archaeoinformatics.org
DIGITAL ANTIQUITY:
Planning a Digital Information
Infrastructure for Archaeology
Grant Period: 7/1/2007-6/30/2008
ARCHAEOINFORMATICS.ORG Steering Committee
Keith Kintigh, Convener, Arizona State University
Jeffrey Altschul, SRI Foundation
Tim Kohler, Washington State University
Fred Limp, University of Arkansas
Julian Richards, University of York
Dean Snow, The Pennsylvania State University
also
John Howard, Arizona State University
C. Lee Giles, The Pennsylvania State University
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
DIGITAL ANTIQUITY: Planning a
Digital Information Infrastructure for Archaeology
• Planning Grant In Progress (7 months)
– Goals: Preservation, Discovery & Access, & Data Integration
– Scope: Newly Created an Legacy Data
• CRM & Academic Archaeology
• Documents, Databases, and Images, + Plan for Geospatial & Exotic
– Initial Context: Americanist Archaeology
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Needs and Vision
Organization
Assessment
Prototyping Platform & Tools
Jump-starting Case Studies
Current State of Planning
– Technical, Social, Financial
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Disciplinary Needs for Broad-based
Information Infrastructure
• Explosion of digital information
– $1 Billion/year in Archaeology (US)
– 50,000-100,000 reports/year, 1000s of databases (US)
• Discovery & Full Access
– Lack of availability (on-line or otherwise) of information
resources
– Absence of intelligent discovery tools
– Problem of data standardization
– Lack of tools to enable semantic integration
• Digital Preservation Problems
– Absence of existing facilities for preservation
– Media degradation & software obsolescence
– Degradation & loss of data semantics (metadata)
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Professional Ethics
• SAA Principle No. 5: Intellectual Property
“Intellectual property, as contained in the knowledge
and documents created through the study of
archaeological resources, is part of the archaeological
record. As such it should be treated in accord with
the principles of stewardship rather than as a matter
of personal possession.”
• SAA Principle No. 7: Records and Preservation
“Archaeologists should work actively for the
preservation of, and long term access to,
archaeological collections, records, and reports.”
Society for American Archaeology - Principles of Archaeological Ethics 1996
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Archaeoinformatics.org Vision
• Sustainable, general-purpose infrastructure
– New and legacy digital archaeological data
• Goals for the infrastructure
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Preservation (with Versioning and Persistent Cite-ability),
Discovery & Access,
Data Integration
Interoperability discovery and download with related Infrastructures
• Registration of Extensive, Machine Processable Metadata
– Integrated in workflows of those generating the data
• Initial focus on delivering tools for:
– Text (Gray Literature)
– Databases,
– Images
• Work with ADS and others on metadata standards
– Fostering interoperability
– For Photogrammetry/Geospatial/CAD/Remote Sensing, LiDAR, Laser
Scanning (HDS), Geophysical Data
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Outcomes
Advance humanistic understandings of the past
• Sustainable and reliable digital data & metadata
preservation
• Ability to re-evaluate hypotheses and arguments
• Improved research through increased reuse of
existing data
• Enable large-scale & synthetic research
• Time & cost savings
• More effective use of research $
• Expanded availability to the broader public
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Organization
Steering Committee
Keith Kintigh, Past President SAA, Arizona State University
Jeff Altschul, Past Treasurer SAA, SRI Foundation
Tim Kohler, Past Editor, American Antiquity, Washington State University
Fred Limp, Past Treasurer SAA, University of Arkansas
Julian Richards, University of York (UK)
Dean Snow, President SAA, The Pennsylvania State University
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Board of Directors
Brian Crane, DOD/Versar, Inc.
Katherine Emery, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida
Sebastian Heath, Archaeological Institute of America
Eric Kansa, University of California at Berkeley, Alexandria Archive Institute
Francis McManamon, Chief Archaeologist, National Park Service
Worthy Martin, University of Virginia
Fraser Neiman, Thomas Jefferson Foundation, University of Virginia
Vincas Steponaitis, Past President SAA, Research Laboratories of
Anthropology, University of North Carolina
Herbert Van de Sompel, Los Alamos National Laboratory
Phillip Walker, Past President AAPA, University of California at Santa
Barbara
Willeke Wendrich, University of California at Los Angeles
Thomas Whitley, Brockington & Associates
Mellon Funded Project Participants
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
NSF-Access Grid Virtual Lectures
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Eric C. Kansa - Executive Director of the Alexandria Archive Institute
– "Open Context:Community Tools for Publishing Research Data on the Web"
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Chaitan Baru - Director of Science Research and Development at the San Diego Supercomputer Center
– "GEON: Geosciences Network"
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Michael J. Halm (& John Yoo) - Senior Strategist and Manager for the Special Project activities for the
Teaching and Learning with Technology group, Penn State University,
– "LionShare: Secure P2P File Sharing and Collaboration"
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Mark Gahegan (& Chaitan Baru, Boyan Brodaric) - Professor of Geography and affiliate professor of
Information Science and Technology at the Pennsylvania State University
– "Sharing our resources, sharing our understanding: Cyberinfrastructure for Archaeology"
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Fred Limp- Leica Chair and Director Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies, University of Arkansas
– “Interoperability and net-centric architectures: lessons for archaeoinformatics from the Open
Geospatial Consortium”
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Mark Schildhauer - National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara
– "Ecological informatics: challenges and approaches, and potential relevance for archaeology ”
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Julian D Richards - Professor of Archaeology, University of York and Director, Archaeology Data Service
– “Current challenges for digital preservation and delivery”
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Ian Johnson - Archaeological Computing Laboratory, University of Sydney
– “ECAI: The snowball still survives“
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Katherine Skinner - Digital Projects Librarian at the Emory University Libraries
– "Collaborative Adventures in Distributed Digital Preservation: The MetaArchive Cooperative and the
Educopia Institute"
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Assessment: On-Line Survey
User Needs and Attitudes
• 270 responses primarily from members of the SAA’s Digital Data
Interest Group
• 94% responded that documentation of the archaeological record is
being lost
• 94% responded that they would use electronic data more if it were
accessible
• 90% responded that it is the responsibility of a project sponsor to
fund and ensure curation of databases
• More than 60% responded that users should not be charged
access fees
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Phase I - Case Studies
• Goal: Demonstrate research value to the community
• Criteria for implementation case studies
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driven by compelling research questions
executed by multi-institutional cooperatives
at least one international
at least one with large component of legacy data;
at least one with large component of recent CRM data
• Southwest
– Dolores Archaeological Project
– Bandelier Archaeological Excavation Project
• Central & West Mexico
– Teotihuacan Mapping Project
– La Quemada, Zacatecas
• Fauna – Southwest & Midwest (NSF)
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Strategic Emphases
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Access & Discovery
Preservation & Archiving
Interoperability
Leveraging existing open source initiatives
Incorporating Web 2.0 characteristics
Building on ADS and European experience
Develop next generation shared infrastructure
Prototypes allow us to assess potential designs
– Platform
– Tools
– Institutional Structure
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Staged Implementation - Level 1
• Interoperable gateway
– Development/adoption of publish and discovery specifications
and tools for federated search
– Package & search high-level metadata (not looking inside
resources)
• Creation of preservation archives
• Development/adoption of best practices for workflows
– Building collaboratively on ADS “Guides to good practice”
• “Test bed” pilot projects
– Focused on “high value” data sets & information
– Investigate automated search and ontology development
tools/strategies
• e.g., Lagoze & Van de Sompel (interoperability)
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Staged Implementation
Longer Term - Level 2
• Address complex semantic & ontology issues
– Engage expert and institutional groups
– Workshops, etc.
• Develop/adopt semantic web tools to assist
semantic mapping & ontology development
– Integrate complex document search
– Semantic database integration
– Image and location search
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Publish and Discovery
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•
Interoperate using core metadata specs including ability to
access actual data
– e.g., what, where, when, permissions/control
Adopt existing metadata discovery & aggregation toolkits
– English Heritage Gateway
– ARENA - Archaeological Record of Europe Networked
Access
– MIDAS/CIDOC (ISO 21127) Harmonization
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Consistent w/ OAI-PMH Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
Assign unique and persistent addresses for resources
Institutional adoption of specifications & best practices
– e.g., Fedora, DSpace,…?
Community Building
Workshops and evangelization
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Tentative Archive Architecture
• Base Platform
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Central metadata catalog
Search & discovery
Trusted repository for information resources
Expanded access to distributed resources if registered
• Federated Repositories (Branding)
– running same software stack
• Discovery & Access through Other Repositories
– Based on metadata sharing standard (e.g., OAI)
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Prototyping:
Archive Platform
• Prototype platform for an open source, Internet
accessible archaeological information
infrastructure. (NSF Funded)
• tDAR already provides basic preservation,
discovery and access functions
• tDAR provides concept-oriented access and
semantic integration across datasets
• tDAR focuses on databases but also processes
text and images.
• One element of an international federated structure
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
tDAR’s Approach
• Users: Anyone may register; approval for contributors
• Register Project & Resources to tDAR Metadata Catalog
– Goal: Preserve the original semantics of data
– Project & Resource metadata (extended Dublin Core)
– Extensive machine processable metadata at the level of data tables, columns,
and values
– Upload Files (or Point to Distributed Resources)
• Text files in ASCII or PDF; Images in JPG and TIFF images;
• Databases ingested as Access®, Excel®, or CSV files then converted to
PostgreSQL for search integration & maintenance
• Search: metadata or resource content (db or text)
– Add ontology-driven concept-oriented search
– Add search & download to other infrastructures, such as ADS or OpenContext
• Download: Resources for further analysis
– Add semantic integration across databases, output integrated databases
– Complete citation information
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Add Semantic Data Integration (output integrated databases)
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
tDAR: Semantic Integration
• tDAR will reconcile the semantic demands of a query
with the semantic content of the available datasets
(rather than global reconciliation of data sources).
• tDAR uses query-driven, ad-hoc data integration in
which, given a query,
– it will identify relevant data sources
– reason with potentially incomplete or inconsistent
information.
– perform interactive, on-the-fly metadata matching to
align key portions of the metadata
– Interact, as necessary with the user
• Expands on ADS Capabilities
– open source code available for reuse
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
• Integrated search engine for archaeology
• Searches text, citations, maps, tables, locations, time
• Prototype data: 8,000 documents from JSTOR archaeology journals
• Leverages other open source projects - Lucene indexer
• JSTOR metadata used for metadata extraction and indexing
• ChemXSeer, chemistry, table extraction and indexing (at Penn State)
• Will use aspects of CiteSeerX ingestion, indexing and crawling
• Table search and data extraction
•Extract data from tables in an XML OAI format
•For use in other experiments or data aggregation
•Provide open source extraction tools for other systems.
•Progress to date from a 6 month effort.
• http://cxs02.ist.psu.edu:8080/archseer/
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Implementation Case Studies
• Expand Planning Grant Case Studies
– Spread of agricultural societies in southwestern and
southeastern US
• New Case Studies
– Arkansas Archaeological Survey
• Exemplar of US comprehensive system
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North Carolina Gray Literature
Open Context - Catahoulk, Petra, etc.
UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
Global History of Health
SRI human skeletal scan data
Others?
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Social Demands on a
Sustainable Digital Infrastructure
• Credible Organizational Structure
– Multi-institutional Board of Directors & Executive Committee
• Buy-in from CRM and academic communities
– Ease of use
– Address confidentiality of archaeological site locations
– Allow data in infrastructure to be private data for a time
• Buy-in from funding, reviewing, or permitting bodies
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Assist in meeting accountability and management needs
Integrate registration in grant or compliance contract workflows
Automated check consistency & completeness
Project is not complete until Agency signs off on deposit
Strengthen US regulations (36CFR79) and formal guidance
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Additional Social Demands on a
Sustainable Digital Infrastructure
• Work with professional societies
– Establishment of “industry standards” will help federal
agencies mandate use
– Require publication of digital data with journal articles
• Work with museums with responsibilities as
digital data repositories
• Ensure proper credit is given to contributors
– Citations with downloads
– Usage statistics
– Optional peer review
• Training: on-line and in person
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Professional Society Buy-In
A related vision for databases developed by an NSF
workshop and published in American Antiquity (Kintigh
2006) was endorsed by:
– Society for American Archaeology
– American Association of Physical Anthropologists
– Society for Historical Archaeology
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
SAA Digital Data Interest Group
Purpose: To promote the preservation and sharing
of archaeological data maintained in digital form.
– The long-term conservation and protection of the archaeological
record demands that we preserve digital documents, images,
and databases, and make them available to other scholars in
order to advance archaeological understandings of the past.
– The interest group will foster the development of shared digital
archives of archaeological data. It will promote data sharing
and preservation to the broader archaeological community and
enhance communication and collaboration among data sharing
initiatives.
• Contact: Eric Kansa (UC Berkeley)
• 796 Members to Date (>10% of SAA membership)
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Financial Dimensions of a
Sustainable Digital Infrastructure
• Infrastructure development and startup from grants
• Revenues to maintain cyberinfrastructure from:
– contracts with federal and state agencies to maintain and to
provide access to publicly-funded archaeological data
– disintermediation - capture savings from academic and CRM
projects (e.g. .5% of $1Billion)
• Fundraising to develop a long-term endowment to
support the cyberinfrastructure
• To the extent possible, user fees will not be employed
• Time to operational solvency – 5-6 years?
Arizona State University
Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,
archaeoinformatics.org
Acknowledgments
Support from
– The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
– NSF Grant IIS 0624341
• Steering Committee Institution Teams
• Disciplinary & Technical Advisory Board Members
Partners
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Statistical Research, Inc.
The Pennsylvania State University University of Arkansas
Washington State University
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Archaeology All-Projects Meeting
New York - March 5-6, 2008,