traffic. This factor is called the traffic concentration
(Iversen, 1973 [36]).
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Telephone traffic characteristics – 8.
Figure 2.9: Frequency
function for holding
times of trunks in a
local switching centre.
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Telephone traffic characteristics – 9.
Hívott
válaszának
ideje (sec)
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Internet traffic characteristics – 1.
. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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Internet traffic characteristics – 2.
14000
14000
. - traffic aspects - 2011. 09. 14.
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Internet traffic characteristics – 3.
1200
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Internet traffic characteristics – 4.
Portugália, 2002
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Internet traffic characteristics – 5.
Distribution of services
DNS
= Domain Name Server/Service
HTTP = Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTTPS = Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
Secure sockets
POP3 = Post Office Protocol version 3
SMTP = Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(internet email)
TCP = Transmission Control Protocol
UDP = User Datagram Protocol
Portugália, 2002
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Internet traffic characteristics – 6.
Empirical distribution
of the IP packet size
Portugália, 2002
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Internet traffic characteristics – 7.
Bandwidth consumption
over 4 days
Portugália, 2002
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Internet traffic characteristics – 8.
Portugália, 2002
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Internet traffic characteristics – 9.
Empirical distribution of the size dependent
number of packet retransmissions
Portugália, 2002
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Internet traffic characteristics – 10.
Empirical distribution
of the number of
retransmissions
Portugália, 2002
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Internet traffic characteristics – 11.
Portugália, 2002
Empirical distribution
of the maximal time
for a successful packet
transmission
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Internet traffic characteristics – 12.
Total traffic of the FTTH
Triple Play system of Bóly
Measured at the input of BIX.
(BIX = Budapest Internet Exchange)
daily
weekly data
yearly
Hárs Péter( PPKE-ITK)
FTTH Optikai hálózat Bólyban. 2008.
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Internet traffic characteristics – 13.
Giga !
IPv4
Traffic fluctuation during the day
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Internet traffic characteristics – 14.
Giga !
IPv4
Traffic fluctuation during the week
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Internet traffic characteristics – 15.
Mega !
IPv6
Traffic fluctuation during the day
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Internet traffic characteristics – 16a.
Mega !
IPv6
Traffic fluctuation during the week
2011. 08. 29
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Internet traffic characteristics – 16b.
Compare
16a. with 16b.
IPv6
Traffic fluctuation during the week
2010. 08. 28.
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Internet traffic characteristics – 17a.
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
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Internet traffic characteristics – 17b.
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
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Internet traffic characteristics – 17c.
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
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Reference connections – 1.
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Reference connections – 2.
End-to-end all-IP connections
CPN – Customer Premises Network
ITU-T Rec. E.651 (2000/03)
Reference connections for traffic engineering of IP access networks
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Reference connections – 3.
IP and PSTN/ISDN interworking
CPN – Customer Premises Network
ITU-T Rec. E.651 (2000/03)
Reference connections for traffic engineering of IP access networks
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Reference connections – 4.
ITU-T Rec. E.470 (2005/02) - Operational considerations for QoS of voice
over IP-based networks with PSTN-IP-PSTN architecture
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