Welcome to MECH 6251/485
Space Flight Dynamics and Propulsion Systems
Instructor: Dr. Hoi Dick Ng
Affiliation: Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering, Concordia University
Room: EV 004.229
Tel: (514) 848-2424 ext 3177
E-mail: hoing@mie.concordia.ca
Apollo Saturn V
Course website:
http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~hoing/Teaching/MECH6251/mech6251.html
Welcome to MECH 6251/485
Space Flight Dynamics and Propulsion Systems
Objective
Make you becoming a “ROCKET SCIENTIST”!
• Analyze the performance of an ideal rocket engine.
• Select propellants and rocket propulsion systems based on mission
requirements.
• Perform thermo-chemical calculations to determine the rocket chamber
temperature and chemical composition for any propellant combination.
• Design a liquid propellant rocket engine, a solid propellant rocket motor
and a hybrid rocket motor by considering different factors such as propellant
combination, burning rate laws, combustion chamber, injector, igniter, nozzle,
heat transfer and cooling characteristics
Welcome to MECH 6251/485
Space Flight Dynamics and Propulsion Systems
Objective
Make you becoming a “ROCKET SCIENTIST”!
Main topics:
• Introduction and classification of space propulsion systems
• Rocket fundamentals
• Ideal rocket design and optimization
• Flight dynamics (orbital mechanics)
• Chemical propellant rocket performance analysis
• Solid, liquid and hybrid propellant rocket motors
• Propellants and combustion
• Advanced topics and trends in space propulsion system design
Welcome to MECH 6251/485
Space Flight Dynamics and Propulsion Systems
Pre-requisite
This course is an application based course
which uses fundamental principles to design
space propulsion systems:
• Newtonian dynamics
• thermodynamics
• Chemistry
• fluid mechanics
• heat transfer
*MECH 6111 Gas dynamics
Welcome to MECH 6251/485
Space Flight Dynamics and Propulsion Systems
Required text
G.P. Sutton and O. Biblarz, Rocket Propulsion
Elements, 7th or 8th edition, Wiley
Each week: Reading assignment of
different chapters
Welcome to MECH 6251/485
Space Flight Dynamics and Propulsion Systems
Midterm quiz
Research project
Final exam
20%
20%
50%
Propulsion system: Present, and Future
Present: study the fundamental and current
knowledge on space flight mechanics and
rocket propulsion systems
Atlas II/III
Future: Research on any advanced
space propulsion systems
Research Project
Students will carry out a research project related to the space science and
space propulsion system. The purpose of the project is to provide students
with an opportunity to carry out an open-ended project work and to present it
in an acceptable form. The format of the project may consist of the following:
1. A theoretical study of an engineering problem/mission related to space propulsion.
2. A design and/or development project
3. A case study
4. An ordered and critical exposition of the literature on an appropriate topic in space
engineering.
5. Review of a “classical” journal paper
The final submission of the research project should be in the form of a technical
report. Teams must present a project proposal (max. 2 pages + 10 mins
presentation) in October (tentatively on Oct. 8, 2012).
Concordia University
Class 2012
Design of a single stage hybrid sounding rocket
Hybrid (Solid/Liquid) propulsion system
Gemini VIII - Updated analysis and recreation of mission
Pre-design of the propulsion of a space elevator’s climber
Hypersonic spaceplane propulsion platforms
A case study on intercontinental ballistics missiles (ICBM)
Case study on challenger space shuttle
A journey to Mars
Concordia University
Quad Chart
Source: http://www.canis.uiuc.edu/
Concordia University
Electric Propulsion System – An Innovative Technology
for Future Human Space Cruise
Space Flight Dynamics and Propulsion Systems (MECH 7221)
Farhana Anjum (ID 5343534), Zayed Takdir Mahmud (ID 9204350)
ME Dept., Concordia University, Montreal, QC
Electric Propulsion
 Rocket Equation

M 0 M b  exp V gc I sp

M0  Mb  M p
M b  M dry  M payload
 Cheating the assumption about rocket equation
Interstellar space mission is not possible with current technologies due
to extremely high launched and mission travel cost
Design space craft issues: Less mass means less propellant
Mission ΔV is 2 or 3 times the propulsion’s exhaust velocity or
equivalently impulse Isp with current chemical propulsion technologies
Need new ground-breaking technologies: less propellant  high speed
Electric Propulsion is evolving as an innovative propulsion system for
interstellar space mission
Main Principle of Electric Propulsion System
•Source of Energy: Electric Power  Nuclear, Solar Radiation, Batteries
•Energize propellant to give much higher Isp than chemical reaction
•Reduce propellant mass for a given ΔV change  increase M0/Mb ratio
 All propellant being used is carried onboard the vehicle currently
 Instead use: solar thermal energy, solar electric power systems, solar
sails, propellant mass from extra-terrestrial resources
 Don’t need to carry everything with rocket from launched station earth
 Collect energy, materials, etc. as on travel
 Choose advanced rocket propulsion technologies based on their
impacts on the rocket equation: all seek to increase Isp  Advanced
Propulsion technology  to emphasize on Isp
Challenges and Opportunities
•No energy limit: large energy from external solar or nuclear electric
system  Isp can be order of Magnitude than chemical system
•It is power limited deliverable external energy rate ∞ Power sys. Mass
•Limiting thrust to vehicle mass  low T/W vehicles  larger thrust
•Operable from hours to years  ultimately buildup larger total impulse
• Solar electric propulsion systems consist of: (a) Power system (solar or
nuclear), (b) Power Conditioning, (c) Thruster, (d) Propellant storage, and •Provide significant mass savings  higher Isp
(e) Feed subsystem
•Trip time benefits: complicated interplay  T/W and local gravity field
•Thrusters: (1) Electrothermal,
• (2) Electrostatic, and (3) Electromagnetic
•Power: From the Sunlight or nuclear reactor  Solar photon  electricity by
solar cells  low efficiency; Nuclear: Thermal energy  electricity by static or
dynamic thermal2electric power conversion  high efficiency
•Heliocentric space medium T/W compare to solar gravitation
•Much higher terminal velocity  reduce trip time
•Use less propellant mass high ΔV  short trip time trajectory
•Suitable for outer planet for long run time for future human space cruise
A Journey Into Space
Jun 10th 2008
Book your ticket now!
Technology
Spaceship
• Air launched from mother ship at 15 km altitude and 215 km/h
• Single hybrid rocket motor (liquid N2O, HTPB rubber solid fuel)
• Unpowered landing. Glides back
• Feathering: provides high stability and drag to decelerate vehicle
• No heat shield or ceramic tiles for re-entry
Thru
st
73.5
kN
Total M
3600
kg
Mach
3
Isp
250
sec
Payload
400 kg
Bell nozzle
A/At
25
Burn
t
80 sec
Mass
flow rate
30 kg/s
Po
24
bar
Impacts
Conclusions
• Currently Russian Space Agency leading the field
•Challenges:
• Virgin Galactic is 1st world spaceline. Privately funded spaceship
• Marketing space tourism to the general public
• Space vehicle that makes a suborbital flight (120 km altitude)
• Medical limitations for non-professionals
• Total flight time in space of 6 mins. 3 passengers on board
• Larger spaceship, longer flight times and achieving higher altitudes for
orbital flight
• Medical exam and Training needed for participants
•Project Estimates:
•Human interest in space, uniqueness of experience, status symbol
• Trip cost/passenger: $200,000
•Advantages:
• Development cost: $30 million
-Advances in technology
- Source of funding for R&D
•Disadvantages:
- High cost
• Estimated development time: 3 years
•Future of space tourism:
- Safety issues/accidents
Company: Space Journeys Inc.
-Probable health effects
2008
Engineering R&D
2009
Manufacturing
2010
Testing
2011
Main Flights
• Lunar travel for 1 week trip. Space hotels
Contact: Aisha Manderson & Redha Khezzar, Design Engineers
Email: r_khezzar@sji.com
Phone: (514) 622 33 67
How to do well in this intensive course?
• Review your basic engineering subjects
(e.g. newtonian mechanics, thermodynamics,
fluid mechanics, gasdynamics, heat transfer)
• Study class lectures, read the textbook/literature
• Read literature and develop an interest in the subject.
• Do the homework
• Discuss and collaborate with your colleagues
Most important, ENJOY this course
Concordia University
Introduction and classification of
space propulsion systems
Objectives
• Types of propulsion systems
• Historical perspective
• Classification of different rockets types
Reading:
The road to space by Gruntman
Sutton and Biblarz Chapter 1
What is propulsion
Dictionary definition: The action or process of propelling, changing the
motion of a body.
Newton’s third laws of motion
•“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
- Isaac Newton, 1687
Propulsion mechanism: A reaction force is imparted to a device by the
momentum of ejected matter
Example: A monkey sits on a “space” wagon, and throws bananas out the
back of the wagon. The act of throwing the bananas in one direction causes
the wagon to be propelled in the opposite direction.
Rocket vs. Air-breathing jet propulsion
• Differ in the working fluid/matter
Jet propulsion engine: (MECH 6171)
• Terrestrial system
• Use the surrounding medium as the “working
fluid” and chemical energy addition to generate
thrust (propulsion).
• Air breathing device: only the fuel is carried on
board. The majority of the thrust in an airbreathing engine is generated by the ambient air,
Rocket propulsion system: (this course)
• A rocket is a device that produces thrust by
ejecting matter (propellant mass) that are carried
or stored on board.
Lockheed Martin
Historical perspective
The past …
Reading: The Road to Space – The first thousand years by Mike
Gruntman, University of Southern California, LA, California.
Who was the first?
Earliest Rockets
– China or India (related to the discovery of black or “gun” powder)
The “Three Amigos” of spaceflight theory
American
• Robert Goddard
German physicist
• Hermann Oberth
• Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Polish
• Founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics
• Independent and parallel development of Rocket theory
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
1857 - 1935
• Deaf Russian School Teacher - fascinated with space flight, started
by writing Science Fiction Novels
• Discovered that practical space flight depended on liquid fuel
rockets in the 1890’s
• Famous for development of “Rocket Equation” in 1897
• Calculated escape velocity, minimum orbital velocity, benefit of
equatorial launch, and benefit of multi-stage rockets
• Excellent theory, Not well published, not as important as he could
have been
Robert H. Goddard
1882 - 1945
• Also a loner, developed rocket theory in
1909-1910
• an experimenter, actually building and
testing liquid fuel rockets (first flight in
1926)
• In a report to his sponsors (Smithsonian
Institute) in 1920, he described a rocket trip
to the moon. This subjected him to ridicule
since the common belief was still that a
rocket needed air to push against
• Goddard ended with 214 patents covering
details of rocket design
Robert Goddard
with his original
rocket system
Hermann Oberth
1894 - 1989
• His 1923 book: Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen (The Rocket
into Planetary Space) covered the entire spectrum of manned and
unmanned rocket flight.
• Because it was published and widely read, he had more influence
on the growth of rocket concepts then either of the others. His book
spawned several rocket societies in Germany, significantly the
German Rocket society, out of which the German army recruited
Werner Von Braun in 1932 and started the project which produced
the V2 bomb or rocket.
The V2 (Vergeltung – Vengeance)
• Challenge was to deliver a one ton warhead
• Final design: 2300 lb warhead, 47 ft long,
5.4 ft diameter, 28,229 lb takeoff weight.
59,500 lb thrust for 68 seconds.
• 6400 weapon launches
• The Americans got Von Braun and 117
other scientists, and about 100 rockets.
The Soviets got the facilities and about the
same number of rockets.
• 60 plus V2’s were launched in the late 40’s
in US. All were sub-orbital, highest altitude
was 244 miles
V-2 Rocket
First Operational System
Rocket applications
• Both the Soviets and the US built sub-orbital rockets
in the late 1940’s, 50’s and 60’s
• Sounding (research) rockets instrument-carrying device to take
measurements and perform scientific
experiments during its sub-orbital flight
• Spacecraft (satellite) Launchers
• Intercontinental ballistic missiles with
the increasing capabilities in accuracy,
range and payload (warhead) weight
• Manned space flight (space vehicle for
specific missions)
First satellite launchers
Russia (Soviet Union)
•
Sputnik - SS-6/R7
- 217,000 lbs thrust
- 2900 lbs to LEO
USA
•
Explorer I - Jupiter C rocket
– 75000 lbs thrust
– 20 lbs to LEO
R7 Semiorka Rocket
Manned space flight
• Yuri Gagarin, April 12, 1961 …
• Modified R-7 Launcher
• Liftoff Thrust: 870,000 lbf
• Payload to LEO: 10,000 lbm
The first human in space and the first to orbit the Earth
Manned space flight
• Alan Shepard, Mercury 3 … May 5, 1961
Redstone rocket (Freedom 7 spacecraft )
• Liftoff Thrust: 80,000 lbf
• Payload to LEO : 0
• USA is still Way behind
• John Glenn, Mercury 6 … Feb. 20, 1962
Launch vehicle, Atlas-D
• Liftoff Thrust: 360,000 lbf
• Payload to LEO : 3100 lbm
• USA starting to catch up
Manned space flight
• Gemini 3 - Titan II
• First Flight March 23 1965
• Liftoff Thrust: 430,000 lbf
• Payload to LEO : 7000 lbm
• Still behind R-7
• Apollo Saturn 1-B
• First Flight October 11, 1968
• Liftoff Thrust: 1.64 M lbf
• Payload to LEO : 41,000 lbm
• Third most powerful rocket ever flown
Manned space flight
• Apollo Saturn V
• First Flight December 21, 1968
(manned orbit of the moon)
• Liftoff Thrust: 7.7 M lbf
• Payload to LEO : 260,000 lbm
• Lunar payload capable
• most powerful rocket ever flown
Other nations followed
(Modern launchers)
Indian
Japanese
European
Chinese
“The first thousand years of roketry brought us spectacular
successes, and we reached the comsmos. The next 1000 years
will be more exciting”. - Gruntman
- space station
- Mission to Mars
- toward the outer space