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Culturing Microorganisms > Other Environmental Growth Factors
Other Environmental Growth Factors
• Gas Requirements
• Osmotic Pressure
• Microbial Growth at Low or High pH
• Oxygen
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Culturing Microorganisms > Other Environmental Growth Factors
Gas Requirements
• Culture conditions vary greatly for each cell type. The variation of conditions for a
particular cell type can result in different phenotypes.
• Capnophiles are microorganisms that thrive in the presence of high
concentrations of carbon dioxide.
• Diazotrophs are microorganisms that fix atmospheric nitrogen gas into a more
usable form such as ammonia.
Bacteriological incubator
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Culturing Microorganisms > Other Environmental Growth Factors
Osmotic Pressure
• Osmosis is the net movement of solvent molecules through a partially permeable
membrane into a region of higher solute concentration in order to equalize the
solute concentrations on the two sides.
• Osmosis provides the primary means by which water is transported into and out
of cells.
• Osmoregulation is the homeostasis mechanism of an organism to reach balance
in osmotic pressure.
• If the medium is hypotonic, the cells will gain water through osmosis.
• If the medium is hypertonic, the cells will lose water through osmosis.
Osmotic Pressure on Red Blood Cells
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Culturing Microorganisms > Other Environmental Growth Factors
Microbial Growth at Low or High pH
• Neutrophiles are organisms that thrive in neutral (pH 7) environments.
• Alkaliphiles are microbes that thrive in alkaline (pH 9-11) environments.
• Acidophilic organisms are those that thrive under highly acidic conditions (usually
at pH 2.0 or below).
pH scale
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Culturing Microorganisms > Other Environmental Growth Factors
Oxygen
• An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an
oxygenated environment.
• An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen
for growth.
• Normal microbial culturing occurs in an aerobic environment which poses a
problem when culturing anaerobes; requiring one of a number of techniques to be
used to keep oxygen out of the culturing setup.
Identity of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
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Appendix
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Culturing Microorganisms
Key terms
• acidophile an organism that lives and thrives under acidic conditions; a form of extremophile
• aerobic Living or occurring only in the presence of oxygen.
• aerobic respiration metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms and require oxygen to convert
biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• aerotolerant anaerobe an organism that does not require oxygen to sustain its metabolic processes, but is able to survive in the
presence of oxygen
• alkaliphile any organism that lives and thrives in an alkaline environment, such as a soda lake; a form of extremophile
• anaerobic Without oxygen; especially of an environment or organism.
• capnophile A microorganism that requires or grows best in presence of high concentrations of carbon dioxide.
• diazotroph A microorganism that can fix nitrogen.
• hypertonic Having a greater osmotic pressure than another.
• hypotonic Having a lower osmotic pressure than another.
• isotonic Having the same osmotic pressure.
• neutrophile any organism that thrives in a relatively neutral pH
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Culturing Microorganisms
• osmosis the net movement of solvent molecules from a region of high solvent potential to a region of lower solvent potential
through a partially permeable membrane
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Culturing Microorganisms
Osmotic Pressure on Red Blood Cells
Effect of different solutions on blood cells.
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Culturing Microorganisms
Identity of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
Aerobically different bacteria behave differently when grown in liquid culture: 1) Obligate aerobic bacteria gather at the top of the test tube in order to
absorb maximal amount of oxygen. 2) Obligate anaerobic bacteria gather at the bottom to avoid oxygen. 3) Facultative bacteria gather mostly at the top,
since aerobic respiration is advantageous (ie, energetically favorable); but as lack of oxygen does not hurt them, they can be found all along the test
tube. 4) Microaerophiles gather at the upper part of the test tube but not at the top. They require oxygen, but at a lower concentration. 5) Aerotolerant
bacteria are not affected at all by oxygen, and they are evenly spread along the test tube.
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Culturing Microorganisms
Bacteriological incubator
Cells are grown and maintained at an appropriate temperature and gas mixture of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen in a cell incubator.
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Culturing Microorganisms
pH scale
A pH scale with annotated examples of chemicals at each integer pH value
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Culturing Microorganisms
Glovebox
Terra Universal 100 Glovebox
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Culturing Microorganisms
Capnophiles thrive in relatively high concentration of
____________.
A) Oxygen
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Sulfur
D) Nitrogen
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Culturing Microorganisms
Capnophiles thrive in relatively high concentration of
____________.
A) Oxygen
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Sulfur
D) Nitrogen
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Culturing Microorganisms
If a cell loses water by osmosis what would the surrounding
medium be?
A) hypertonic
B) isotonic
C) hypotonic
D) high water
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Culturing Microorganisms
If a cell loses water by osmosis what would the surrounding
medium be?
A) hypertonic
B) isotonic
C) hypotonic
D) high water
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Culturing Microorganisms
If the cytoplasm of an organism is of a low (acidic) pH then all the
proteins in the _________ have evolved to survive acidity.
A) proton pumps
B) cell membranes
C) genome
D) Acetobacter aceti
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Culturing Microorganisms
If the cytoplasm of an organism is of a low (acidic) pH then all the
proteins in the _________ have evolved to survive acidity.
A) proton pumps
B) cell membranes
C) genome
D) Acetobacter aceti
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Culturing Microorganisms
Aerotolerant organisms do NOT use __________ as a terminal
electron acceptor.
A) oxygen
B) carbon dioxide
C) hydrogen
D) sulfur
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Culturing Microorganisms
Aerotolerant organisms do NOT use __________ as a terminal
electron acceptor.
A) oxygen
B) carbon dioxide
C) hydrogen
D) sulfur
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Culturing Microorganisms
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Osmotic." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic
• Wikipedia. "Osmotic." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic
• Wikipedia. "Osmotic." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic
• Wikipedia. "Osmotic pressure." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_pressure
• Wiktionary. "isotonic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isotonic
• Wiktionary. "hypotonic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypotonic
• Wiktionary. "hypertonic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypertonic
• Wiktionary. "osmosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/osmosis
• Wikipedia. "Nitrogen fixation." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation
• Wikipedia. "Cell culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture
• Wikipedia. "Diazotroph." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazotroph
• Wikipedia. "Carbon fixation." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fixation
• Wiktionary. "diazotroph." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diazotroph
• Wiktionary. "capnophile." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capnophile
• Wikipedia. "Capnophiles." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capnophiles
• Wikipedia. "Acidophile (organisms)." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidophile_(organisms)
• Wikipedia. "Neutrophile." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophile
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Culturing Microorganisms
• Wikipedia. "PH." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH
• Wikipedia. "Alkaliphile." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaliphile
• Wiktionary. "acidophile." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acidophile
• Wiktionary. "alkaliphile." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alkaliphile
• Wiktionary. "neutrophile." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neutrophile
• Wikipedia. "Capnophiles." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capnophiles
• Wikipedia. "Microaerophile." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microaerophile
• Wikipedia. "Aerobic organism." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_organism
• Wikipedia. "Anaerobic organism." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_organism
• Wikipedia. "Aerobic respiration." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_respiration
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//microbiology/definition/aerotolerant-anaerobe
• Wiktionary. "anaerobic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anaerobic
• Wiktionary. "aerobic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aerobic
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