Workshop on
European Small-Scale
Accelerator Facilities
Aghios Nikolaos,
Crete, Greece, September 7-8, 2007
members of the Small-Scale
Accelerator Facilities Working Group
•
DOBES Jan (dobes@ujf.cas.cz)
Nuclear Physics Institute, Rez, Czech Republic
•
HAAS Bernard (chair) (haas@cenbg.in2p3.fr)
Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires Bordeaux-Gradignan, France
•
HARISSOPULOS Sotirios (sharisop@inp.demokritos.gr)
Institute of Nuclear Physics, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos",
Athens, Greece
•
LEEB Helmut (leeb@kph.tuwien.ac.at)
TU Wien, Atominstitut / Kernphysik, Wien, Austria
•
STYCZEN Jan (Jan.Styczen@ifj.edu.pl)
The Henryk Niedwonidczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Krakow, Poland
•
ZAMFIR Nicolae-Victor (zamfir@tandem.nipne.ro)
National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
Small Scale Facilities in EUROPE
(not included in the Large Scale Facilitity Network)
Belgium:
Croatia
Czech Republic:
Germany
1
2
2
5
Greece
France:
Hungary:
Italy:
Poland:
Portugal
Romania:
Spain:
Switzerland
1
2
2
3
2
1
1
2
1
TOTAL
25
IKS KU Leuven
Rudjer Boskovic Institute Zagreb
Nucl. Phys. Inst. Acad. Sci. Rez
RUBION Bochum, HISKP Uni. Bonn, IKP Technische
Univ. Darmstadt, MLL Garching, IKP Univ. Köln
Demokritos Athens
IPN Orsay and CEN Bordeaux
Inst. Nucl. Research Debrecen
LNS Catania, LNGS Assergi, LABEC Firenze
INP Cracow and HIL Warsaw Univ.
ITN Lisbon
CRAI Bucharest
CNAM Madrid and CNA Seville
ETH Zürich
http://www.nupecc.org
Heavy Ion Laboratory WARSAW University
• K=160 heavy ion cyclotron
which provides beams of gaseous elements and elements available from gaseous compounds
(boron to argon) - energies 2 to 10 MeV/A - intensities up to a few hundreds pnA
- Commissioned 1994, beam time available 3000h/year
• Accessible apparatus:
-
large scattering chamber
IGISOL on-line separator
pin diode particle array
large NaI(Tl) crystal segmented in 32 elements
anti Compton shielded Ge detectors
4π Si ball
4π BGO gamma multiplicity filter
Ge compton polarimeter
NEW: ICARE from Strasbourg
• National and international collaborations
• PAC
• Main fields:
- nuclear physics
- solid state
- biology
- applications studies
Institute für Kernphysik, Univ. KÖLN
• 10 MV FN tandem accelerator producing light and heavy ions up to Z=30. Typical beam
currents 10-100 nA. Pulsed beam available 2.5 ns
• No PAC
• Main instrumentation for nuclear physics experiments:
Ge array with beta decay slider for activation measurements, plunger for
lifetime measurements, double orange conversion spectrometer, PIXE
installation with beam sweaper, multipurpose scattering chamber, particlegamma coincidence set up.
• Main fields of nuclear research:
Nuclear structure
Sub-Coulomb barrier reactions
• Main fields of other research
Applied physics using PIXE with mm resolution
Radiation effects in solids via material modification and ion implantation.
Programme
3 common domains proposed to be covered:
• Nuclear physics
(convener V. Zamfir)
Friday morning
• Nuclear astrophysics
(convener S. Harissopulos)
Friday afternoon
• Microprobes for various topics
Saturday morning
(convener Ph. Moretto)
Small Scale Facilities in EUROPE
(not included in the Large Scale Facilitity Network)
Belgium:
Croatia
Czech Republic:
Germany
1
2
2
5
Greece
France:
Hungary:
Italy:
Poland:
Portugal
Romania:
Spain:
Switzerland
1
2
2
3
2
1
1
2
1
TOTAL
25
IKS KU Leuven
Rudjer Boskovic Institute Zagreb
Nucl. Phys. Inst. Acad. Sci. Rez
RUBION Bochum, HISKP Uni. Bonn, IKP Technische
Univ. Darmstadt, MLL Garching, IKP Univ. Köln
Demokritos Athens
IPN Orsay and CEN Bordeaux
Inst. Nucl. Research Debrecen
LNS Catania, LNGS Assergi, LABEC Firenze
INP Cracow and HIL Warsaw Univ.
ITN Lisbon
CRAI Bucharest
CNAM Madrid and CNA Seville
ETH Zürich
Nuclear solid state physics at IKS ( KU LEUVEN)
(Institute fùr Kern and Stralingsfysica)
• The nuclear solid state physics group uses the infrastructure of the Ion and Molecular
Beam Laboratory (IMBL) to investigate the fundamental structural, electrical, magnetic
and optical properties of low-dimensional structures
• Used nuclear techniques (ion beams and hyperfine interections) for the study of:
metallic multilayers
surface and thin films growth mechanisms
(radiation) defects in semiconductors
• 1.7 MV Tandem (Pelletron) used for analysis of samples via RBS, channeling
spectrometry, PIXE, NRA (Nuclear Reaction Analysis)
• 100 kV mass separator for implantation of radioactive probes (hyperfine interaction
techniques)
• 200 kV high current mass implanter (end 2006) with a multipurpose ion source (for stable
isotopes) for studies on ion beam modification of materials
Tandem accelerator center Rudjer Boskovic Institute ZAGREB
• EN Tandem 6 MV (from Rice University,Texas) upgraded until 2006 (computer controlled
operation and installation of new tubes). Two ion sources (RF and sputtering)
Ion beams so far: protons (up to 1 µA), Li, C, O and 35Cl6+ (0.5-5.5 MV)
• New 1 MV Tandetron installed in 2005 for proton beams. So far energies 0.4-2.0 MeV with
currents up to 10 µA
• No PAC
• 5 beam lines which can be used from both accelerators
PIXE/RBS/PIGE for broad beam analysis,ToF ERDA for thin film analysis, nuclear
reactions with light ions for astrophysics, ion implantation and high resolution PIXE,
µ probe with PIXE, RBS, NRA, ERDA, STIM, IBIC, SE and IL detector systems
• Basic research topics:
Inner shell ionization processes
Non Rutherford elastic scattering
Nuclear astrophysics
• Applied research topics:
Material characterization
Ion beam material modifications
Development of dosimetry techniques
• International collaborations (IAEA, Univ. di Torino and INFN Catania) 30% of beam time
Neutron generator center Rudjer Boskovic Institute ZAGREB
• Linear electrostatic accelerator (CW type) 300 kV. Beginning of operation 1970.
Ions: protons deuterons, 3He+, 4He+. Maximum currents 1 mA
• 3 beam lines : +/- 30° water cooled systems for fixed tritium and deuteron targets.
Precise neutron dose and fluence via the particle associated method.
Fast and slow pulsing at +30°
0° for rotating tritium targets.
• Neutron generator:
3H(2H,n)4He
2H(2H,n)3He
En=14.5 MeV max. fluence 5×109 n/4π.s fixed target
En= 2.5 MeV max. fluence 5×1010 n/4π.s rotating target
• No PAC
• Domestic users: 40%
• Other countries: 60%
• International collaborations:
-NATO: Control of illicit trafficking in threat materials (with INFN Padova)
-FP6 EURITRACK: European illicit trafficking countermeasures kit (with France,
Italy, Poland, Sweden and Croatia)
-IAEA: Inspection of shipping containers for undisclosed radioactive materials
-Institute of isotopes and Central Research Institute of Physics, Hungarian
Academy of Science, Budapest
RUBION –Central unit for ion beams and radioactive nuclides BOCHUM
• High current Dynamitron Tandem with terminal voltage up to 4.5 MV
Almost all ion species available. Typical proton beam current 50 µA
• 500 kV and 100 kV electrostatic single stage accelerator
• No PAC
• RBS, µ PIXE, NRA (H-profiling with 15N), channeling set up, recoil separator with gas
target, low energy nano-implantation stage, high energy µ-implantation stage,
hot implantation stage, industrial implantation stage up to 6'‘ wafer size
• Main fields (nuclear research)
nuclear astrophysics
nuclear material science
development of nuclear analytic techniques
modification of materials by ion implantation
radiochemistry mainly for life science
• Other domains
industrial implantation in clean rooms
applied physics
Radioisotope separator and implanter at the Helmholtz Institut für Strahlen
und Kernphysik, Univ. BONN
• Facility to produce and implant mass separated isotopes into specially prepared samples at
implantation energies between 1 and 160 keV. Off-line facility fully licensed to
handle all radioisotopes except gases and actinides.
• Main fields of application:
Separation and implantation of radioactive isotopes for
the nuclear spectroscopy with charged particles
the investigation of hyperfine interactions in solids
the study of the diffusion of radiotracers in materials
the observation of impurity transmutation in semiconductors
Separation and implantation of stable isotopes for
the production of highly enriched calibrated targets
the impurity doping of materials
the radiation damaging of solids
• Short list of radioisotopes implanted:
7Be, 32P, 59Fe, 67Cu, 71Ge, 77Br, 82Br, 83Rb, 100Pd, 111mCd, 111In, 111Ag, 169Er,
181Hf,197Hg
• Users
Local groups and a substantial number of European and overseas research groups
Institut für Kerphysik, Technische Universität DARMSTADT
• Superconducting electron linear accelerator producing CW electron beams from 3 to 130 MeV.
Free Electron Laser operating at wavelengths between 2.5 and 10 µm
• No PAC
• Main instrumentation for nuclear physics experiments:
Nuclear resonance fluorescence facility with three 100% efficient Ge detectors
Large solid angle magnetic spectrograph for single arm (e,e´) and coincidence
experiments of the form (e,e´x) with x=n,p,…
Solid state and neutron counter arrays
Energy loss spectrometer for (e,e´) at high resolution
Facility for inelastic electron scattering experiments under 180°
• Main fields of nuclear research:
Photon and electron scattering for studies of elementary nuclear excitations of low
multiplicity
Electric and magnetic giant resonances
Astrophysics
Electric and magnetic polarizabilities of the nucleon via Compton scattering at low
photon energies
• Main fields of other research:
Superconducting RF and accelerator physics
Simulation of quantum chaos phenomena in superconducting microwave resonators
Maier- Leibnitz- Laboratory, GARCHING
• 15 MV MP tandem producing H to U ions including polarised p and d, DC or bunches from
1 ns to 2 ms)
• Post accelerator for Ni, Ge (1 pnA, 5.7 MeV/u, bunched)
• PAC with external members
• Main instrumentation for nuclear physics experiments:
Q3D spectrometer, superconducting nanoscope for applied nuclear physics
experiments, Ge arrays, conversion electron spectrometer, gas filled magnet for
AMS, high resolution Penning trap, neutron ToF, shielded lab for low-background
experiments
• Main fields of nuclear research:
Nuclear spectroscopy
Accelerator mass spectroscopy
• Main fields of other research:
-Instrumental developments (nuclear structure and heavy ion physics, hadron,
particle and astrophysics)
-Material analysis: sub-µm 3D-hydrogen microscopy, high resolution and thin layer
by ERDA
-Medical applications with ions: radiobiology with focussed ion-beams, radiation
effects in biological systems, ion-implantation
Institute für Kernphysik, Univ. KÖLN
• 10 MV FN tandem accelerator producing light and heavy ions up to Z=30. Typical beam
currents 10-100 nA. Pulsed beam available 2.5 ns
• No PAC
• Main instrumentation for nuclear physics experiments:
Ge array with beta decay slider for activation measurements, plunger for
lifetime measurements, double orange conversion spectrometer, PIXE
installation with beam sweaper, multipurpose scattering chamber, particlegamma coincidence set up.
• Main fields of nuclear research:
Nuclear structure
Sub-Coulomb barrier reactions
• Main fields of other research
Applied physics using PIXE with mm resolution
Radiation effects in solids via material modification and ion implantation.
Nuclear Physics Institute REZ
• U-120M cyclotron designed and manufactured in JINR Dubna
Operation started ~ 1975 (improvements and modernization since then)
K=40 isochronous machine with both positive and negative ions
energy
currents
H-, H+
10-38 MeV
40-5 µA
+
D,D
10-20 MeV
25-5 µA
3He+
17-53 MeV
3 µA
4He+
20-40 MeV
5 µA
• Fast neutron sources (both monoenergetic 20-37 MeV and white spectrum 1011n/(s.cm2)
up to 32 MeV operated together with neutron scintillator spectrometers and multi foil spectrometry
• Applications: - nuclear astrophysics processes
- fast neutrons for future energy production technologies (EURATOM)
- production of radioisotopes employed in the near radiopharmacy
department (main portion of the cyclotron operating time)
Nuclear Physics Institute REZ
• Old Van de Graaff 3.5 MV
protons and 4He+ ions up to 3.5 MeV several µA and energy stability 10-4
RBS, ERDA (hydrogène), PIXE, PIGE and PESA analyses installed
• New tandetron 4130 MC machine, 3MV (HVEE)
Ions from H to Au with energies up to 20 MeV and currents up to tens of µA
Routine operation in 2006 and beam lines under construction
Microprobe planned in 2007
• Interdisciplinary programmes with national and international groups
• Main research topics:
- surface layers in solids for bio medicine and machine industries
- new prospective materials for microelectronics and opto electronics
- environment
- modification of materials by ion beams
- radiation damage
- nuclear astrophysics and fusion processes also planned
Institute of Nuclear Physics of the National Center for Scientific
Research ‘Demokritos’ ATHENS
• 5.5 MV Van de Graaff tandem (first beams 1973)
4He, Li,
beams: p, d,
C, O,
F,
Ti, V,… Os
30 μA
1 μA
15 μA
1 μA
• Basic research ( ~ 60%)
- Nuclear astrophysics
- Neutron physics
- Nuclear reactions on light systems
• Applied research (~ 40%)
-
Material science
Biomedicine
Archeometry
Environment
• No PAC
• 2500 h/year and 65% external users
0.5 μA
IPN ORSAY
• 15 MV MP tandem. Stable beams from protons to gold
• Cluster beams
• Six beam lines:
-3 for conventional nucl. phys. experiments
-ISOL line
-cluster physics
-industrial applications
• PAC with external members
• Fields: - Nuclear structure of exotic nuclei
- Clusters in nuclei
- Nuclear astrophysics
- Nuclear waste
- Nuclear physics for energy and environment
- Atomic physics
NEW!
ALTO (50 MeV electron accelerator 10 μA)
1011 fissions/sec via photofission inside target and up to 108
after separation
Spectroscopy of very neutron rich nuclei
132Sn/sec
• European programs: EFNUDAT, EUROTRANS, EURONS, EURISOL
AIFIRA (Applications Interdisciplinaires de Faisceaux d’Ions en Région
Aquitaine) CEN BORDEAUX
• Single stage electrostatic accelerator (HVEE 3.5 MV Singletron)
bright beams of light ions (H+, D+, He+) currents up to 100 μA
• Facility commissioned in January 2006
nanobeams with space resolution <100 nm
• PAC (11 members with 4 external experts)
• 5 beam lines:
- neutrons 0.1-7 MeV and soon 20 MeV
- μ probe
- nano probe
- external beam for characterisation in air
- test for detectors and industrial irradiations
• Fields: environment, biomedicine, nuclear waste and new fuel cycles, material science,
cultural heritage
• Facility opened to external users from academic research and industrial firms via
a technological transfer department
• European programs EFNUDAT, EUROTRANS, NANODERM, CELLION, COST P9
• Running costs ~70 k€, technical staff ~ 130 k€
Institute of Nuclear Research DEBRECEN
• 5 MV Van de Graaff providing H+, D+, 4He+, C+, N+, O+, Ne+
Max current 1-20 µA (depending on ion species)
Energy stability less 1kV
• Main instrumentation:
Scanning nuclear microprobe, PIXE chamber, CLOVER type Ge detector with BGO shield
and other Ge counters, target chamber for astrophysics (gamma and particle detectors in
various geometries) , e+-e- pair spectrometer with MWPC tracking and plastic detectors,
e+e- pair spectrometer with SC solenoid and Si micro vertex detectors, high resolution
electrostatic e- spectrometer with angular (0-180°) and energy (5 eV-12 keV) ranges
• Main fields of nuclear research: IBA broad beam and microbeam
nuclear astrophysics
fundamental interactions (internal pair creation in nuclear
transitions)
• Other research: proton beam micromachining
ion induced electron spectroscopy for atomic physics
• No PAC
Institute of Nuclear Research DEBRECEN
• Isochronous cyclotron (K=20) for light ions p, d, 3He, 4He and max. intensities of 50 µA
energies from 3 MeV (p) to 27 MeV for 3He particles
• Main instrumentation: split pole magnetic spectro, CLOVER Ge detector with BGO shield and
other Ge detectors, SC solenoid and mini orange electron spectrometers, ionization
chambers and PPAC fission detectors, scattering chamber with Si telescopes, e+e- pair
spectrometer
• Main fields of nuclear research: SD and HD states in actinide region
study of fission barriers
study of alpha optical model potential for nuclear astrophysics
gamma decay of giant resonances
• Other research: production of radioisotopes for PET
production of long lived isotopes for RIB used abroad
thin layer activation
nuclear data for neutron and gamma induced transmuation
radiation hardness tests of electronic units
• No PAC
Laboratory Nazionali del Sud CATANIA
• 15 MV tandem provides up to 200 nA beams with energies up to 10 to 200 MeV
depending on mass
• Superconducting cyclotron provides ions in a wide range of masses with max energies
from 25 MeV/A for U to 80 MeV/A for fully stripped light ions
• ISOL type RIB facility (EXCYT) based on the cyclotron (primary accel.) and the tandem
(post accel.), produces 8Li beams
• PAC: 1 national and 6 foreign members
• Main fields (nuclear research):
- Exotic nuclei
- Reaction mechanisms around the Coulomb barrier
- Particle spectroscopy of high spin state
- Nuclear astrophysic
- Giant resonances
- Phase transitions
- Nuclear equation of state
• Other domains:
- Proton therapy
- Solid state physics
- Radiation hardness
- Ion beam dammage on biological samples
- Cultural heritage
- High energy cosmic neutrinos
Laboratory Nazionali del GRAN SASSO Assergi
• LUNA:
400 KV accelerator providing intense proton and alpha beams
main characteristics: low ripple, high energy resolution, and operation
without operator on site
• Main fields (nuclear research): low energy nuclear astrophysics via nuclear reaction cross
section measurements at stellar energies
high purity targets and detector systems available
• Other domains:
particle astrophysics, sypernovae-atmospheric-solar neutrinos,
neutrino beam from CERN
dark matter
rare decays
• PAC: 4 Italian and 5 foreign members
LABEC FLORENCE
(Laboratorio di Techniche Nucleari per i Beni Culturali)
•Tandetron 3 MV with three independant ion sources dedicated to applications of nuclear
techniques: Ion Beam Analysis IBA and Accelerator Mass Spectrometry AMS
One source dedicated to AMS (14C dating), the other two for IBA
All kinds of beams with intensities typically of tens of µA
• 6 beam lines:
- rare isotope line, better 0.5% for the ratio 14C/12C in samples of historical periods
-
two collimated external beam lines for IBA cultural heritage and air pollution studies
line with external microbeam set up with scanning facility for elementary mapping
line for standard in-vacuum analysis
line with electrostatic chopper for ultra fast pulsing down to 0.2 ns
• Main research topics: Archeometry
Environment
Geology
Calibration for timing response of detectors
Heavy Ion Laboratory WARSAW University
• K=160 heavy ion cyclotron
which provides beams of gaseous elements and elements available from gaseous compounds
from boron to argon - energies 2 to 10 MeV/A - intensities up to a few hundreds pnA
- Commissioned 1994, beam time available 3000h/year
• Accessible apparatus:
-
large scattering chamber
IGISOL on-line separator
pin diode particle array
large NaI(Tl) crystal segmented in 32 elements
anti Compton shielded Ge detectors
4π Si ball
4π BGO gamma multiplicity filter
Ge compton polarimeter
NEW: ICARE from Strasbourg
• National and international collaborations
• PAC
• Main fields:
- nuclear physics
- solid state
- biology
- application studies
Institute of Nuclear Physics CRACOW
• Van de Graaff (HVEC KN-3000) 2.7 MV
protons and He+ beams energy stabilty 10-3
3 beam lines in operation:
broad-beam PIXE analysis
RBS/channeling
microprobe (routine operation in 2000)
X-ray and particle detectors PIXE, RBS, STIM
• Applications: - geology
- environment
- biomedical
Recently: external focused beam developed with a single ion hit facility for living cells
extraction to air for archeological objects or biological samples
well equipped biological laboratory
• Collaborations in FP5 and FP6 with ~ 10 European partners:
NANODERM and CELLION
Ion Beam Laboratory ITN LISBON
(Instituto Tecnologico e Nuclear)
• 2.5 MV Van de Graaff accelerator: irradiations with 0.4 -2.5 MeV protons and 4He
µ probe: 1.5 µm resolution
• 3.0 MV Tandem accelerator: irradiations with several ions at temperatures in the range of liquid
nitrogen (LN) up to 1000 °C. µ-AMS line
• No PAC
• 210 kV high flux ion implanter: all stable elements with energies in the range 15-210 KeV,
temperatures in the range LN up to 1000 °C
• Experimental techniques: RBS, channeling, (HI)-ERDA, NRA, PIXE, IBL, PIGE and AMS
• Applications:
- characterization and processing new materials
- proton induced reactions relevant for nuclear astrophysics and development of
analytical techniques to profile light elements
- biomedical studies of human pathologies (elemental distribution in tissues)
- atmospheric and environmental studies
• European programmes
Fusion development agreement (EFDA) via EURATOM
Low energy nuclear reactions in the framework of LUNA (Gran Sasso)
Biomedical studies of skin permeability to nanoparticles
Center of Research with Accelerated Ions BUCHAREST
• FN-type tandem, upgraded to 9 MV (HVEC USA) commissioned in 1973
- 28 ion species from protons to gold with intensities up to 1 μA
- 7 beam lines equipped (photons, charged particles and neutrons)
for a wide variety of applications
• Research topics:
- basic nuclear and atomic physics
- applied physics using PIXE, RBS, ERDA and AMS
- 24 national research projects
• Collaborations in FP6 progammes:
- EURONS (AGATA, EXOSCHAP, ISILHI)
- EURISOL
- EURATOM
• Stand alone Electron-Cyclotron Resonance (14GHz, ECR) ion source
large variety of highly ion beams at low energy
• Topics:
- atomic physics
- condensed matter
- applied research
CMAM University MADRID (Centro de
Microanalisis de Materials)
• High current tandetron 5 MV (HVEE) commissioned early 2003
Intense beams with remarkable stability and low terminal voltage ripple
• Multidisciplinary facility using IBA for archeometry,
environmental sciences
material sciences
nuclear physics and test of detectors
• Nuclear physics beam line operative since end 2004
full kinematical study of the break up in 3 alpha of excited states of
12C populated the 3He+10B reaction at 3 MeV
testing for signal digitization of charged particle detectors
• FP6: EURONS
• Technical positions are not yet permanent because facility is new
CNA University SEVILLE
(National Center of Accelerators)
• Development of technological and scientific projects among Andalusian, Spanish and
international scientific communities as well as private and public companies
• Tandem Van de Graaff 3 MV
6 beam lines for archeometry, art, biomedicine, environment and material sciences
1 line for basic nuclear physics
• Cyclotron 18 MeV
production of radionuclides for PET
• Mass spectrometer with a 1 MV Cockcroft Walton accelerator (AMS)
extremely small quantities of 14C, 10Be, 26Al, 129I and Pu isotopes
archeology, geology, hydrology, material science
• Remark: CNA and CMAM installations especially adequate for the training of young
scientists and technicians who will be involved in programmes at large scall
facilities like FAIR, ISOLDE or GANIL
Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule (ETH) ZÜRICH
• 6 MV tandem operated in close collaboration with the Paul Scherrer Institute. Machine
installed in 1963 and dedicated to applied research since 1985.
• 5 independant ion sources dedicated to applications of nuclear techniques: Accelerator
Mass Spectrometry and Ion Beam Physics.
Beams available: H, He,10Be, 14C, C60 (cluster),14C, 26Al, 32Si, 36Cl, 41Ca, 60Fe,
126Sn, 129I
• 5 beam lines (µprobe, external beam for thin layer activation, ion implantation channeling,
heavy ion RBS spectrometer and AMS)
• No PAC
• Techniques for analysis and irradiation:
RBS, (heavy ion)-ERDA, NRA, PIXE, (channeling-RBS), TLA, accelerator SIMS
• Main activities:
Geology
Climate research
Environment
Life sciences
Material sciences