ALL INDIA COLD STORAGE CAPACITY
AND TECHNOLOGY - BASELINE STUDY
Insights from Hansa Research Group Pvt. Ltd
FINAL REPORT
10-12-14
Final report of an extensive all India Baseline Survey of Cold
Storage facilities conducted in 2013. The report provides a
compilation of the data analytics from information collated
during the period March 2013 to September 2013 plus
subsequent fieldwork done based on DMI database and
databases provided by states in June 2014
© COPYRIGHT 2014
INDEX
INDEX
SR. NO.
DESCRIPTION
PAGE
NO.
1
ABBREVIATIONS USED
4
2
SAFETY MEASURES FOR FIELD TEAMS
5
3
INTRODUCTION
6
4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
11
5
CHAPTER 5: PRIMARY DATA ON INFRASTRUCTURE
18
6
CHAPTER 6: UPKEEP OF FACILITY & CS TYPES
37
7
CHAPTER 7:GENERAL LAYOUT AND GEO TAGGED LINKS
55
8
CHAPTER 8: CATCHEMENT AREA NEAR FACILITY &
PRODUCT TYPE STORED
120
9
CHAPTER 9: SERVICE MODEL OF THE FACILITY
155
10
CHAPTER 10:OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
159
11
CHAPTER 11: ACCESSIBILITY TO THE INFRASTRUCTUREBY
VALUE CHAIN STAKEHOLDERS
163
12
CHAPTER 12 :BACKEND INFRASTRUTURE AVAILABILITY
179
13
CHAPTER 13:TECHNOLOGY & EQUIPMENTS USED IN CS’S
185
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INDEX…..contd
INDEX
SR. NO.
DESCRIPTION
PAGE
NO.
14
CHAPTER 14 :MAINTAINENCE PRACTICES
246
15
CHAPTER 15: CAPACITY UTILIZATION & PATTERNS
265
16
CHAPTER 16 :POWER SOURCE & ITS UTILIZATION
272
17
CHAPTER 17 :AUTOMATION IN MATERIAL HANDLING
295
18
CHAPTER 18:BUSINESS PROCESS & DOCUMENTATION
319
19
CHAPTER 19 :SUBSIDIES & ASSISTANCE
341
20
CHAPTER 20 :EMPLOYMENT OF MANAGERIAL,
SUPERVISORY, TECHNICAL AND LABOUR
STAFF
367
21
OTHERS
384
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1 ABBREVIATIONS USED
ABBREVIATION
A&N
AP
AMC
BTU
C’garh
CS
CA store
DIC
DK/CS
ERW
FCAOI
FSSA
HRG
HACCP
HP
IQF
ISO
J&K
kVA
kW
MP
MT
NABARD
NCCD
NH
NHB
NHM
PUF Panel
PEB
PLC
PSU
RCC
TN
Type H products
Type P products
Type M products
Type Q products
Type O Products
UP
VFD
© COPYRIGHT 2014 WB
TERMINOLOGY
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Andhra Pradesh
Annual Maintenance Contracts
British Thermal Unit
Chhattisgarh
Cold Store
Controlled Atmosphere Cold Store
District Industries Center
Don’t Know / Can’t Say
Energy Recovery wheel
Federation of Cold Storage Association of India
Food Safety Standards Authority of India
Hansa Research Group
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
Horse Power
Individual Quick Freezing
International Organization for Standardization
Jammu & Kashmir
Kilo Volt Ampere
Kilowatts
Madhya Pradesh
Metric Tons
National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development
National Centre for Cold chain Development.
National Highway
National Horticulture Board
National Horticulture Mission
Poly Urethane Foam Panel
Pre-Engineered Buildings
Program Logic Controllers
Public Sector Undertaking
Reinforced Cement Concrete
Tamil Nadu
Horticulture / Agriculture Based Products
Processed Food Based Products
Animal Husbandry Based Products
Pharmaceutical Based Products
Other Type Products (X-ray films)
Uttar Pradesh
Variable Frequency Drive
West Bengal
4
2 SAFETY MEASURES FOR FIELD
REPRESENTATIVES

HRG (Hansa Research Group) field representatives were provided with the below mentioned
safety guidelines to be adhered to while visiting Cold Storage facilities:

Field representatives were always to follow safety instructions by the cold storage operator. If
entering a cold room, the representatives were supposed to have an escort with them.

Cold stores can be subzero chambers and can create sudden thermal shock and chill to the
body. If entering a cold store, do not spend too much time inside the room. Each cold store will
have a supply of warm jackets as needed.

Refrigeration machines are located outside the cold rooms in open or inside a designated
machine room. Stand well clear of operational machines; do not wear loose clothes like scarves
that can get sucked into running fans.

CA cold stores can have very low oxygen levels - Do not enter inside a CA chamber.

Cold stores can have icy and slippery floors and usually humid. Always wear proper laced shoes
for conducting this survey.

If required, wear the provided hard hat, especially in cold stores with overhead storage.

When visiting cold chambers designed for spices, wear the face mask provided at the facility to
avoid inhaling strong spice aroma.

Do not enter any enclosed space without permission and then only when you are accompanied
by an escort.

Follow walking zones and markings to avoid mishap with machines and working staff.

Do not touch or press any buttons or switches at the facility visited.

These facilities are primarily food zones – maintain personal hygiene when visiting cold stores.
Do not conduct survey if you are suffering fever, cold or contagious disease.

If you hear any alarm, immediately evacuate to the closest exit and stand clear for the
operators to function.

Return entry passes (if any) to the facility manager before leaving the location.


A ready reckoner list of cold storage equipment and component types was also provided to
regional heads for reference along with related familiarization sessions.
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3 INTRODUCTION

One word pithily describes the current Indian fruit and vegetable industry - Paradox. On one
hand, we are one of the biggest producers of Vegetables & Fruit in the world, on the other
hand, there is reported a notably large wastage of the same in the country.

Cold storages are considered as an integral component for reduction in food wastage. Realizing
the significance of the same there is a strong sentiment of growth in the cold storage industry
predicted by the market experts. A recent report released by ASSOCHAM claims the Indian cold
chain industry, which stood at Rs 10,200 crore in 2009, is expected to register a compound
annual growth rate of 25.8% to reach Rs 64,000 crore by 2017. The report also states the
country’s cold storage capacity is unevenly distributed and that the country has cold chain
capacity available for only 9 million tonnes vegetables, leading to huge wastage.

There have been other similar studies and reports from leading research and industry
organizations where the stated cold storage capacity figures are seen in contradiction to each
other. This gave rise to the need to understand the current cold storage sector, in terms of the
storage capacity and the technology used. It is only after in-depth assessment of the current
cold storage scenario; one would be able to tread better on the lines of improvement, process
streamlining and eventually growth. This introspection was initiated in form of a full-fledged
quantitative CENSUS of cold storages in India.

Along with sustained growth in food production, reports also indicate a considerable increase
in the construction and expansion of cold storage facility in the recent 10 years. Steps have
been taken by the government to support improved designs and standards in the storage
infrastructure as well as to build additional cold storage capacity through provision of fiscal and
tax incentives.

With such rapid development and growth witnessed, a primary baseline survey was conceived
to help assess firsthand the current status of cold storage capacity and the technology
deployed. This base line survey is the first such attempt in this sector and the learning’s from
this could lead to more detailed studies subsequently.

Hansa Research Group (HRG) was deputed to conduct the All India cold storage capacity and
technology survey, by the National Horticulture Board (NHB). The data collection instrument
was planned as a series of questions with some close ended and open ended responses from
cold storage management. Field teams were provided modern tabs with software to file Geotagged photographs and random voice recordings. The project approach, methodology and
timelines were shared with and ratified by NHB before the commissioning and launching of the
survey.
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3.1.1 COLD STORAGE SECTOR: CURRENT
SCENARIO

The cold storages are the nodal points in the overall cold-chain distribution network and they
must cope with uneven demands across a variety of produce and cargo types and capacity
need fulfillments. The cold-chain from farm to retail can comprise of a combination of the
following components; source points or originating production units, temperature controlled
first leg transportation, consolidation hubs or long term cold storages, environment controlled
long haul transport, transshipment or distribution hubs, last mile temperature controlled
distribution and retail end storage and merchandising infrastructure.

In case of cold storages, two primary types persist. The first is farm gate storage that is
deployed close to producing regions for long term storage of farm produce. These storage
types are typically designed for single commodity large volume storage where the produce is
seasonal, with the intention to safely store the product for subsequent sale over an extended
period over its marketable life. These stores are predominated by potato stores and those for
spices and specific crops like carrots, apples, oranges, onions, etc. Controlled Atmosphere
stores, due to their base intent of extending shelf life and maintaining freshness over the long
term, also fall under this category. Produce stored in such a cold store is not intended for
repetitive handling and these stores can also serve as initiating points for subsequent market
links.

The second type of cold stores, are more transient in their nature of service. These are the in
transit handling points or distribution hubs that feed the market and those that are at point of
consumption (retail outlets), etc. The goods handled in these stores have shorter shelf life,
those that have exited bulk storage, and those that are enroute to market or final
consumption. Majority of horticultural crops have a limited shelf life even within the cold-chain
and cannot be stored across seasons. Additionally, all products towards the end of their
storage life need to transit to market through such cold-chain facilities. Such cold storage
infrastructure has only recently been developed in India.

The typical stated challenges faced by cold storages are high operation costs that stem from a
lack of skilled manpower, higher energy utilization, low technology adoption and seasonal
capacity utilization. As nodal points and hubs in the perishable food distribution network, the
impact of cold storages on the overall integrity in the distribution mechanism is important to
counter food perishability and to ensure reduction in wastage. To achieve this objective, as a
pre-requisite, cold storages need to deploy advanced technology, appropriate infrastructure
designs and superior operational processes.

At the start of this baseline survey, it was estimated that India had about 6,100 cold stores in
the country, the bulk of which were not networked and operated as standalone units, largely
for storing potato. This total estimate was derived from secondary reports and database listing
as available from government departments.
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3.1.2 PROJECT APPROACH

The project envisaged site visits by field teams to every cold store facility in the country,
specifically those that were open to public lease as a service. The project was not intended to
cover cold storages built for captive use by industrial units or processing units, unless leasing
out the capacity to others. The entire base line study involved collecting data in the form of
responses from facility managers or owners to a prescribed questionnaire. The location was
also recorded through geo-tagging of photographs (external picture of each facility visited).
Some cold storage owners also permitted pictures of the inside of their infrastructure.

The project approach stemmed from the provision of a comprehensive address database of all
known cold storages across India by National Horticulture Board (NHB) and through their
offices from other government records. In addition to the database provided by NHB, the HRG
offices additionally initiated and referred addresses from other sources which included national
and local cold store associations, Agrimarket and other web based secondary data.

The main challenge to conduct such an extensive nationwide primary study in the limited time
duration (4 months of field work), was to plan the efficient deployment of field teams. The
project work was structured into zones covering each state or region. As a first step, each zonal
level team would require accurate location addresses and establish appointments with the cold
storage management.

To facilitate the study in a timely and well-coordinated manner, an inception report after the
first set of pilot interviews was conceived and presented to NHB. This allowed for initial review
and recommendations on the project proposal and to further refine the data collection
instrument. Post the inception report and feedback from NHB, approved revisions were made
to the questionnaire and a full scale collection of data was planned for all the field teams in all
the states of India. It was expected that in the course of conducting the study other cold
storages which are not in the collated database, may also be identified.

In ensuring the maximum coverage of all the cold storages, the field work was executed district
after district in every state, using a readied database and applying snow balling technique. The
responses to the queries designed with NHB, were collected from owners or managers of the
cold storages conducting face to face interviews across India. Subsequent data checks involved
follow ups over phone and repeat visits where needed.

The entire study was planned for completion in a 6 month period and undertaken accordingly.
The time frame included familiarization sessions, pilot runs, submission and review of inception
report, final sign off from NHB, full scale field work and final report preparation. But due to a
compilation of much higher address database of over 8,800 as compared to original estimation
of 6,100 cold stores, the draft report was submitted in 7 months. Also inception report though
presented in a month’s time, the presentation meeting got delayed by a month, and based on
feedback, the study was re-launched with revised questionnaire. In all, 8833 address locations
were visited across India at the writing of this report.
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3.1.3 METHODOLOGY

From methodology point of view, any study consists of four aspects; one is targeting and
building the appropriate research query points, accessing that information/data procurement,
building checks and verification on data collection, analyzing & processing procured
information to the best of the knowledge/understanding.

The data procurement and checks were done by interviews with relevant people and using
technology to validate the information.

An appropriate healthy mix of research approaches were utilized to create the knowledgebase:
 Interview of key decision makers and experts on suitability and viability of questionnaire.
 Hansa Research deployed and leveraged network of research professionals around the
country for conducting field study.
 Assessment of infrastructure developments based on published information from NHB,
FCAOI, NABARD etc.
 Regular interactions with NHB designees with online feedback mechanism of the survey
status.

In the instances where appointments were not immediately available, repeat visits were made.
Out of the repeat visits made, an average of 4.5 attempts was undertaken. This is more than
the minimum of 3 repeat calls as per the original project proposal.

In the instances that no cold store was located at the address, a photograph of the location
was recorded. In the cases where the address was not traceable, a process that included
checks at the local post office, police station and municipal or other local authority was
attempted before listing a database item as non-traceable.

For each touch point (database address), the responses underwent systemic checks which
included random recording and geo-tagged photographs.

Wherever the cold storage unit was not providing permission for interview, NHB assistance for
additional support was sought; in such cases, the facility manager required a direct
communication or letter from NHB. In other cases, relevant permissions for seaports and
airports were obtained from related ministries.

A web link was provided to NHB to enable daily checks of the status of the work done for
enabling transparency and better coordination of efforts.

A list of the total address database was provided to NHB with the inception report for
coordinating on any errors or omissions.

Despite an increase in the total expected address list, all methodology and checks were
fulfilled, as detailed in the project proposal.

The, following schematic demonstrates the data procurement and validation for this
study.
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HANSA RESEARCH GROUP DATA
PROCUREMENT AND VALIDATION PROCESS

The study did not include dedicated captive cold storage units of hotels, pharmaceutical
companies, processors, abattoirs where they are not open to public as for utility. The study was
intended to provide an insight into the state of cold storage sector where it is available to
customers for lease or rentals.

The methodology includes photographing each cold storage location accessed and these would
be uploaded to an online map. Further inputting of cold store details on each map geocoordinate could be undertaken additionally, thereby creating a comprehensive visualization of
the all India cold storage capacity.

110 GPS enabled tablets were used nationwide for collecting the responses.
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4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


4.1.1 Overview
The base line survey envisaged site visits by field teams of Hansa Research Group (HRG) to
every cold store facility in the country, specifically those that were open to public lease as a
service. The project was not intended to cover cold storages built for captive use by industrial
units or processing units, unless leasing out the capacity to others. The entire base line study
involved collecting data in the form of responses from facility managers or owners to a
prescribed questionnaire duly approved by NHB.

In ensuring the maximum coverage of all the cold storages, the field work was executed district
after district in every state, using a readied database and applying snow balling technique. In all
HRG team members visited over 9,000 address locations, as against around 6,100 envisaged
earlier, at the time of writing the final report.

All data collected from the owners or managers of cold stores on a face to face interview. In
the instances where appointments were not immediately available, repeat visits were made.
Out of the repeat visits made, on an average 4.5 attempts were undertaken. This is more than
the minimum of 3 repeat calls as per the original project proposal of HRG.

In the instances that no cold store was located at the address, a photograph of the location
was recorded. In the cases where the address was not traceable, a process that included
checks at the local post office, police station and municipal or other local authority was
attempted before listing a database item as non-traceable.
No. of cold stores and their capacities
Completed full interviews
Temporarily closed
Refused & Existing 7 CA stores not covered
Total of above 3 – Operational CSs
Permanently closed including address found but CS not there
Total created capacity
No. of
CSs
5003
61
303
5367
1219
6596
Average
capacity
Tons
5003
25030009
305183
1515909
26851101
6098657
32949758

Thus the total created capacity visible today is 32.94 million tones. If we exclude permanently
closed and address found, but CS not found, the existing capacity is 26.85 million tones

In addition to the above, 837 addresses could not be traced from database, as the addresses
were not complete. If these are to be included in created capacity, this will be additional 4.1
million tones capacity. There are also 254 cases where the address was found, but there was no
cold storage in the address, this is already included in the permanently closed row.

In many cases we have photographs of structures of permanently closed units which have been
uploaded in geo-tagged links along with existing units
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SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS



Infrastructure of CSs
 Farm Gate CSs form 68% of the cold stores. But horticulture CSs account for 75% of CSs, as
there are CSs even in urban and distribution centres
 Mean capacity is at 5003 tons. East zone has the highest mean capacity of 8543 tons
mainly contributed by WB with 11113 tons
 As the bulk of the CSs stock raw potatoes, the chamber temperature is between 0 to 100
Celsius. Frozen chambers are found more in animal husbandry CSs
 While horticultural CSs stock mainly single commodities, processed food CSs and Pharma
CSs, stock other products including horticultural products
 74% of the CSs are having brick and mortar structures with West zone and animal
husbandry CSs having comparatively more PEB structures
Upkeep of facilities
 External condition of buildings, external hygiene conditions, internal road areas, internal
vehicular movement are all rated good on observation. The percentages reported good are
at around 70%. That means there is nearly a third which needs improvement in the above
elements. These CSs are to be identified and educated on upkeep of facilities
 The percentage of CSs having covered drainage is at 41%. This needs to be improved, so
that hygiene of the facilities can be improved to maintain food safety standards
General layout of the facilities
 The mean boundary area is 4567 Sqmts while the mean covered area is 3568 Sqmts.
 Nearly a third of CSs have only ground floor while 36% have four floors in their buildings.
 Mezzanine type of stacking is more prevalent in CSs and generally gunny nags are the
smallest storage unit in the CS.
 27% of the CSs had recent upgrades and the main reason for upgrade is to expand capacity
 In terms of insulation thermocol/EPS are used as add on panels to prevent outside heat
affecting the CSs. Only in animal husbandry CSs 50% have PUF panels.
 58% of CSs have single gates while 36% have 2 gates. The rest have more than 2 gates
 67% of CSs had uncovered parking space while the other 33% had covered parking space.
On an average 22 vehicles can be parked in the CSs
 Transport services were not provided by 79% of the CSs. Even those facilitated the service,
mostly they used hired out services.
 Only 4% provided reefer truck facilities and that too only half of them had their own reefer
trucks
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SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS





Catchment area facilities and products stored
 Analysis of capacity utilisation of products stocked shows that the CSs generally have
enough clientele to stock the products.
 Overall average capacity utilisation is 75% which shows that the CS’s catchment area is
sustainable. While the average is at a good level, the CSs having lower capacity utilisation
are to be identified from database and their problems need to be identified and solved so
that they do not end up a defunct CS in the future
 Product wise capacity utilization (given in subsequent pages) shows that Type H, Type P
and Type M have over 70% utilization, while Type Q has 67% utilization
 Raw potatoes is stocked by majority of horticultural CSs. Other products stocked are
apples, bananas, spices, pulses, grapes, different vegetables and seeds.
 Among animal husbandry CSs, sea food is stocked by bulk of CSs
 In processed food CSs, main items stocked are butter and milk
 In CSs stocking pharma products, vaccines are stocked by majority of CSs
Service model of CSs
 75% of CSs operate on pure lease rental model. Only among animal husbandry CSs, there
are CSs operating on captive use model
 As bulk of CSs operate on pure lease rental model, there is necessity for marketing support
to enhance capacity utilisation, especially of those CSs whose capacity utilisation is lower
Ownership and management structure
 92% of CSs are owned and operated by private sector – proprietorship, partnership, private
limited company or public limited company.
 There are only 3% Cooperative and another 2% govt/PSU CSs in the list
Accessibility to infrastructure by value chain stakeholders
 The average distance to a highway – either national or state highway – is 4 kms for all CSs.
 As transport services are not provided by 79% of CSs, logistics companies lift the stock and
transport them to trading centres. The proximity to highways is facilitating this service
adequately
 The average distance from railways is over 10 kms. Distance to airports and seaports were
higher at 45 kms and 35 kms respectively, though these are relevant for export trade.
Backend infrastructure availability
 Over 50% have ante rooms and over 40% have sorting and grading facilities, and pack
houses.
 Analysis of CSs built post 2009 shows that there is improvement in existence of these back
end infrastructure.
 Importance of back end infrastructure needs to be educated to CS owners so that they can
create the infrastructure. If required concessional rate of interest can be provided for the
loans to facilitate the infrastructure in CSs
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SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS



Technology and equipments used in CSs
 Though bunker coil system is to be terminated, a third of CSs are still using bunker coil
system. In fact over 40% have refrained from answering the question as they are not sure
of what system they are using.
 Analysis by age wise CSs reveal that post 2009 the percentage using bunker coil system has
dropped. Only in North zone, usage of bunker coil system has significantly dropped post
2009.Like wise, there is a significant drop in usage of bunker coil in horticultural and
pharma CSs
 Multiple systems are used in every CS to detect and fight fire in CSs. Gas based
extinguishers are prevalent in majority – over 70% - of the CSs. Though technology has
improved, CSs also depend on manual rounds to detect fire
 UP accounts for 27% of CSs and accounts for 37% of capacity. West Bengal, though
accounts for fourth in terms of no. of cold stores (9%), ranks second in capacity with 21%
share in all India capacity
 Average no. of chambers are 2.8 per Cs, average no of chambers are 3.6, average no. of
evaporators are 4.2 and average no. of DG sets are 1.6 per CS.
Maintenance practices
 32% have AMCs for their plant or gen sets. Of this 91% have AMC for plant and equipments
while 65% have AMC for gensets
 Spare parts are maintained by over 70% for both refrigeration equipment and power unit

53% have periodic maintenance. 65% of CS reported 0 breakdown days. Only pharma CSs
reported more than 2 breakdown days on an average in a year
Capacity utilisation and patterns
 In the last three years, there has been consistent average 74-75% capacity utilization of the
CSs
 Overall Capacity utilization is 75%. Even in East where the average capacity is the highest,
the capacity utilization is also robust at 77%
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SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Product type
Capacity Utilization %
Horticulture
75%
Processed food
71%
Animal Husbandry
74%
Pharma products
70%
Others
65%



Analysis by capacity and capacity utilization also showed that even CSs with higher capacity
had over 75% capacity utilization
 Though capacity utilization is robust, need to identify CSs having lower capacity utilization
and arrive at problems for lower utilization and solve them so that their business prospers.
Power source and utilization
 On an average most CS’s get a sanctioned load OF 168 kVA.
 Gujarat, Kerala, and West Bengal are states which have been sanctioned more than 200
kVA of load which is higher than the national average of 168 kVA.
 Some Bigger states like Karnataka and Rajasthan have extremely low sanctioned loads
which may be an area of concern for the CS’s located there.
 Average energy cost per cold store has increased over the past three years from Rs 15 lakhs
to 18 lakhs
 The availability of grid power has also increased from 16 hours to 17 hours per day. Diesel
consumption on the other hand has reduced from 18000 liters to 16000 liters
Automation in material handling
 While 24% are using conveyer belt for loading and unloading there is another 22% using
had pellet lifters and 18% use manual labour to load and unload products
 Automatic ventilation system is available only in 21% of CSs
 Only 18% of CSs have automatic system to detect gas leakage
 CO2 sensors are available only in 26% of CSs
 Only 23% have automation in drives
 Automation in ventilation drives, CO2 sensors etc will improve efficiency of the CSs in
maintaining the right temperature resulting in better product storage. Hence NHB should
educate the CS owners on these automation facilities available
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SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS



Business process documentation
 Only 17% of CSs have business process documentation/certificate.
 FSSA, HACCP and ISO are the certificates held by around 40% of those having any
certification
 Though HACCP and ISO certification is voluntary, FSSA is compulsory and even this
certificate is not held by majority of CSs.
 There is intention to have FSSA certification as it has become mandatory
 NHB needs to check that FSSA certification is in place with all CSs so that upkeep of facility
and hygiene of the facility will improve resulting in improved food safety for the end
consumers
Subsidies availed and usage of subsidies
 Only 42% of CSs have availed of subsidies for their CSs
 The main purpose of using the subsidy related to capacity expansion followed by training
staff and modernisation of facilities
 CSs are interested in availing subsidies from NHB in future as well.
Employment
 On an average 20 people are employed in a CS. This accounts for over 1 lakh people
employed in CSs. And on an average there are 2.5 reefer technicians in a CS.
 In the last one year 33% of CSs have made their employees attend training programmes.
Most of the training programmes attended were organised internally or by private
companies
 CSs are interested in sending their employees for training if organised by NHB
 Subsidies have been used for sending people for management training as well. Thus NHB
can train people and also educate at the same time about the usefulness of having backend
infrastructure, adopting more modern techniques in ventilation, drives, CO2 sensors etc.
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4.1.2 STRUCTURE OF REPORT AS PER TOR
Chapter Description
Pg. No
5
Collate primary data of infrastructure for temperature sensitive cargos including Perishable Cargo
Centre (PCC), Port based infrastructure, farm gate infrastructure and distribution hubs. The collated
data should include onsite inspection detailing volumetric capacity, age of the infrastructure and
soundness of infrastructure
18 –36
6
Evaluate and main facility and its surroundings upkeep at each individual facility from the view point
of its purpose and product type for the facility, with respect to single product or multiproduct
facilities.
37 – 54
7
Provide a basic general layout of the facility and mandatory geo-tagged photographs
55 – 119
8
Describe the catchment area around the facility and suitability of facility location
120 – 154
9
Identify the basic service model of the facility (whether it is a service provider, producer owner,
storage or a distribution hub).
154 – 158
10
Capture the ownership and management structure for the facility i.e. Individual, co operative,
private company, etc
159 – 162
11
Accessibility to the infrastructure/ facilities by value chain stakeholders including , producer owners,
traders and logistics service providers, etc
163 – 178
12
Back end infrastructure availability with the cold storage; have appended back end infrastructure or
partners with others for same e.g. precoolers, pack house , blast freezers S&G, etc..
179 – 184
13
Identify the type of technology used for the cooling equipment with size and capacity including
technical information like Equipment type, model, capacity, cooling range and
supplier/manufacturer details
185-245
14
Find out the maintenance practices for equipments and whether under guarantee or under other
maintenance schemes, breakdown maintenance, PMS or any other methodology
246-264
15
Record the capacity utilisation pattern over last 3 years including monthly over previous 1 year
265-271
16
Capture details regarding Power source utilised including generators or other alternate methods in
relation with same period as capacity utilisation captured – over last 3 years including monthly over
previous 1 year
272-294
17
Capture automation used if any in handling (conveyor belts, fork lift, sorting grading), machine
(energy monitoring, remote monitoring), temperature control, humidity control, VFDs, energy
recovery & ventilation system, PLC etc and inventory control
295-318
18
Record the business process and documentation followed at the cold stores, including HACCP, ISO,
traceability or other quality certification
319-340
19
Record whether the facility setup was under assistance through govt (central or state) schemes or
subsidies. If yes, which scheme was utilised.
341-366
20
Assess the availability and employment of managerial, supervisory, technical and labour staff &
trainings undertaken, if any
367-383
No
© COPYRIGHT 2014
17
CHAPTER 5
PRIMARY DATA ON
INFRASTRUCTURE
Page no 18 to 36


A Note on Structure of Report. In every chapter from now on, a
summary is provided first and then each item is discussed in detail by
type of products stored, zone wise and state wise. Summary pages have
the “red square bullet” as used here, while the details have a “dot bullet”
Also a few issues are repeated in different chapters as they are relevant
under different chapters as well.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
5. INFRASTRUCTURE OF CS’s

The report is made on the basis of 5,003 CSs contacted and who agreed to be interviewed and
shared data. The distribution of CSs by temperature sensitive cargo including PCC, port based
infrastructure, farm gate infrastructure and distribution hubs, their capacity and age of CSs are
given below in the table
Type of cold stores
%
distributi
on*
Mean
capacity
(tons)
Mean
capacity in
Vol. Cubic
meters)
Mean age
of CSs –
(years)
Mean
Cooling
Capacity
Capacity(in Utilization
KW)
Farm gate CSs
(horticulture)
68%
5,531
18,805
11.64
250
75
Pharma CSs
1%
6,108
20,767
15.91
429
69
Animal husbandry
7%
1,681
5,715
12.57
232
74
Processed food
8%
4,043
13,746
12.64
209
71
Dedicated to Mandi
8%
5,004
17,014
12.29
476
69
PCC - Port based
infrastructure – include
sea, air and railway
2%
2,405
8,177
10.46
1,606
60
0.50%
2,861
9,727
11.12
124
65
Part of network of cold
stores – for distribution
1%
4,870
16,558
7.27
85
79
Dedicated to industrial
facilities or own use
5%
4,624
15,722
10.52
227
68
5,003
17,010
11.79
273
75
Dedicated to pack
houses – distribution
hubs
5003 CSs
Total
% adds to
over 100%
as a few
stock more
than 1 type
of product
 Thus overall mean capacity of 5003 CSs is 5,003 MT. The average age is 11.84 years. Farm gate
horticulture infrastructure formed the maximum with 68% CSs. Also the capacity of farm gate
horticulture CSs is much higher compared to other CSs, barring pharma CSs
 The average storing capacity is highest among pharma based storages, which are stand alone
infrastructure as well.
 It should be noted that overall horticultural CSs have higher mean capacity. What is shown here
only related to horticultural CSs located at farm gate
© COPYRIGHT 2014
19
5. INFRASTRUCTURE OF CS’S
All
Type H
Type P
Type M
Type Q
Any Other
Products
5003
5492
3809
1818
5017
6903
Mean Age of chambers
12
12
12
12
14
15
Mean cooling Capacity in KW
273
283
316
362
1175
236
Capacity Utilization
75
75
71
74
70
65
All
North
East
West
South
5003
5391
8543
3108
2850
Mean Age of chambers
12
13
14
11
8
Mean cooling Capacity in KW
273
246
256
501
116
Capacity Utilization
75
75
78
71
76
Mean Capacity (tons)
Mean Capacity (tons)
•
•
•
•
The mean capacity is highest for type H (Horticulture) products followed by Type Q (Pharma).
Type Q has very high cooling capacity compared to other types.
With respect to zones, the Eastern zone has highest average storage capacity.
The mean age of chambers is lowest in South.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Figs in %
20
5. INFRASTRUCTURE OF CS’S
All
Urban CS’s
Rural CS’s
NHB/NHM
Others
5003
3369
5656
5940
3355
Mean Age of chambers
12
12
12
12
12
Mean cooling Capacity in KW
273
402
228
231
338
Capacity Utilization
75
74
75
76
73
Proprietorship
Partnership
Company
Public Ltd.
Company
Private Ltd.
Association
Public
4068
4818
5104
6177
2828
Mean Age of chambers
12
12
14
11
6
Mean cooling Capacity in KW
187
208
1410
271
836
Capacity Utilization
73
73
73
78
45
Mean Capacity (tons)
Mean Capacity (tons)
Association
Private
Cooperative
Government
(Co./Dept./PSU)
Not mentioned
ownership type
4220
3846
2551
4641
9
15
10
11
Mean cooling Capacity in KW
160
106
115
140
Capacity Utilization
81
78
66
66
Mean Capacity (tons)
Mean Age of chambers
• The mean capacity is highest for NHB/NHM cold storages
• Co-operative CS’s have the highest mean age of chambers followed by Company Public Ltd.
• The mean age of chambers is lowest in Association Public.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Figs in %
21
5. INFRASTRUCTURE OF CS’S

Temperature zones of CS by location type are given below
Type of cold stores
Mild Chill
>10C
Chill betn.
0 & 10C
Frozen
below 0C
Farm gate CSs (horticulture)
3
81
3
Pharma CSs
-
62
17
Animal husbandry
1
21
54
Processed food
5
51
17
Dedicated to Mandi
4
75
7
PCC Port based infrastructure – include sea,
air and railway
1
49
24
Dedicated to pack houses – distribution hubs
1
64
13
Part of network of cold stores – for
distribution
8
51
27
Dedicated to industrial facilities or own use
5
70
12
© COPYRIGHT 2014
22
5. INFRASTRUCTURE OF CS’S - CAPACITY
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Other
Products
(n=27)
Type Q
(n=44)
0-10
6
5
8
7
5
4
10-50
4
3
7
6
7
7
50-100
3
2
5
9
2
7
100-500
6
3
7
500.1-1000
5
4
5
14
14
1000.1-2000
7
7
6
7
9
2000.1-3000
7
7
7
4
2
3000.1-5000
14
16
13
4
16
20
6
23
22
23
15
31
Above 5000
No Response
35
18
All
24
18
21
19
Type H
Type P
Type M
0
19
4
15
0
Type Q
7
Other Products
On/After Before On/After Before On/After Before On/After Before On/After Before On/After Before
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
(n=1183) (n=3691) (n=1034) (n=3187) (n=112) (n=400) (n=106) (n=335) (n=7)
(n=35)
(n=6)
(n=20)
0-10
10-50
7
6
5
3
7
6
5
2
10
7
8
7
5
8
8
6
14
14
3
6
17
5
5
50-100
3
3
2
2
6
5
9
9
-
3
-
10
100-500
4
6
3
4
5
8
17
27
-
-
17
20
500.1-1000
4
5
3
4
4
6
13
14
-
17
-
5
1000.1-2000
3
8
3
8
4
7
3
9
-
11
17
10
2000.1-3000
3
8
3
8
4
7
6
3
-
3
-
-
3000.1-5000
12
15
13
16
9
15
8
3
29
14
17
5
Above 5000
26
33
29
37
16
21
7
6
-
29
17
25
No Response
31
14
31
13
35
17
25
16
43
14
17
15
MEAN
4140
5217
4509
5736
3464
3919
2078
1755
2264
5384
2937
8357
Median value
3968
3995
4954
4499
1250
2406
463
367
50
3000
818
450
• Close to one fourth of the Type M (animal husbandry) storages have storage capacity between
100-500MT.
• A little more than one third of Type H storages have storage capacity above 5,000MT.
• Overall, the CSs that came up post 2009, have lower capacity compared to CSs installed before
2009
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Figs in %
23
5.INFRASTRUCTURE OF CS’S – STORAGE
CAPACICY VS. COOLING CAPACITY
Storage
capacity
in MT
All
(n=13752)
0.1-10.0
(n=453)
10.1-50.0
(n=882)
50.1-100.0 100.1-200.0 200.1-300.0 300.1-400.0 400.1-500.0 Above 500
(n=1193)
(n=1403)
(n=665)
(n=469)
(n=277)
(n=540)
16
8
1
1
0
1
6
14
17
4
2
3
2
1
3
3
4
8
3
2
2
0
1
1
100-500
6
9
11
9
6
2
5
2
0
500.1-1000
5
5
7
7
5
8
7
7
3
1000.1-2000
8
6
10
12
9
9
4
4
11
2000.1-3000
7
2
7
13
9
5
5
9
5
3000.1-5000
14
6
7
18
14
9
9
5
10
24
0-10
5
10-50
3
50-100
Above 5000
No Response
25
32
18
25
10
3
22
17
39
5
52
2
63
62
2
3
Cooling
Capacity
in KW
61
1
• Here the analysis done by storage capacity and cooling capacity of all cold stores
• Over 60% of the CS with cooling capacity more than 300KW, has storage capacity of more than
5,000MT.
• One fourth of the CS with cooling capacity between 0.1-10KW, has storage capacity between 010MT.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Figs in %
24
5. INFRASTRUCTURE OF CS’s

We interviewed a total of 5003 cold storages. 69% cold storages are Farm Gates. Compared to
them, animal husbandry, pharma, processed food type stocking cold storages are lower in
number.

A minute 1% of cold stores contacted store Pharmaceutical products but these cold storages
report to have the highest mean storage capacity. They are also the older type of cold storages
with an average age of 16 years. Cold storages that dwell in the Eastern zones have high
average storage capacity of 8,543 MT and are relatively the oldest ones. When talking about
the cooling capacity, port based infrastructures top the list. At the distant second position we
have Type Q cold storages with higher cooling capacity.

Cold storages storing horticulture and animal husbandry related products predominantly store
single commodities. Type P(processed) and Type Q (Pharma) cold storages are more likely to
stock multiple products.

More than half of Type M cold storages have frozen chambers.

The cold storage facilities were also categorized based on the type of structure. Primarily the
following types were indicated: Pre-Engineered Building (PEB) and Brick and Mortar type
structure.

It was observed that 74% of the cold stores structures were of the Brick and Mortar type, while
17% of the CS’s that have adopted Modern Pre-Engineered Building structures. On an all India
basis, about 8% of the facilities had both kinds of structures. A minimal 1% did not fall under
either category (tin, asbestos and indigenous type).

Incidence of PEB structures is comparatively higher in the Western zone and among the cold
storages stocking Type M (animal husbandry) products.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
25
5.1 COLD STORAGE TYPES
All
(n= 5003)
Type H
(n= 4333)
Type P
(n= 523)
Type M
(n= 452)
54
71
1
3
25
72
42
2 1
Type Q
(n= 44)
31
48
15
62
52
27
6
30
7
1
1
Single Commodity
66
31
25
Other
Products
(n= 27)
Multi-commodity
CA Store
MA Store
No Response
• Close to 3/4ths of the CS’s stock single commodities.
• More than half of the cold stores for processed foods (type P) store multiple commodities.
• Like wise close to 67% of cold stores for Pharmaceutical products (Type Q) store multiple
commodities
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
83
71
1
3
25
14
1
West
(n=1013)
27
67
5
Multi-commodity
40
33
64
56
2
1
Single Commodity
South
(n=1045)
3
1
CA Store
MA Store
No Response
• Cold storages in North predominantly store single commodities.
• Around 1 out of 3 CS’s in West and East stock multiple commodities.
• Proportion of multi commodity stores in the South is even higher  over 40%.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
26
6.2 PRODUCT CATEGORIES STORED
All
(n=4885)
Type of Products
Horticulture / Agriculture
Horticulture /
Agriculture
80%
1%
4%
0.5%
Processed Food
5.1%
0.3%
0.04%
0.2%
0.04% 0.2%
Animal
Husbandry
7%
Pharmaceuticals
0.1 %
86%
Only Horticulture / Agriculture
80%
Horticulture / Agriculture and
Processed Food
Horticulture / Agriculture and
Animal Husbandry
Horticulture / Agriculture and
Pharmaceuticals
Horticulture / Agriculture
/Processed Food/Animal husbandry
Horticulture / Agriculture
/Processed Food/Pharmaceuticals
Horticulture / Agriculture /Animal
Husbandry /Pharmaceuticals
Horticulture / Agriculture
/Processed Food/Animal
Husbandry/Pharmaceuticals
Processed food
Only Processed food
Animal Husbandry
Only Animal Husbandry
Pharmaceuticals
Only Pharmaceuticals
4%
1%
0.3%
0.5%
0.2%
0.04%
0.2%
10%
5.1%
9%
7.0%
1%
0.1%
• Note: Cold storages were asked to classify themselves under 4 product categories. Where
multiple products were stored, the first defined category was still retained.
• The Venn diagram shows the overlap of product categories stored by CSs
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Figs in %
27
5.3 YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION
Year of Construction
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
Other
Products
(n=27)
8
8
7
7
7
11
2 to 5yrs (2009 to 2011)
15
16
15
16
9
11
6 to 10yrs (2004 to 2008)
18
18
14
20
7
4
11 to 15yrs (1999 to 2003)
16
16
18
13
18
11
16 to 20yrs (1994 to 1998)
14
13
13
15
11
11
21 to 25yrs (1993 to 1989)
7
6
7
8
11
15
26 to 30yrs (1984 to 1988)
4
4
5
5
2
7
Less than 1 yr (2012 to 2013)
More than 30 yrs
DK/CS
16
3
16
19
3
14
2
30
2
5
26
4
• Type Q storages seem to be the oldest ones, with 30% of them being more than 30 years old
and with an average age of 19.7 years.
• Type H, P & M are typically 14-16 years old.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
South
(n=1045)
8
5
8
8
15
2 to 5yrs (2009 to 2011)
15
13
10
16
24
6 to 10yrs (2004 to 2008)
18
16
18
16
21
11 to 15yrs (1999 to 2003)
16
16
14
17
16
Less than 1 yr (2012 to 2013)
16 to 20yrs (1994 to 1998)
14
14
8
18
12
21 to 25yrs (1993 to 1989)
7
7
5
10
4
26 to 30yrs (1984 to 1988)
4
4
10
2
2
11
5
2
1
More than 30 yrs
DK/CS
16
3
20
5
28
1
• The CS’s in the Southern zone are the youngest with a mean age of 10.0 years.
• Eastern Zone CS’s are comparatively the older ones with a large chunk of 28% storages being
more than 30 years old.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
28
5.3 YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
Less than 1 yr
(2012 to 2013)
8
7
4
-
17
9
7
-
2 to 5yrs (2009 to 2011)
15
14
13
10
28
18
15
33
6 to 10yrs (2004 to 2008)
18
19
21
40
20
41
21
-
11 to 15yrs (1999 to 2003)
16
18
16
-
17
23
15
-
16 to 20yrs (1994 to 1998)
14
16
11
-
11
5
2
33
21 to 25yrs (1993 to 1989)
7
12
7
20
3
-
2
-
26 to 30yrs (1984 to 1988)
4
2
5
10
0
-
4
-
More than 30 yrs
16
10
18
20
2
5
33
33
DK/CS
3
2
4
-
1
-
1
-
14.7
14.1
15.8
17.4
8.4
9.2
16.9
17.8
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Less than 1 yr
(2012 to 2013)
8
17
-
-
10
12
14
-
2 to 5yrs (2009 to 2011)
15
17
9
14
21
8
7
13
6 to 10yrs (2004 to 2008)
18
11
-
29
17
6
21
6
11 to 15yrs (1999 to 2003)
16
22
3
14
14
14
14
13
16 to 20yrs (1994 to 1998)
14
1
9
14
19
19
14
-
21 to 25yrs (1993 to 1989)
7
4
-
14
9
9
-
19
26 to 30yrs (1984 to 1988)
4
16
11
-
2
2
7
6
More than 30 yrs
16
12
69
14
7
23
21
44
DK/CS
3
-
-
-
2
8
-
-
14.7
13.8
27.4
15.1
12.4
17.3
15.3
22.6
M E A N (in yrs)
M E A N (in yrs)
• A vast majority of 70% CS’s in Delhi are over 30 years old.
• Apart from Sikkim (low base) AP and Karnataka have CS’s which are youngest in terms of recent
year of construction.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
29
5.3 YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION (CONT’D)
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
MP
Nagaland
(n=156)
(n=1)
Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Less than 1 yr
(2012 to 2013)
8
5
18
11
9
-
11
-
5
2 to 5yrs (2009 to 2011)
15
-
26
12
9
-
11
-
16
6 to 10yrs (2004 to 2008)
18
26
23
20
9
100
11
-
8
11 to 15yrs (1999 to 2003)
16
21
12
10
20
-
18
-
11
16 to 20yrs (1994 to 1998)
14
5
13
14
21
-
18
50
25
21 to 25yrs (1993 to 1989)
7
-
4
7
4
-
3
-
8
26 to 30yrs (1984 to 1988)
4
11
-
6
4
-
8
-
1
More than 30 yrs
16
26
4
18
23
-
16
50
20
DK/CS
3
5
1
1
1
-
5
-
5
14.7
18.1
9.0
15.3
17.1
8.0
15.7
25.0
16.7
M E A N (in yrs)
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Less than 1 yr
(2012 to 2013)
8
4
-
4
11
8
7
8
2 to 5yrs (2009 to 2011)
15
19
60
17
-
8
6
19
6 to 10yrs (2004 to 2008)
18
9
20
23
33
8
16
38
11 to 15yrs (1999 to 2003)
16
28
-
24
44
25
11
24
16 to 20yrs (1994 to 1998)
14
18
-
20
-
8
10
3
21 to 25yrs (1993 to 1989)
7
5
-
4
-
8
6
-
26 to 30yrs (1984 to 1988)
4
2
20
5
-
8
11
3
More than 30 yrs
16
15
-
5
11
17
32
5
DK/CS
3
-
-
-
-
8
1
-
14.7
14.9
9.3
12.8
12.1
16.7
19.7
9.9
M E A N (in yrs)
• In West Bengal, 32% CS’s are more than 30 years old.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
30
5.4 TEMPERATURE ZONES IN CHAMBERS
All
(n=13855)
72
Type H
(n=12157)
8
4
16
Type P
(n=1702)
Type M
(n=1172)
17
80
4
13
3
21
Chill betn. 0 & 10C
41
13
68
25
4 27
Mild Chill >10C
Type Q
(n=193)
52
53
Other
Products
(n=101)
1
2
Frozen below 0C
18
13
17
30
DK/CS
• In type M CSs, frozen chambers are more prevalent.
Zone wise
All
(n=13855)
72
North
(n=5646)
8
4
16
91
East
(n=2230)
West
(n=3444)
88
South
(n=2535)
18
14
41
63
2 52
Mild Chill >10C
17
Chill betn. 0 & 10C
4
3
Frozen below 0C
20
31
10
DK/CS
• Zone wise analysis shows that in North , chillness between 0-10 c is in over 90% of the CSs.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Chamber
All Figs in %
31
5.4 TEMPERATURE ZONES IN CHAMBERS
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=13855) (n=1783)
(n=3542)
Mild Chill >10 0 C
A&N
(n=17)
AP
(n=1477)
Assam
(n=72)
Bihar
(n=454)
Chandigarh
(n=9)
4
3
1
24
12
-
2
-
Chill betn. 0 & 10 C
72
58
97
12
29
89
88
67
Frozen below -18 0C
8
15
0
41
9
4
-
33
DK / CS
16
25
1
24
50
7
10
-
0
0
All
(n=13855)
C’garh
(n=213)
Delhi
(n=131)
Goa
(n=14)
Gujarat
(n=1237)
Haryana
(n=493)
HP
(n=26)
J&K
(n=43)
4
5
18
-
2
9
-
2
72
70
36
14
63
71
65
40
Frozen below -18 C
8
9
24
36
18
8
-
-
DK / CS
16
15
22
50
16
13
35
58
Mild Chill >10 0 C
Chill betn. 0 0 & 10 0C
0
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP
Nagaland
(n=13855) (n=82)
(n=416) (n=268) (n=410)
(n=2)
Mild Chill >10 0 C
Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=85)
(n=6)
(n=1082)
4
-
13
0
4
-
1
-
1
Chill betn. 0 & 10 C
72
100
35
13
85
100
47
100
96
Frozen below -18 0C
8
-
13
68
1
-
22
-
1
DK / CS
16
-
39
18
10
-
29
-
1
0
0
All
Rajasthan
(n=13855) (n=287)
Mild Chill >10 0 C
Sikkim
(n=12)
TN
(n=351)
Tripura
(n=30)
Uttaranchal
WB
North East
(n=33)
(n=1280) (n=116)
4
2
8
7
-
6
1
3
72
59
75
44
100
88
94
91
Frozen below -18 C
8
5
-
26
-
-
3
1
DK / CS
16
34
17
23
-
6
3
6
Chill betn. 0 0 & 10 0C
0
• In all states, chillness is reported between 0- 10 degree Celsius predominantly.
• Frozen temperatures were reported higher in Kerala, Andaman and Nicobar.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Chamber
All Figs in %
32
5.4 TEMPERATURE ZONES IN CHAMBERS
All
(n=5003)
Urban CS’s
(n=4061)
Rural CS’s
(n=9794)
NHB/NHM
(n=8325)
Others
(n=5530)
Mild Chill >10 0 C
4
8
2
4
4
Chill betn. 0 0 & 10 0C
72
55
80
79
62
Frozen below -18 0C
8
16
5
4
15
DK / CS
16
21
13
13
19
Proprietorship
(n=3561)
Partnership
(n=4658)
Company
Public Ltd.
(n=588)
Company
Private Ltd.
(n=4392)
Association
Public
(n=15)
Mild Chill >10 0 C
7
4
1
2
-
Chill betn. 0 0 & 10 0C
70
77
68
72
73
Frozen below -18 0C
7
7
20
9
27
DK / CS
16
12
11
18
-
Association
Private
(n=28)
Cooperative
(n=322)
Government
(Co./Dept./PSU)
(n=233)
Not mentioned
ownership type
(n=58)
Mild Chill >10 0 C
11
1
6
3
Chill betn. 0 0 & 10 0C
57
66
60
62
Frozen below -18 0C
14
9
12
9
DK / CS
18
24
22
26
• 20% of the Company Public Ltd CS have temperature below -18 0 C
• Among Urban CS, 55% of them have temperature between 0 0 & 10 0C. The corresponding
temperature among rural CS is 80%.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
33
5.5 BUILDING STRUCTURE OF COLD
STORAGES
All
(n=5003)
Brick & Mortar
structure / RCC
Modern Pre Engineered
Building (PEB)
Both
Others
Type H
(n=4333)
74
Type P
(n=523)
76
Type M
(n=452)
66
17
16
20
8
7
13
1
1
58
66
28
0
59
14
22
20
19
14
1
Other
Products
(n=27)
Type Q
(n=44)
0
0
• 3 out of 4 CS’s have a brick and mortar structure.
• A 17% cold stores are Modern Pre Engineered Buildings.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
Brick & Mortar
structure / RCC
Modern Pre Engineered
Building (PEB)
Both
Others
North
(n=2142)
74
17
East
(n=803)
78
17
West
(n=1013)
84
South
(n=1045)
69
6
23
64
18
8
5
10
8
13
1
0
0
0
4
• West zone comparatively has more number of cold stores which are modern PEB structures.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
34
5.5 BUILDING STRUCTURE OF COLD
STORAGES
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
Brick & Mortar structure /
RCC
Modern Pre Engineered
Building (PEB)
Both
Others
Brick & Mortar structure /
RCC
Modern Pre Engineered
Building (PEB)
Both
Others
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
74
69
74
90
76
77
60
100
17
19
23
-
13
14
7
-
8
1
12
-
2
0
10
-
5
6
5
5
34
-
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
74
83
91
43
60
92
57
81
17
4
6
57
34
5
43
19
8
1
11
3
3
-
-
6
1
2
-
-
-
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP
Nagaland Orissa
All
(n=5003)
(n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156)
(n=1)
(n=38)
Brick & Mortar structure /
RCC
Modern Pre Engineered
Building (PEB)
Both
Others
Pondicherry
(n=2)
Punjab
(n=402)
74
68
47
49
94
100
45
-
78
17
21
22
25
3
-
45
100
6
8
1
11
-
29
2
26
-
3
-
-
11
-
-
15
1
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Brick & Mortar structure /
RCC
Modern Pre Engineered
Building (PEB)
Both
Others
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
WB
(n=12)
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
74
96
60
50
67
67
97
73
17
2
40
34
11
33
2
16
8
1
2
-
-
16
-
22
-
-
1
-
8
3
• Across states brick and mortar cold stores are a clear majority except in Orissa, Goa and Sikkim,
though the absolute numbers in these states are low.
• UP has the maximum number - in terms of absolute number - of modern PEB structured cold
stores.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
35
5.5 BUILDING STRUCTURE OF COLD
STORAGES
All
(n=5003)
Urban CS’s
(n=1481)
Rural CS’s
(n=3522)
NHB/NHM
(n=3061)
Others
(n=1942)
Brick & Mortar structure / RCC
74
70
76
78
69
Modern Pre Engineered Building (PEB)
17
17
17
15
20
Both
8
11
7
7
10
Others
1
2
0
1
1
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Company
Public Ltd.
(n=174)
Company
Private Ltd.
(n=1563)
Association
Public
(n=5)
Brick & Mortar structure / RCC
73
74
67
76
100
Modern Pre Engineered Building
(PEB)
17
17
20
17
-
Both
8
8
13
7
-
Others
2
1
1
0
-
Association
Private
(n=12)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./PSU)
(n=82)
Not mentioned
ownership type
(n=24)
Brick & Mortar structure / RCC
83
82
76
54
Modern Pre Engineered Building
(PEB)
8
4
23
13
Both
8
12
1
33
Others
-
2
-
-
• 3 out of 4 government based cold storages are brick and mortar structures.
• The percentage of brick and mortar structures is the maximum among the cooperative type of
cold storages.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
36
CHAPTER 6
UPKEEP OF FACILITY & CS
TYPES
Page no 37 to 54
© COPYRIGHT 2014
6. UPKEEP OF FACILITY

As witnessed in the earlier section, single commodity cold storages are higher in number
except in the states of Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand and Delhi where number of multi commodity
cold storages outnumber the single ones. Of the 87% of Type H cold storages, 72% only store
single commodities.

Single commodity cold storages also have higher storage capacity as compared to multi
commodity storages.

Upkeep of facilities were ascertained based on observation by researchers who visited the
facilities.

More than 80% single commodity cold storages are considered to have good external
condition. Over 70% of them also have good external hygiene and internal road area.

Across zones majority of the cold storages have been given good ratings when it comes to their
internal open area and building external condition. States namely MP and Bihar have a scope
for improvement on these parameters.

When it comes to the drainage facility, majority of cold storages in states of Maharashtra, AP,
Kerala, Karnataka and TN have covered drainage systems.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
38
6. UPKEEP OF FACILITY W.R.T
SINGLE/MULTIPLE PRODUCT STORAGE

Nationwide the cold stores were asked to categorise themselves as single commodity or multicommodity storage basis infrastructure design. The survey revealed that 3,561 cold stores
categorised themselves as single commodity cold stores.

Storage type and capacity

As unit owners mostly reported in metric tons, a uniform factor of 3.4 m³ per ton used to arrive
at volumetric capacity

This table is only for the CSs interviewed
Number of
CS's
Mean
Capacity
(in metric
tons)
Total
capacity
(in million
metric
tons)
Total
Capacity in
Vol. Mln
Cubic
meters
All
5003
5003
25.03
85.1
Single Commodity
3561
5372
19.13
65.0
Multi-commodity
1273
4089
5.21
17.7
CA Store (Controlled
Atmosphere)
29
3073
0.09
0.3
MA Store (Modified
Atmosphere)
8
2404
0.02
0.1
Type of Cold Store
© COPYRIGHT 2014
39
6.PRODUCT CATEGORIES STORED

From the total number of cold stores queried, a total of 86% reported they stored fresh
horticulture produce, with 516 storing processed foods (vegetarian), 456 stored meat types
(processed and non-processed) and 43 stored pharmaceutical goods and other products.
Horticulture /
Agriculture
80%
1%
Animal
Husbandry
7%
4%
Processed Food
5.1%
0.2%
0.5% 0.2%
0.04%
Pharmaceuticals
0.1 %

There was overlap between types of products stored as evidenced in this Venn diagram.

Of the 516 that stored processed foods, 52% of them also stored fresh horticultural produce
with 211 of them not catering to fresh fruits and vegetables.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
40
6. UPKEEP OF FACILITY
Description of upkeep
(Percentage rated as good for
different conditions)
External condition of CS - good (If
building is well maintained, looks
good, painted or looking shabby)
Single
commo
dity
stores
Multiple
commod
ity stores
CA stores
MA
stores
82
79
86
100
External Hygiene of CSs- good
(boundary is not littered, clean,
separate place for dumping
waste)
74
67
83
88
Internal road area- good (If paved
TAR road or cement road, tiled
road)
71
68
86
88
Condition of internal vehicle
movement – good (Adequate
space for movement, paved road,
adequate parking space)
72
72
86
88
External
drainage
41
53
55
75
drainage
–
covered

Upkeep of facilities were generally observed to be good. These were based on observation by
researcher visiting the sites.

27% of the CSs reported upgrading the building in the recent past. 55% of Orissa CSs and 44%
of WB CSs reported having upgraded the building.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
41
6.1 COLD STORAGE TYPES
All
(n= 5003)
Type H
(n= 4333)
Type P
(n= 523)
Type M
(n= 452)
54
71
1
3
25
72
42
2 1
Type Q
(n= 44)
31
48
15
62
52
27
6
30
7
1
1
Single Commodity
66
31
25
Other
Products
(n= 27)
Multi-commodity
CA Store
MA Store
No Response
• Close to 3/4ths of the CS’s stock single commodities.
• More than half of the cold stores for processed foods (type P) store multiple commodities.
• Like wise , 66% of cold stores for Pharmaceutical products (Type Q) store multiple commodities
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
83
71
1
3
25
14
1
West
(n=1013)
27
67
5
Multi-commodity
40
33
64
56
2
1
Single Commodity
South
(n=1045)
3
1
CA Store
MA Store
No Response
• Cold storages in North predominantly store single commodities.
• Around 1 out of 3 CS’s in West and East stock multiple commodities.
• Proportion of multi commodity stores in the South is even higher  over 40%.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
42
6.1 COLD STORAGE TYPES
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
Single Commodity
71
55
94
80
67
27
62
67
Multi-commodity
25
41
6
20
32
50
38
33
CA Store
1
1
-
-
0
5
-
-
MA Store
0
0
-
-
0
-
-
-
No Response
3
3
-
-
1
18
-
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Single Commodity
71
32
11
57
85
45
36
6
Multi-commodity
25
61
89
43
12
39
21
69
CA Store
1
-
-
-
1
4
43
25
MA Store
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
No Response
3
8
-
-
2
12
-
-
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP
Nagaland Orissa
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156)
(n=1)
(n=38)
(n=5003) (n=19)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=2)
(n=402)
Single Commodity
71
32
36
71
38
-
50
-
87
Multi-commodity
25
68
63
11
61
100
42
100
13
CA Store
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
MA Store
0
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
No Response
3
-
-
18
1
-
-
-
-
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
n=464)
North East
(n=37)
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Single Commodity
71
51
40
13
56
58
80
35
Multi-commodity
25
42
20
83
22
42
14
41
CA Store
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
3
MA Store
0
-
-
1
-
-
0
-
No Response
3
7
40
2
22
-
6
22
• States namely Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand, Delhi, Chhattisgarh, J&K and Assam have higher number
of cold stores storing multiple commodities compared to single commodities.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
43
7.1 BUILDING STRUCTURE OF COLD
STORAGES
All
(n=5003)
Urban CS’s
(n=1481)
Rural CS’s
(n=3522)
NHB/NHM
(n=3061)
Others
(n=1942)
Single Commodity
71
57
77
73
69
Multi-commodity
25
38
20
23
29
CA Store
1
1
0.4
0.4
1
MA Store
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
3
3
3
4
1
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Company
Public Ltd.
(n=174)
Company
Private Ltd.
(n=1563)
Association
Public
(n=5)
Single Commodity
70
74
68
72
80
Multi-commodity
27
23
24
26
20
CA Store
0.2
0.4
2
1
-
MA Store
0.1
0.1
1
0.3
-
3
3
5
2
-
No Response
No Response
Association
Private
(n=12)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./PSU)
(n=82)
Not mentioned
ownership type
(n=24)
Single Commodity
42
69
48
50
Multi-commodity
58
28
45
46
CA Store
-
-
2
-
MA Store
-
-
1
-
No Response
-
3
4
4
• 77% of the rural cold storages store single commodity.
• 38% of the Urban CS are store multi commodity. The corresponding score in rural CS is 20%.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
44
6.2 PRODUCT CATEGORIES STORED
All
(n=4885)
Type of Products
Horticulture / Agriculture
Horticulture /
Agriculture
80%
1%
4%
0.5%
Processed Food
5.1%
0.3%
0.04%
0.2%
0.04% 0.2%
Animal
Husbandry
7%
Pharmaceuticals
0.1 %
86%
Only Horticulture / Agriculture
80%
Horticulture / Agriculture and
Processed Food
Horticulture / Agriculture and
Animal Husbandry
Horticulture / Agriculture and
Pharmaceuticals
Horticulture / Agriculture
/Processed Food/Animal husbandry
Horticulture / Agriculture
/Processed Food/Pharmaceuticals
Horticulture / Agriculture /Animal
Husbandry /Pharmaceuticals
Horticulture / Agriculture
/Processed Food/Animal
Husbandry/Pharmaceuticals
Processed food
Only Processed food
Animal Husbandry
Only Animal Husbandry
Pharmaceuticals
Only Pharmaceuticals
4%
1%
0.3%
0.5%
0.2%
0.04%
0.2%
10%
5.1%
9%
7.0%
1%
0.1%
• Note: Cold storages were asked to classify themselves under 4 product categories. Where
multiple products were stored, the first defined category was still retained.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Figs in %
45
6.3 BUILDING EXTERNAL CONDITION
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
81
Type P
(n=523)
80
2
Type M
(n=452)
18
17
2
1
Good
Fair
89
77
20
2
Type Q
(n=44)
88
80
Other
Products
(n=27)
20
10
11
2
Not Satisfactory
• The recording of the condition of facilities were based on observation of
researchers visiting the cold stores.
• The external condition of over 80% of the cold stores is rated to be good.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
82
81
2
17
72
2
16
Good
West
(n=1013)
25
89
78
20
3
Fair
South
(n=1045)
2
110
Not Satisfactory
• Close to 90% of the cold stores in South have good external condition. Other zones also have a
relatively high percentage of CS’s with good external condition.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in %
46
6.3 BUILDING EXTERNAL CONDITION
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
Good
81
73
81
100
86
91
61
100
Fair
17
25
17
-
13
9
38
-
Not Satisfactory
2
2
2
-
1
-
1
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Good
81
71
74
71
92
88
64
88
Fair
17
20
20
29
7
11
36
13
Not Satisfactory
2
9
6
-
1
1
-
-
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156)
(n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Good
81
89
89
94
58
100
76
100
87
Fair
17
5
10
5
38
-
21
-
12
Not Satisfactory
2
5
1
1
4
-
3
-
1
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Good
81
82
80
95
89
50
74
89
Fair
17
16
20
5
11
50
23
11
Not Satisfactory
2
2
-
-
-
-
2
-
• Half of the cold stores in Uttaranchal have fair external condition. Other states have a clear
majority of CS’s with good external condition.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in %
47
6.4 INTERNAL OPEN AREA
All
(n=5003)
71
Type H
(n=4333)
26
70
26
4
Type M
(n=452)
1.3
78
22
4
1.4
Good
36
64
19
3
Other
Products
(n=27)
Type Q
(n=44)
77
31
66
4
1.3
Mean
Type P
(n=523)
1.3
Fair
1.4
1.2
Not Satisfactory
• The condition of Internal area is good in a predominant number of cold stores.
• Animal Husbandry CSs are rated better on internal areas
• The above mentioned mean scores are on a 3 point scale, where 1 is for good, 2 for fair and 3
for not satisfactory. Thus closer the mean number to 1, better is the upkeep of the facility.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
71
North
(n=2142)
26
73
22
4
Mean
1.3
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
37
33
62
5
3
1.4
Good
Fair
82
60
4
1.3
South
(n=1045)
2
1.4
16
1.2
Not Satisfactory
• Large number of CS’s in the South Zone have internal areas which are in good condition.
• 37% CS’s in the Western zone have fair to not satisfactory internal space.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in %
48
6.4 INTERNAL OPEN AREA
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
Good
71
60
71
30
78
64
53
67
Fair
26
35
24
50
20
32
43
33
Not Satisfactory
4
5
5
20
2
5
4
-
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.9
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.3
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Good
71
51
71
29
63
90
64
69
Fair
26
41
20
71
35
8
36
19
Not Satisfactory
4
8
9
-
2
2
-
13
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.7
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.4
Mean
Mean
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156)
(n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Good
71
84
82
93
51
100
63
100
75
Fair
26
5
13
4
46
-
16
-
20
Not Satisfactory
4
11
4
3
3
-
21
-
5
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.5
1.0
1.6
1.0
1.3
Mean
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Good
71
77
80
91
78
8
66
84
Fair
26
20
20
8
22
92
30
16
Not Satisfactory
4
3
-
1
-
-
4
-
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.9
1.4
1.2
Mean
• Almost all states have majority CS’s with good internal area, 43% in Bihar, 46% of CSs in MP and
92% of CSs in Uttaranchal have internal areas which are in a fair condition.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in %
49
6.5 INTERNAL TRAFFIC AREA
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Tarmac Road
39
36
Paved / Brick Tiling
36
38
27
Type M
(n=452)
48
Type Q
(n=44)
Other
Products
(n=27)
50
67
56
35
20
Earthwork
26
28
22
10
Grassy
17
18
15
5
9
3
0
Others specify
1
1
2
34
26
11
11
0
• More than a third of CSs had internal road of either Tarmac road or paved brick tiling road. Only
in Q type products storage CSs, Earthwork road was present in one third of the installations
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
Tarmac Road
39
Paved / Brick Tiling
36
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
29
29
45
26
27
30
Grassy
17
20
25
1
1
1
South
(n=1045)
37
49
Earthwork
Others specify
West
(n=1013)
69
26
20
33
13
16
3
4
2
• Zone wise analysis shows that South zone had tarmac roads mainly, where as in all the other
zones different road types were present.
• In North and East paved / brick tiling was prevalent in nearly 50% of CSs, while in West over a
third had either Tarmac or earthwork roads
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in %
50
6.5 INTERNAL TRAFFIC AREA
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Tarmac Road
39
39
20
90
76
18
37
67
Paved / Brick Tiling
36
34
47
-
20
59
19
33
Earthwork
26
26
33
10
9
27
31
-
Grassy
17
18
25
-
3
23
37
-
Others specify
1
2
1
-
2
9
1
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Tarmac Road
39
9
63
14
41
49
29
69
Paved / Brick Tiling
36
17
23
14
18
41
64
6
Earthwork
26
72
17
71
46
11
7
25
Grassy
17
13
3
-
3
1
7
-
Others specify
1
4
3
-
6
-
-
-
• In state wise analysis it is seen that there is a good variety in road types.
• Majority of CSs in AP. Chandigarh, Delhi, J&K, Karnataka, Kerala, Rajasthan and TN are having
tarmac road
• Paved/brick tiling was present in Maharashtra, UP, Haryana, HP, Jharkhand, Punjab,
Uttaranchal and WB.
• Earth work roads were prevalent in Chhattisgarh and Gujarat
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in %
51
6.5 INTERNAL TRAFFIC AREA
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1) (n=38)
(n=2)
Punjab
(n=402)
Tarmac Road
39
16
59
48
19
100
39
100
36
Paved / Brick Tiling
36
53
13
44
24
100
13
-
48
Earthwork
26
5
28
4
19
-
42
-
17
Grassy
17
26
7
3
46
100
24
-
21
Others specify
1
-
2
1
2
-
-
-
1
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Tarmac Road
39
59
20
73
22
25
29
22
Paved / Brick Tiling
36
13
40
2
89
67
66
65
Earthwork
26
27
40
23
11
-
23
24
Grassy
17
3
20
7
-
8
23
19
Others specify
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
5
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in %
52
6.6 EXTERNAL DRAINAGE FACILITY
All
(n= 5003)
Type H
(n= 4333)
44
Type P
(n= 523)
Type Q
(n= 44)
Other
Products
(n= 27)
60
64
67
57
41
59
56
Type M
(n= 452)
43
40
Open
36
33
Covered
• 59% of Type H storages have open drainage facility. Over 50% of all other type of storages have
a covered drainage system.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
44
56
69
East
(n=803)
31
74
Open
West
(n=1013)
South
(n=1045)
71
59
26
41
29
Covered
• While around 70% CS’s in North and East have open drainage facility, in West and South the
percentage is higher for covered drainages.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in %
53
6.6 EXTERNAL DRAINAGE FACILITY
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Open
56
26
78
70
35
59
58
67
Covered
44
74
22
30
65
41
42
33
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Open
56
75
51
-
52
76
29
25
Covered
44
25
49
100
48
24
71
75
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=156)
(n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Open
56
89
35
12
58
-
53
-
32
Covered
44
11
65
88
42
100
47
100
68
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Open
56
90
80
7
56
83
81
59
Covered
44
10
20
93
44
17
19
41
• Major number of CS’s in States like TN AP, Kerala, Karnataka, Punjab, Maharashtra and HP have
covered drainages. On the other hand UP, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Jharkhand and Rajasthan
predominantly have open drainages.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in %
54
CHAPTER 7
GENERAL LAYOUT AND GEO
TAGGED LINKS
Page no 55 to 119
© COPYRIGHT 2014
7. GENERAL LAYOUT OF THE
FACILITY

The cold storage facilities were also categorized based on the type of structure. Primarily the
following types were indicated: Pre-Engineered Building (PEB) and Brick and Mortar type
structure.

It was observed that 74% of the cold stores structures were of the Brick and mortar type, while
17% of the CS’s that have adopted Modern Pre-engineered Building structures. On an all India
basis, about 8% of the facilities had both kinds of structures. A minimal 1% did not fall under
either category (tin, asbestos and indigenous type).

The proportion of brick and mortar structures is relatively higher in the Eastern zone. Whereas
1/3rd cold storages in Tamil Nadu and Gujarat are PEB structures.

On an average, 32% of the cold stores were constructed with only one ground floor level.
Another 36% had more than four floors. The remaining had between 2 to 4 floors per facility.

The mean land boundary area of all CSs was 4,566.8 sq. meters
All
(n=5003)

Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
Other
Products
(n=27)
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
4566.8
4868.1
3933.1
3105.8
4818.4
4759.8
The mean covered area of all CSs was 3,568.3 sq meters.
All
(n=5003)

Type H
(n=4333)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
Other
Products
(n=27)
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
3568.3
3775.9
2885.5
2205.3
2837.8
3366.7
Page 49 has hyperlinks to Google maps which indicate location of the Cold store in the
respective state.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
56
7. GENERAL LAYOUT OF THE FACILITY
STORAGE PLATFORMS & TYPE
 Type of storage platforms used (%)
Wooden mezzanine + RCC Levels + Steel mezzanine
unduplicated NET value = 96%
78
19
10
Wooden mezzanine
platform

RCC Levels
Steel mezzanine
platform
3
3
2
Metal Racking
system
Bins stacking system
DKCS
In context of the storing platform, almost 96% of the cold stores were designed with wooden,
RCC or steel mezzanine floors. These designs primarily stored goods in gunny bags, crates and
boxes. The rest of the cold stores had metal and wooden rack system as the primary platform.
 Storing unit types in use (%)
Gunny Bags
69
CFB Boxes
20
Plastic Crates
16
Wooden Boxes
11
Any Bulk storage
5

Gunny bags were the main small storage inside the CSs followed by corrugated boxes.

Gunny bags are prominently used in Type H cold storages. 77% of Type H cold storages use
gunny bags for storing purposes. Around 40% each of Type Q store products in gunny bags,
CFD boxes and plastic crates. Over 70% of Type M and Type Q CSs store in CFD boxes.

Thermocol / EPS / XPS as add-on slabs are the most common insulations type used across India
more so in the Eastern zone. A higher percentage of Cold storages in North, utilize fillers like
Husk / Rock / Wool etc. Close to 50% Type M cold stores use PUF panels for insulation
purposes.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
57
7. GENERAL LAYOUT OF THE FACILITY

Majority of the cold storages have not had any recent upgrade. This is true across all zones and
cold storages stocking various type of products.

Of the Cold storages that have had upgrades, 60% have expanded their capacities.
Recent upgrade in the Building
72
Yes
27
No
DK/CS
2

58% of the cold storage facilities had only a single access gate (main gate to facility), while 36%
have two access gates facilitating easy turn-around of traffic. The remaining reported more
than two gates with an all India average of 1.6 gates per facility.

The majority of the cold stores (67%) had uncovered parking for visiting trucks with 12% having
both covered and uncovered parking lots. Only 21% offered exclusively covered parking inside
their boundary wall. A third of Type Q cold storages offer covered parking spaces.

On an average, parking space for 22 vehicles is available inside a facility. The vast land
boundary in the North and East offers parking spaces for 25 and 28 trucks respectively.

Transport services were not provided by 79% of the cold storage units. Of the 21% that
provided transportation, 67% own the asset base.

Reefer truck facility is available in a meagre 4% cold storages. Of them 68% own the trucks and
47% outsource the services. The percentage adds to over 100% as 14% have own asset base
and also use others vehicles

Each facility location was also recorded through geo-tagging of photographs (external picture
of each facility visited). Some cold storage owners also permitted pictures of the inside of their
infrastructure.

The geotag photographs links are provided here.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
58
7. GEOTAGGED PHOTOGRAPHS
State
Link
Andaman & Nicobar
http://goo.gl/maps/QvBMj
Andhra Pradesh
http://goo.gl/maps/zyxz3
Assam
http://goo.gl/maps/7aW0p
Bihar
http://goo.gl/maps/1oPE8
Chandigarh
http://goo.gl/maps/O7Miz
Chhattisgarh
http://goo.gl/maps/Dzqpn
Delhi
http://goo.gl/maps/wOUhy
Goa
http://goo.gl/maps/VtbBD
Gujarat
http://goo.gl/maps/RFF93
Haryana
http://goo.gl/maps/tWs1Q
Himachal Pradesh
http://goo.gl/maps/fkAp2
Jammu & Kashmir
http://goo.gl/maps/dJC6u
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Maharashtra
Madhya Pradesh
North East
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
Uttaranchal
West Bengal
http://goo.gl/maps/ftPrt
http://goo.gl/maps/3QavX
http://goo.gl/maps/eFQCl
http://goo.gl/maps/ySGVR
http://goo.gl/maps/kBAqD
http://goo.gl/maps/wU1V3
http://goo.gl/maps/zosjE
http://goo.gl/maps/Ne8AU
http://goo.gl/maps/92BzC
http://goo.gl/maps/r9Ptz
http://goo.gl/maps/Fb5RE
http://goo.gl/maps/n96aJ
http://goo.gl/maps/t0gzu

When the link is clicked the state map will open with points of locations of cold storages.
When we click on the location, the photograph with the name of the cold store will pop
up.

The locations of existing CSs, permanently closed CSs, temporarily closed CSs are indicated
along with the photographs
© COPYRIGHT 2014
59
7.1 BUILDING STRUCTURE OF COLD
STORAGES
All
(n=5003)
Brick & Mortar
structure / RCC
Modern Pre Engineered
Building (PEB)
Both
Others
Type H
(n=4333)
74
Type P
(n=523)
76
Type M
(n=452)
66
17
16
20
8
7
13
1
1
Type Q
(n=44)
58
66
28
0
59
14
22
20
19
14
1
Other
Products
(n=27)
0
0
• 3 out of 4 CS’s have a brick and mortar structure.
• A 17% cold stores are Modern Pre Engineered Buildings.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
Brick & Mortar
structure / RCC
Modern Pre Engineered
Building (PEB)
74
17
Both 8
Others
North
(n=2142)
1
East
(n=803)
78
17
West
(n=1013)
84
South
(n=1045)
69
6
23
64
18
5
10
8
13
0
0
0
4
• West zone comparatively has more number of cold stores which are modern PEB structures.
• In contrast, East has the least number of PEB structures
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
60
7.1 BUILDING STRUCTURE OF COLD
STORAGES
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
Brick & Mortar structure /
RCC
Modern Pre Engineered
Building (PEB)
Both
Others
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
74
69
74
90
76
77
60
100
17
19
23
-
13
14
7
-
8
1
12
-
2
0
10
-
5
6
5
5
34
-
-
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
74
83
91
43
60
92
57
81
17
4
6
57
34
5
43
19
8
1
11
3
3
-
-
6
1
2
-
-
-
All
(n=5003)
Jharkhan Karnatak
Kerala
d
a
(n=143)
(n=19) (n=188)
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=156)
(n=1) (n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
74
68
47
49
94
100
45
-
78
17
21
22
25
3
-
45
100
6
8
1
11
-
29
2
26
-
3
-
-
11
-
-
15
1
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Brick & Mortar structure /
RCC
Modern Pre Engineered
Building (PEB)
Both
Others
AP
(n=600)
All
(n=5003)
Brick & Mortar structure /
RCC
Modern Pre Engineered
Building (PEB)
Both
Others
Brick & Mortar structure
/ RCC
Modern Pre Engineered
Building (PEB)
Both
Others
A&N
(n=10)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
WB
(n=12)
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
74
96
60
50
67
67
97
73
17
2
40
34
11
33
2
16
8
1
2
-
-
16
-
22
-
-
1
-
8
3
• Across states brick and mortar cold stores are a clear majority except in Orissa, Goa and Sikkim,
though the absolute numbers in these states are low.
• UP has the maximum number - in terms of absolute number - of modern PEB structured cold
stores.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
61
7.1 BUILDING STRUCTURE OF COLD
STORAGES
All
(n=5003)
Urban CS’s
(n=1481)
Rural CS’s
(n=3522)
NHB/NHM
(n=3061)
Others
(n=1942)
Brick & Mortar structure / RCC
74
70
76
78
69
Modern Pre Engineered Building (PEB)
17
17
17
15
20
Both
8
11
7
7
10
Others
1
2
0
1
1
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Company
Public Ltd.
(n=174)
Company
Private Ltd.
(n=1563)
Association
Public
(n=5)
Brick & Mortar structure / RCC
73
74
67
76
100
Modern Pre Engineered Building
(PEB)
17
17
20
17
-
Both
8
8
13
7
-
Others
2
1
1
0
-
Association
Private
(n=12)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./PSU)
(n=82)
Not mentioned
ownership type
(n=24)
Brick & Mortar structure / RCC
83
82
76
54
Modern Pre Engineered Building
(PEB)
8
4
23
13
Both
8
12
1
33
Others
-
2
-
-
• 3 out of 4 government based cold storages are brick and mortar structures.
• The percentage of brick and mortar structures is the maximum among the cooperative type of
cold storages.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
62
7.2 RECENT UPGRADE TO THE BUILDING
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
73
72
27
62
Type Q
(n=44)
66
60
38
36
25
2
Type M
(n=452)
Yes
No
56
7
27
2
2
1
Other
Products
(n=27)
11
33
DK/CS
• Almost 3/4ths of CS’s have not had any recent upgrade. This trend holds true for Type H CS’s
which drives the All India figure.
• 38% of Type M CS’s have had recent upgrades
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
75
72
27
36
1
No
71
27
1
Yes
South
(n=1045)
72
63
24
2
West
(n=1013)
26
1
3
DK/CS
• Across zones, majority of the CS’s have not had any recent upgrade.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
63
7.2 RECENT UPGRADE TO THE BUILDING
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Yes
27
27
28
40
23
23
25
33
No
72
71
72
50
74
77
73
67
DK/CS
2
2
1
10
3
-
2
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Yes
27
18
31
29
24
12
29
19
No
72
79
69
71
74
85
71
81
DK/CS
2
3
-
-
1
3
-
-
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=156)
(n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Yes
27
-
18
42
30
-
55
100
16
No
72
95
75
56
69
100
45
-
82
DK/CS
2
5
7
2
1
-
-
-
2
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Yes
27
20
60
28
11
42
44
24
No
72
80
40
71
89
58
56
76
DK/CS
2
-
-
1
-
-
0
-
• Majority CS’s across almost all states have had no recent upgrades.
• More than 50% cold stores in Orissa and 44% in WB have had recent upgrades in the building.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
64
7.2 RECENT UPGRADE TO THE BUILDING
All
(n=5003)
Urban CS’s
(n=1481)
Rural CS’s
(n=3522)
NHB/NHM
(n=3061)
Others
(n=1942)
Yes
27
25
28
28
25
No
72
73
71
71
73
DK/CS
2
3
1
1
2
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Company
Public Ltd.
(n=174)
Company
Private Ltd.
(n=1563)
Association
Public
(n=5)
Yes
22
24
30
31
80
No
75
75
68
68
20
DK/CS
3
1
1
1
-
Association
Private
(n=12)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./PSU)
(n=82)
Not mentioned
ownership type
(n=24)
Yes
25
45
29
29
No
67
55
65
71
DK/CS
8
-
6
-
• 45% of the cooperatives have had an upgrade recently.
• Close to 3 out of 4 government run cold storages have not had an upgrade recently.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
65
7.3 YEAR UPGRADED THE BUILDING
All
(n=1340)
Type H
(n=1101)
Type P
(n=188)
Type M
(n=172)
Less than 1 yr (2012 to 2013)
30
29
31
39
33
2 to 5yrs (2009 to 2011)
27
25
32
33
33
6 to 10yrs (2004 to 2008)
21
21
20
Other
Products
(n=9)
Type Q
(n=12)
19
33
11
17
11 to 15yrs (1999 to 2003)
10
11
6
3
8
16 to 20yrs (1994 to 1998)
6
7
4
2
8
21 to 25yrs (1993 to 1989)
3
3
3
2
0
26 to 30yrs (1984 to 1988)
2
2
2
2
0
More than 30 yrs
2
2
2
2
0
22
0
22
0
11
0
• Of the 1340 CSs, having upgrades, almost 30% CS’s have had upgrades in the last 1 year.
• Over 60% of Type M,Q & P CS’s have had upgrades in the last 5 years.
Zone wise
All
(n=1340)
North
(n=510)
East
(n=292)
West
(n=269)
Less than 1 yr (2012 to 2013)
30
22
31
29
2 to 5yrs (2009 to 2011)
27
24
24
29
6 to 10yrs (2004 to 2008)
21
25
19
South
(n=269)
42
32
20
17
11 to 15yrs (1999 to 2003)
10
14
9
9
4
16 to 20yrs (1994 to 1998)
6
7
9
7
2
21 to 25yrs (1993 to 1989)
3
3
5
2
0
26 to 30yrs (1984 to 1988)
2
2
2
3
1
More than 30 yrs
2
3
2
1
1
• Of the CSs who have had upgrades, over 40% of the Southern based CS’s have had upgrades in
the last 1 year.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have recently upgraded/ majorly overhauled the building
All Figs in %
66
7.3 YEAR UPGRADED THE BUILDING
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=1340)
(n=123)
(n=377)
A&N
(n=4)
AP
(n=140)
Assam
(n=5)
Bihar
(n=43)
Chandigarh
(n=1)
Less than 1 yr
(2012 to 2013)
30
34
20
50
58
40
23
-
2 to 5yrs (2009 to 2011)
27
28
22
-
31
20
26
100
6 to 10yrs (2004 to 2008)
21
24
26
50
6
40
30
-
11 to 15yrs (1999 to 2003)
10
3
14
-
3
-
14
-
16 to 20yrs (1994 to 1998)
6
2
8
-
-
-
5
-
21 to 25yrs (1993 to 1989)
3
4
4
-
-
-
2
-
26 to 30yrs (1984 to 1988)
2
2
2
-
1
-
-
-
More than 30 yrs
2
1
3
-
1
-
-
-
6.9
5.9
8.9
4.3
2.9
4.1
6.6
3.5
M E A N(in yrs)
All
(n=1340)
C’garh
(n=14)
Delhi
(n=11)
Goa
(n=2)
Gujarat
(n=97)
Haryana
(n=22)
HP
(n=4)
J&K
(n=3)
Less than 1 yr
(2012 to 2013)
30
29
27
50
27
36
50
33
2 to 5yrs (2009 to 2011)
27
43
36
-
33
27
25
67
6 to 10yrs (2004 to 2008)
21
14
27
50
12
23
-
-
11 to 15yrs (1999 to 2003)
10
14
9
-
13
9
25
-
16 to 20yrs (1994 to 1998)
6
-
-
-
10
5
-
-
21 to 25yrs (1993 to 1989)
3
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
26 to 30yrs (1984 to 1988)
2
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
More than 30 yrs
2
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
6.9
4.6
4.8
4.3
7.1
5.0
4.4
2.5
M E A N(in yrs)
• 1 out of every 3 CS’s (where upgrades were done) in Maharashtra which have had upgrades
were in the last 1 year.
• Over 50% of CS in Gujarat , Haryana, AP, Bihar, Maharashtra Punjab, Orissa, Kerala, Karnataka
and WB were upgraded in the last 5 years.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have recently upgraded/ majorly overhauled the building
All Figs in %
67
7.3 YEAR UPGRADED THE BUILDING
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=1340)
(n=-)
(n=34) (n=60)
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry
(n=47)
(n=-) (n=21)
(n=2)
Punjab
(n=66)
Less than 1 yr
(2012 to 2013)
30
-
21
28
21
-
43
-
26
2 to 5yrs (2009 to 2011)
27
-
35
35
26
-
24
50
32
21
-
29
28
21
-
24
-
21
10
-
9
3
15
-
-
-
11
6
-
3
3
11
-
5
-
8
3
-
-
2
-
-
5
-
2
2
-
-
-
6
-
-
50
-
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
2
6.9
-
6.3
5.1
8.3
-
4.9
15.8
6.5
6 to 10yrs (2004 to
2008)
11 to 15yrs (1999 to
2003)
16 to 20yrs (1994 to
1998)
21 to 25yrs (1993 to
1989)
26 to 30yrs (1984 to
1988)
More than 30 yrs
M E A N(in yrs)
All
Rajasthan
(n=1340) (n=21)
Sikkim
(n=3)
TN
(n=29)
Tripura
(n=1)
Uttaranchal
(n=5)
WB
(n=205)
North East
(n=9)
Less than 1 yr
(2012 to 2013)
30
19
33
21
100
60
31
44
2 to 5yrs (2009 to 2011)
27
5
33
31
-
20
22
22
21
38
-
34
-
-
15
22
10
29
33
7
-
20
9
11
6
10
-
7
-
-
11
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
6
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
6.9
8.7
5.7
6.1
0.5
3.6
8.3
4.2
6 to 10yrs (2004 to
2008)
11 to 15yrs (1999 to
2003)
16 to 20yrs (1994 to
1998)
21 to 25yrs (1993 to
1989)
26 to 30yrs (1984 to
1988)
More than 30 yrs
M E A N(in yrs)
• Over 40% cold stores in Orissa have had upgraded in the last 1 year.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have recently upgraded/ majorly overhauled the building
All Figs in %
68
7.4 TYPE OF UGRADE IN CS
All
(n=1340)
Capacity expansion
Type H
(n=1101)
59
Type P
(n=188)
60
Type M
(n=172)
52
Other
Products
(n=9)
Type Q
(n=12)
61
50
44
Technology up gradation /
Modernization
31
28
37
Machinery / Automation Part
29
27
35
36
50
Cooling system
28
24
44
37
42
23
21
39
50
22
18
17
42
22
Insulation
Putting auxiliary equipments like
Sorting & Grading, Packaging,
Ripening chambers etc
48
29
16
67
27
56
11
44
Others
4
5
2
2
0
0
DK/CS
2
2
2
4
0
0
• Almost 60% of the cold stores which have had upgrades have expanded their capacities. This
trend is prominent among Type H & M CS’s.
• 2/3rds of Type Q cold stores have upgraded their technology.
Zone wise
All
(n=1340)
North
(n=510)
East
(n=292)
66
55
59
Capacity expansion
West
(n=269)
66
Technology up gradation /
Modernization
31
24
36
Machinery / Automation Part
29
19
41
Cooling system
28
16
33
28
Insulation
23
13
36
21
18
17
Putting auxiliary equipments like
Sorting & Grading, Packaging,
Ripening chambers etc
21
South
(n=269)
43
33
39
19
43
44
32
11
22
Others
4
3
4
7
3
DK/CS
2
1
2
1
6
• Except in Southern based CS’s, capacity expansion has been the dominant form of upgrade in
rest of the zones.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have recently upgraded/ majorly overhauled the building
All Figs in %
69
7.4 TYPE OF UGRADE IN CS
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=1340)
(n=123)
(n=377)
Capacity expansion
A&N
(n=4)
AP
(n=140)
Assam
(n=5)
Bihar
(n=43)
Chandigarh
(n=1)
59
64
69
-
33
-
42
-
31
49
25
75
30
20
44
-
29
24
20
25
33
80
19
-
Cooling system
28
42
16
-
44
20
26
-
Insulation
23
33
13
-
25
20
19
100
Putting auxiliary
equipments like Sorting &
Grading, Packaging,
Ripening chambers etc
18
15
20
-
16
-
23
-
Others
4
3
2
-
5
-
2
-
DK/CS
2
2
2
-
7
20
2
-
Technology up gradation /
Modernization
Machinery / Automation
Part
All
(n=1340)
C’garh
(n=14)
Delhi
(n=11)
Goa
(n=2)
Gujarat
(n=97)
Haryana
(n=22)
HP
(n=4)
J&K
(n=3)
59
71
18
100
71
73
25
33
31
43
73
100
19
18
-
33
29
50
45
50
10
9
-
33
Cooling system
28
64
18
50
22
9
75
33
Insulation
23
21
45
50
12
5
-
-
Putting auxiliary
equipments like Sorting &
Grading, Packaging,
Ripening chambers etc
18
14
9
-
7
9
-
33
Others
4
7
9
-
8
5
-
-
DK/CS
2
7
-
-
2
-
-
-
Capacity expansion
Technology up gradation /
Modernization
Machinery / Automation
Part
• Maharashtra, UP, Haryana and Gujarat have major number of CS’s which have under gone
capacity expansion.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have recently upgraded/ majorly overhauled the building
All Figs in %
70
7.4 TYPE OF UGRADE IN CS
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=1340)
(n=-)
(n=34)
(n=60)
Capacity expansion
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry
(n=47)
(n=-)
(n=21)
(n=2)
Punjab
(n=66)
59
-
50
50
57
-
29
100
50
31
-
38
55
19
-
57
100
18
29
-
50
52
21
-
33
100
24
Cooling system
28
-
29
45
4
-
19
100
18
Insulation
23
-
41
42
9
-
14
100
11
Putting auxiliary
equipments like Sorting
& Grading, Packaging,
Ripening chambers etc
18
-
3
42
6
-
14
100
17
Others
4
-
-
-
15
-
-
-
11
DK/CS
2
-
9
3
-
-
5
-
2
Technology up
gradation /
Modernization
Machinery /
Automation Part
All
Rajasthan
(n=1340) (n=21)
Capacity expansion
Sikkim
(n=3)
TN
(n=29)
Tripura
(n=1)
Uttaranchal
(n=5)
WB
(n=205)
North East
(n=9)
59
95
-
69
-
80
62
-
31
10
-
41
-
20
32
11
29
-
33
62
-
-
45
56
Cooling system
28
5
67
59
-
40
34
33
Insulation
23
-
33
38
100
-
43
33
Putting auxiliary
equipments like Sorting
& Grading, Packaging,
Ripening chambers etc
18
-
33
34
-
-
21
11
Others
4
-
-
7
-
-
5
-
DK/CS
2
-
-
-
-
-
1
11
Technology up
gradation /
Modernization
Machinery /
Automation Part
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have recently upgraded/ majorly overhauled the building
All Figs in %
71
7.4 TYPE OF UGRADE IN CS
Ownership Type
Proprietorship
(n=297)
Partnership
(n=407)
Company
Public Ltd.
(n=53)
Company
Private Ltd.
(n=487)
Association
Public
(n=4)
Capacity expansion
55
58
55
63
100
Technology up gradation /
Modernization
31
30
34
32
50
Machinery / Automation Part
25
23
26
35
50
Cooling system
23
23
23
32
50
Insulation
17
19
23
28
75
Putting auxiliary equipments like
Sorting & Grading, Packaging,
Ripening chambers etc
17
17
15
19
50
Others
4
4
2
5
-
DK/CS
4
2
4
1
-
Association
Private
(n=3)
Cooperative
(n=58)
Government
(Co./Dept./PSU)
(n=24)
Not mentioned
ownership type
(n=7)
Capacity expansion
-
60
50
57
Technology up gradation /
Modernization
-
36
42
43
Machinery / Automation Part
-
34
46
14
Cooling system
33
40
63
29
Insulation
67
34
42
14
-
10
46
14
Others
33
3
-
-
DK/CS
-
5
-
-
Putting auxiliary equipments like Sorting
& Grading, Packaging, Ripening chambers
etc
• In every type ownership of CSs, capacity expansion is the highest mentioned up-gradation.
• As many as 63% of the private limited companies have expanded their capacities in a recent
upgrade.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have recently upgraded/ majorly overhauled the building
All Figs in %
72
7.4 TYPE OF UGRADE IN CS
URBAN/RURAL/NHB/NHM
All
(n=1340)
Urban CS’s
(n=368)
Rural CS’s
(n=972)
NHB/NHM
(n=849)
Others
(n=491)
Capacity expansion
59
54
61
58
61
Technology up gradation /
Modernization
31
35
30
30
34
Machinery / Automation Part
29
32
28
29
28
Cooling system
28
30
27
26
31
Insulation
23
25
23
23
24
Putting auxiliary equipments like
Sorting & Grading, Packaging,
Ripening chambers etc
18
16
18
18
18
Others
4
3
5
4
4
DK/CS
2
4
2
3
2
• In every type whether it is urban or rural or NHB assisted or others, capacity expansion is the
highest mentioned up-gradation.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have recently upgraded/ majorly overhauled the building
All Figs in %
73
7.5 TOTAL LAND BOUNDARY (IN SQ
METERS)
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
Other
Products
(n=27)
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
4566.8
4868.1
3993.1
3105.8
4818.4
4759.8
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
South
(n=1045)
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
4566.8
5458.4
5274.8
4132.7
3689.7
• The total land boundary is maximum for Type H cold stores and the ones located in the
Northern region.
• Type M storages have the least land boundary. Comparing the zones, Southern CS’s are having
lesser total land boundary.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
ALL UNIT IN SQ METERS
All Respondents
74
7.5 TOTAL LAND BOUNDARY (IN SQ
METERS)
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
MEAN (in sq meters)
MEAN (in sq meters)
4566.8
3424.3
7026.3
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
3167.3
4207.6
2177.8
4784.7
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
4566.8
5773.4
2164.9
3222.5
4303.0
3517.4
5959.2
-
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
MEAN (in sq meters)
4566.8
5812.6
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
MEAN (in sq meters)
997.9
4566.8
3530.9
2433.0
2587.5
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=156)
(n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
6216.6
-
4727.8
8102.0
5566.6
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
504.0
4778.0
4862.3
4566.5
6427.0
2526.4
• The average land area is higher for states of UP, WB, HP, Jharkhand, MP and Punjab with an area
running in more than 5000 sq meters
© COPYRIGHT 2014
ALL UNIT IN SQ METERS
All Respondents
All Figs in %
75
7.5 TOTAL LAND BOUNDARY (IN SQ
METERS)
Ownership Type/Urban/Rural/NHB/NHM
MEAN (in sq meters)
MEAN (in sq meters)
MEAN (in sq meters)
All
(n=5003)
Urban CS’s
(n=1481)
Rural CS’s
(n=3522)
NHB/NHM
(n=3061)
Others
(n=1942)
4566.8
3484.5
5303.9
4958.8
4113.8
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Company
Public Ltd.
(n=174)
Company
Private Ltd.
(n=1563)
Association
Public
(n=5)
4030.9
4870.2
4896.9
4835.4
1660.5
Association
Private
(n=12)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./PSU)
(n=82)
Not mentioned
ownership type
(n=24)
4204.9
3935.0
3861.0
3938.1
• The mean land boundary is highest among Rural CS.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
ALL UNIT IN SQ METERS
All Respondents
All Figs in %
76
7.6 TOTAL COVERED AREA (IN SQ METERS)
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
Other
Products
(n=27)
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
3568.3
3775.9
2885.5
2205.3
2837.8
3366.7
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
South
(n=1045)
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
3568.3
4621.8
3957.3
2732.1
2525.6
• Type H CS’s comparatively have the highest total area covered. In spite of having a higher base,
the area covered is way too higher than that for other type of CS’s.
• Compared to all the zones, CS’s in the Northern Zone have the highest average area covered
with over 4600 sq meters followed by East, West and South in that order
© COPYRIGHT 2014
ALL UNIT IN SQ METERS
All Respondents
All Figs in %
77
7.6 TOTAL COVERED AREA (IN SQ METERS)
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
MEAN (in sq meters)
MEAN (in sq meters)
3568.3
2411.8
5609.6
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
7356.8
2960.4
1244.8
2943.8
2689.5
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
3568.3
2535.5
1916.6
1079.6
2859.1
1664.7
3712.1
4274.2
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156)
(n=1) (n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
MEAN (in sq meters)
3568.3
2530.9
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
MEAN (in sq meters)
3568.3
2366.1
1640.6
1734.0
3241.7
8105.0
2637.9
4051.0
4592.3
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
1792.6
2524.2
2894.0
4047.1
4928.0
1885.52
• Across states UP has the highest average covered area followed by WB and Punjab
© COPYRIGHT 2014
ALL UNIT IN SQ METERS
All Respondents
All Figs in %
78
7.6 TOTAL COVERED AREA (IN SQ METERS)
Ownership Type/Urban/Rural/NHB/NHM
MEAN (in sq meters)
MEAN (in sq meters)
MEAN (in sq meters)
All
(n=5003)
Urban CS’s
(n=1481)
Rural CS’s
(n=3522)
NHB/NHM
(n=3061)
Others
(n=1942)
3568.3
2419.1
4144.0
3936.2
3019.3
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Company
Public Ltd.
(n=174)
Company
Private Ltd.
(n=1563)
Association
Public
(n=5)
3119.1
3740.6
4166.4
3789.2
904.3
Association
Private
(n=12)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./PSU)
(n=82)
Not mentioned
ownership type
(n=24)
2032.9
3253.7
3232.9
2966.6
• Rural CSs have higher covered areas compared to urban CSs.
• Like wise, public limited companies have higher covered areas compared to other ownership CSs
© COPYRIGHT 2014
ALL UNIT IN SQ METERS
All Respondents
All Figs in %
79
7.7 HEIGHT OF THE FACILITY
All
(n=4907)
Type H
(n=4250)
Type P
(n=512)
0.10 - 3
2
1
3. 1 – 6
11
7
20
6. 1 – 9
6
4
15
9.1 – 12
9
8
11
12.1 – 15
21
15.1 – 18
18.1 – 21
0
38
Other
Products
(n=25)
12
10
24
28
8
11
10
8
18
9
17
12
18
8
24
12
8
3
14
16
36
17
4
Type Q
(n=42)
19
22
32
15
4
Type M
(n=443)
21.1 – 24
2
2
2
1
2
0
24.1 – 27
1
1
1
0
0
0
13.2
14.0
10.6
7.7
12.4
9.7
Mean
• Over 50% of the facilities have heights between 12-18 meters. This holds true for Type H CS’s as
well, which is driving the overall status.
• 2 out of 3 Type M cold stores have heights between 3-9 meters.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
ALL UNIT IN METERS
CS’s that claimed to know the height of the facility
All Figs in %
80
7.7 HEIGHT OF THE FACILITY
Zone Wise
All
(n=4907)
North
(n=2097)
East
(n=797)
West
(n=976)
South
(n=1037)
0.10 - 3
2
0
1
3. 1 – 6
11
1
3
13
6. 1 – 9
6
2
3
16
8
9.1 – 12
9
10
3
13
6
13
21
8
19
16
10
21
12.1 – 15
21
15.1 – 18
18.1 – 21
30
32
15
38
14
2
56
16
5
33
21.1 – 24
2
2
2
3
1
24.1 – 27
1
1
1
2
0
13.2
14.4
15.2
11.6
10.5
Mean
• 56% storages in the Eastern zone have heights between 15-18 meters.
• Close to 1/3rd of the CS’s in South are 3-6 meters tall, this in turn is reducing the mean height of
the facility in the zone.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
ALL UNIT IN METERS
CS’s that claimed to know the height of the facility
All Figs in %
81
7.7 HEIGHT OF THE FACILITY
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=4907)
(n=424)
(n=1333)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=598)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=168)
(n=3)
0.10 – 3
2
3
0
-
2
5
-
-
3. 1 – 6
11
20
0
100
22
14
1
33
6. 1 – 9
6
26
1
-
4
-
2
-
9.1 – 12
9
15
6
-
4
9
5
-
12.1 – 15
21
17
27
-
8
36
17
33
15.1 – 18
32
8
45
-
24
18
58
33
18.1 – 21
15
7
16
-
32
5
12
-
21.1 – 24
2
1
2
-
2
-
2
-
24.1 – 27
1
1
1
-
1
-
-
-
13.2
9.5
15.1
3.8
13.1
12.1
15.1
10.8
MEAN
All
(n=4907)
C’garh
(n=71)
Delhi
(n=34)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=391)
Haryana
(n=183)
HP
(n=13)
J&K
(n=16)
0.10 – 3
2
4
-
14
1
-
-
-
3. 1 – 6
11
3
3
43
10
5
8
13
6. 1 – 9
6
3
6
29
12
7
8
19
9.1 – 12
9
3
12
-
13
26
31
25
12.1 – 15
21
27
50
14
27
24
38
13
15.1 – 18
32
32
18
-
25
19
-
19
18.1 – 21
15
23
9
-
10
13
-
6
21.1 – 24
2
3
-
-
1
6
8
6
24.1 – 27
1
1
3
-
2
-
-
-
13.2
14.4
13.1
5.8
12.2
13.1
11.7
11.7
MEAN
• 45% CS’s in UP and 58% in Bihar have facility height between 15-18 meters.
• 1/3rd CS’s in AP have height between 18-21 meters.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
ALL UNIT IN METERS
CS’s that claimed to know the height of the facility
All Figs in %
82
7.7 HEIGHT OF THE FACILITY (CONT’D)
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=4907) (n=19)
(n=185) (n=140) (n=154) (n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=401)
0.10 – 3
2
-
12
9
1
-
3
-
1
3. 1 – 6
11
5
49
58
1
-
26
50
0
6. 1 – 9
6
5
10
19
1
-
11
-
3
9.1 – 12
9
11
5
6
6
100
5
50
15
12.1 – 15
21
21
5
3
15
-
8
-
36
15.1 – 18
32
16
5
2
34
-
32
-
31
18.1 – 21
15
21
9
1
21
-
11
-
10
21.1 – 24
2
5
1
-
12
-
3
-
2
24.1 – 27
1
11
1
-
3
-
-
-
1
13.2
15.1
7.1
5.4
16.2
9.0
11.2
7.5
13.7
MEAN
All
Rajasthan
(n=4907) (n=103)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=11)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
0.10 – 3
2
-
20
4
-
-
1
5
3. 1 – 6
11
6
20
34
-
-
2
11
6. 1 – 9
6
5
40
13
-
18
2
5
9.1 – 12
9
14
20
14
-
18
2
11
12.1 – 15
21
39
-
21
67
27
7
38
15.1 – 18
32
21
-
10
22
18
66
16
18.1 – 21
15
10
-
4
11
9
18
5
21.1 – 24
2
1
-
1
-
-
2
-
24.1 – 27
1
3
-
-
-
9
1
-
13.2
13.5
5.7
8.9
14.3
13.1
16.0
11.6
MEAN
• 2 out of every 3 CS’s in WB are 15-18 meters tall.
• The average height is higher in states of UP, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and MP.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
ALL UNIT IN METERS
CS’s that claimed to know the height of the facility
All Figs in %
83
7.8 NUMBER OF FLOORS
All
(n=5003)
7
10
Type H
(n=4333)
16
36
32
7
8
Type P
(n=523)
17
13
40
41
28
Ground floor only
Four Floors
Type M
(n=452)
8 13
Type Q
(n=44)
20
26
25
59
Other
Products
(n=27)
23
5
6 4
Ground plus one floor
14
20
23
26
37
11
11
15
Three Floors
More than Four Floors
• At an all India level, where 1/3rd of the CS only have ground floors other 1/3rd have more than 4
floors.
• Majority of Type P & M cold stores have ground floors only.
• 40% of Type H cold stores have 4 floors and more.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
7
10
North
(n=2142)
16
36
32
4 13
10
East
(n=803)
38
35
40
10 4 6
Ground floor only
Four Floors
40
West
(n=1013)
Ground plus one floor
16
12
South
(n=1045)
12
36
23
54 5
40
45
Three Floors
More than Four Floors
• 80% of cold stores in the East have 4 floors or more, which is distinctly different to other zones
• Around a third of the CS’s in North and West have either ground floor only or have over 4 floors.
• In the Southern zone over 40% CS’s have only ground floor and a similar proportion have more
than 4 floors.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
84
7.8 NUMBER OF FLOORS
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Ground floor only
32
37
44
100
29
9
8
33
Ground plus one floor
10
22
11
-
2
-
1
-
Three Floors
7
21
2
-
4
23
6
-
Four Floors
16
13
5
-
5
36
17
33
More than Four Floors
36
7
39
-
61
32
69
33
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Ground floor only
32
5
20
71
24
22
79
50
Ground plus one floor
10
16
34
29
11
7
7
6
Three Floors
7
37
6
-
5
11
7
19
Four Floors
16
21
11
-
16
28
-
6
More than Four Floors
36
21
29
-
45
32
7
19
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156)
(n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Ground floor only
32
-
64
80
62
-
39
100
12
Ground plus one floor
10
-
9
18
12
100
11
-
3
Three Floors
7
5
5
-
5
-
8
-
5
Four Floors
16
26
3
1
4
-
24
-
36
More than Four Floors
36
68
19
1
17
-
18
-
45
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura Uttaranchal
(n=9)
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Ground floor only
32
23
60
44
-
92
2
14
Ground plus one floor
10
28
40
6
22
8
3
14
Three Floors
7
13
-
10
33
-
6
22
Four Floors
16
15
-
20
33
-
54
30
More than Four Floors
36
20
-
21
11
-
36
22
• Karnataka, MP and Kerala have over 60% cold stores which have ground floor only.
• AP, Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand and Punjab have higher percentage of cold storages with more
than 4 floors.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
85
7.9 STORAGE PLATFORM SYSTEM
All
(n=5003)
Wooden mezzanine
platform
Type H
(n=4333)
78
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
48
47
84
39
Type Q
(n=44)
Other
Products
(n=27)
59
34
52
RCC Levels
19
16
34
22
Steel mezzanine platform
10
9
18
19
23
Metal Racking system
3
2
9
10
14
4
Bins stacking system
3
2
6
5
7
4
DK/CS
2
1
5
8
5
4
19
• Across all type of storages, mezzanine platforms are extremely common.
• Among mezzanine platforms, wooden mezzanine platforms are popular.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
Wooden mezzanine
platform
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
93
78
West
(n=1013)
82
South
(n=1045)
71
22
52
RCC Levels
19
7
28
Steel mezzanine platform
10
9
3
Metal Racking system
3
1
2
5
6
Bins stacking system
3
1
3
6
3
DK/CS
2
1
3
3
4
18
33
11
• Across all zones, majority of storages have mezzanine platforms.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
86
7.9 STORAGE PLATFORM SYSTEM
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Wooden mezzanine
platform
78
57
97
50
66
86
63
33
RCC Levels
19
45
7
10
20
27
60
-
Steel mezzanine platform
10
16
1
20
8
5
5
33
Metal Racking system
3
8
0
-
5
9
1
-
Bins stacking system
3
11
1
-
2
9
6
-
Others
2
4
0
20
5
-
-
33
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Wooden mezzanine
platform
78
42
94
29
78
89
57
69
RCC Levels
19
53
9
100
17
5
21
19
Steel mezzanine platform
10
9
6
-
25
21
21
31
Metal Racking system
3
-
-
-
3
1
-
-
Bins stacking system
3
1
3
-
2
3
-
-
Others
2
4
3
-
3
1
-
-
• Across states mezzanine platforms are extensively constructed for stacking purposes.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
87
7.9 STORAGE PLATFORM SYSTEM
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003)
(n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1) (n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Wooden mezzanine
platform
78
74
35
37
94
100
74
-
80
RCC Levels
19
16
51
45
3
-
13
100
8
Steel mezzanine
platform
10
5
19
12
10
-
8
-
32
Metal Racking system
3
5
9
8
1
-
21
-
3
Bins stacking system
3
16
7
-
1
-
3
-
2
Others
2
-
1
8
1
-
-
-
1
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Wooden mezzanine
platform
78
92
40
25
100
92
97
84
RCC Levels
19
4
-
62
-
-
5
16
Steel mezzanine
platform
10
13
20
11
-
8
1
5
Metal Racking system
3
2
-
5
-
-
2
5
Bins stacking system
3
1
-
2
22
-
2
11
Others
2
1
40
-
11
-
4
8
• Across states mezzanine platforms are extensively constructed for stacking purposes.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
88
7.10 CARGO STORING UNIT
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
69
Gunny Bags
Type P
(n=523)
77
40
CFD Boxes
20
15
37
Plastic Crates
16
13
43
Wooden Boxes
11
11
Any Bulk storage 5
Type M
(n=452)
21
5
48
74
67
34
15
8
44
70
35
25
Other
Products
(n=27)
Type Q
(n=44)
44
32
3
5
30
7
• 3 out of 4 Type H CS’s use gunny bags for storing cargo.
• Type M and Q use more of CFD boxes for storing
• Plastic crates are highly used in Type P.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
Gunny Bags
North
(n=2142)
69
East
(n=803)
85
West
(n=1013)
82
South
(n=1045)
50
44
CFD Boxes
20
10
15
37
29
Plastic Crates
16
8
11
28
27
Wooden Boxes
11
9
16
Any Bulk storage 5
1
4
16
7
9
10
• Zone wise, all zones use gunny bags for storing the products, West and South zones also use CFD
boxes and plastic crates.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
89
7.10 CARGO STORING UNIT
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Gunny Bags
69
22
92
-
64
68
78
100
CFD Boxes
20
53
3
30
11
41
14
33
Plastic Crates
16
39
3
70
20
23
12
67
Wooden Boxes
11
23
6
-
8
27
27
-
Any Bulk storage
5
17
1
-
16
5
5
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Gunny Bags
69
61
29
14
66
61
21
63
CFD Boxes
20
29
66
43
30
28
36
56
Plastic Crates
16
9
29
86
21
16
43
44
Wooden Boxes
11
11
29
14
14
15
14
44
Any Bulk storage
5
3
6
-
3
2
7
6
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156)
(n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Gunny Bags
69
74
31
4
96
100
45
-
80
CFD Boxes
20
11
24
92
9
-
45
-
11
Plastic Crates
16
21
60
12
8
-
21
100
10
Wooden Boxes
11
32
12
3
3
100
21
-
9
Any Bulk storage
5
11
6
1
1
-
3
-
2
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura Uttaranchal
(n=9)
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Gunny Bags
69
83
40
17
78
75
92
CFD Boxes
20
38
20
57
68
-
-
9
27
Plastic Crates
16
31
80
25
33
17
8
32
Wooden Boxes
11
20
40
3
22
17
10
Any Bulk storage
5
2
30
-
2
11
-
4
5
• While gunny bags are predominantly used in all states plastic crates are used more in Rajasthan
Karnataka, Maharashtra, HP, J&K and Gujarat compared to other states.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in %
90
7.11 STORAGE LEVELS
Mezzanine System
All
(n=4807)
35
1-5
9
Type P
(n=467)
Type M
(n=397)
Type Q
(n=41)
52
62
54
31
57
6-10
DK/CS
Type H
(n=4230)
61
41
8
21
7
Other
Products
(n=26)
65
39
16
23
7
12
• 2/3rds of the Type H cold stores have 6-10 levels in their mezzanine systems with an average of
5.9 levels.
• 1 out of every 2 Type P & Q storages have 1-5 levels in the mezzanine systems.
• Over 60% of Type M cold stores too have 1-5 levels in the mezzanine platforms.
Zone Wise
All
(n=4807)
35
1-5
19
57
6-10
DK/CS
North
(n=2115)
9
East
(n=781)
South
(n=949)
48
57
35
79
2
West
(n=962)
55
10
40
25
12
19
• Nearly 80% of the storages in the Northern region have 6-10 levels in their platforms.
• In the Southern zone there are 57% cold stores with 1-5 levels in the mezzanine platforms.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have mezzanine floors
All Figs in %
91
7.11 STORAGE LEVELS
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=4807)
(n=419)
(n=1364)
A&N
(n=8)
AP
(n=546)
Assam
(n=21)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=163)
(n=2)
1-5
35
57
16
-
42
33
28
50
6-10
57
28
82
13
32
48
67
50
DK/CS
9
15
2
88
26
19
5
-
5.7
4.3
6.3
10.0
5.0
5.9
6.4
7.0
MEAN
All
(n=4807)
C’garh
(n=72)
Delhi
(n=33)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=383)
Haryana
(n=179)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
1-5
35
26
36
14
41
11
57
63
6-10
57
65
58
71
45
87
43
38
DK/CS
9
8
6
14
14
2
-
-
5.7
6.0
6.2
7.0
5.4
6.8
5.1
4.4
MEAN
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=4807) (n=17)
(n=172) (n=125) (n=153)
(n=1)
(n=34)
(n=2)
(n=392)
1-5
35
6
78
83
42
-
53
-
17
6-10
57
71
13
10
56
-
41
100
81
DK/CS
9
24
8
7
2
100
6
-
2
5.7
7.7
2.7
2.3
5.4
-
4.5
6.0
7.4
MEAN
Rajasthan
(n=103)
Sikkim
(n=3)
TN
(n=96)
Tripura
(n=9)
1-5
35
52
33
72
22
25
40
29
6-10
57
47
67
24
56
75
49
50
DK/CS
9
1
-
4
22
-
11
21
5.7
5.2
5.7
4.5
5.9
6.7
5.7
5.9
MEAN
Uttaranchal WB
(n=12)
(n=461)
North
East
(n=34)
All
(n=4807)
• Over 80% storages in UP and Haryana have 6-10 levels per platform.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have mezzanine floors
All Figs in %
92
7.12 STORAGE LEVELS
Racking System
All
(n=128)
55
1-5
6-10
DK/CS
Type H
(n=73)
33
13
Type P
(n=41)
56
Type M
(n=35)
51
34
54
37
10
80
29
12
Other
Products
(n=-)
Type Q
(n=5)
0
17
0
0
20
0
• Rack system is adopted only 128 CSs.
• Over half of the Type H cold stores have 1-5 levels and 1/3rd of them have between 6-10 levels in
their racking systems.
Zone Wise
All
(n=128)
55
1-5
6-10
DK/CS
North
(n=16)
19
33
13
East
(n=11)
64
81
0
West
(n=47)
27
9
South
(n=54)
51
34
15
67
19
15
• 67% cold stores in the Southern zone have 1-5 levels in their racking systems.
• Even in East and West 1-5 level is used in the racking system
• In contrast in North zone, 81% of CSs have 6-10 levels of storage in rack system
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have mezzanine floors
All Figs in %
93
7.12 STORAGE LEVELS
States
All
Maharashtra
(n=128)
(n=36)
UP
(n=3)
A&N
(n=-)
AP
(n=26)
Assam
(n=1)
Bihar
(n=1)
Chandigarh
(n=-)
1-5
55
56
33
-
58
-
100
-
6-10
33
28
67
-
31
-
-
-
DK/CS
13
17
-
-
12
100
-
-
MEAN
4.4
3.9
5.7
-
4.4
-
4.0
-
All
(n=128)
C’garh
(n=-)
Delhi
(n=-)
Goa
(n=-)
Gujarat
(n=10)
Haryana
(n=1)
HP
(n=-)
J&K
(n=-)
1-5
55
-
-
-
40
-
-
-
6-10
33
-
-
-
50
100
-
-
DK/CS
13
-
-
-
10
-
-
-
MEAN
4.1
-
-
-
5.7
6.0
-
-
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=128)
(n=1)
(n=12)
(n=11)
MP
(n=1)
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=-)
(n=4)
(n= -)
(n=10)
1-5
55
-
67
82
-
-
75
-
10
6-10
33
100
8
9
100
-
25
-
90
DK/CS
13
-
25
9
-
-
-
-
-
MEAN
4.1
6.0
2.4
2.7
9.0
-
3.3
-
7.4
All
(n=128)
Rajasthan
(n=2)
Sikkim
(n=-)
TN
(n=5)
Tripura
(n=-)
Uttaranchal
(n=-)
WB
(n=4)
North
East
(n=1)
1-5
55
50
-
80
-
-
75
-
6-10
33
50
-
-
-
-
25
-
DK/CS
13
-
-
20
-
-
-
100
MEAN
4.1
4.5
-
2.5
-
-
5.3
-
• Low bases.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have mezzanine floors
All Figs in %
94
7.13 CHAMBER INSULATION - TYPES
All
(n=5003)
Add on slabs
(Tharmocol, EPS, XPS)
Type H
(n=4333)
77
Type P
(n=523)
80
Sandwich PUF Panels
15
11
Filler (Husk/Raw/Rock
wool/Cork)
14
16
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
Other
Products
(n=27)
57
68
56
77
28
47
25
26
5
2
9
11
15
Brick & mortar 3
2
6
2
14
Others (specify) 4
5
2
3
5
DK/CS 1
1
1
1
5
4
15
•
At all India level 77% of chambers have add-on panel insulation using thermacol/EPS/XPS. The
trend is same by type of products stored.
• Nearly 50% of Type M use sandwich panels as well
• Fillers are more common in H type product storage compared to others
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have mentioned any chamber
All Figs in %
95
7.13 CHAMBER INSULATION - TYPES
Zone Wise
All
(n=5003)
Add on slabs
(Tharmocol, EPS, XPS)
North
(n=2142)
77
Sandwich PUF Panels
15
Filler (Husk/Raw/Rock
wool/Cork)
14
East
(n=803)
75
6
West
(n=1013)
93
74
5
30
South
(n=1045)
74
28
31
6
3
0
Brick & mortar 3
1
3
2
6
Others (specify) 4
7
3
1
2
DK/CS 1
0
1
1
2
• Zone wise analysis shows that East zone used more of add-on panel insulation compared to
others.
• Though North also uses add-on panel in most cases, the usage of fillers for insulation is higher
compared to other zones
• Nearly 30% in West and South use sandwich PUF panels.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have mentioned any chamber
All Figs in %
96
7.13 CHAMBER INSULATION - TYPES
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Add on slabs (Thermocol,
EPS, XPS)
77
71
70
90
83
95
91
67
Sandwich PUF Panels
15
33
4
30
20
9
3
33
Filler (Husk/Raw/Rock
wool/Cork)
14
4
42
-
0
14
4
-
Brick & mortar
3
4
0
-
2
18
5
-
Others (specify)
4
2
9
-
2
5
4
-
Don’t know
1
2
0
-
1
-
1
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Add on slabs (Thermocol,
EPS, XPS)
77
88
77
29
73
64
64
56
Sandwich PUF Panels
15
14
34
71
30
13
21
19
Filler (Husk/Raw/Rock
wool/Cork)
14
11
3
-
1
26
-
31
Brick & mortar
3
4
6
-
2
2
-
-
Others (specify)
4
3
9
-
-
7
21
6
Don’t know
1
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
• There is a quite variation across states.
• UP, Haryana and HP, though add-on insulation is more prevalent, fillers are also used in a
considerable number of chambers.
• In Delhi, PUF is used next after add-on insulation
• In AP mainly add-on insulation is used
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have mentioned any chamber
All Figs in %
97
7.13 CHAMBER INSULATION - TYPES
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156)
Nagalan
Orissa Pondicherry
d
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=1)
Punjab
(n=402)
Add on slabs
(Thermocol, EPS, XPS)
77
95
72
46
90
100
84
50
94
Sandwich PUF Panels
15
-
43
57
8
-
11
50
4
Filler (Husk/Raw/Rock
wool/Cork)
14
-
1
-
5
-
-
-
3
Brick & mortar
3
-
24
1
1
100
3
-
1
Others (specify)
4
5
2
2
1
-
3
-
1
Don’t know
1
-
5
-
1
-
5
-
1
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Add on slabs
(Thermocol, EPS, XPS)
77
85
40
63
78
83
96
84
Sandwich PUF Panels
15
5
20
37
-
17
4
8
Filler (Husk/Raw/Rock
wool/Cork)
14
4
-
-
22
-
6
14
Brick & mortar
3
2
-
3
-
-
1
14
Others (specify)
4
12
-
1
-
25
3
3
Don’t know
1
1
40
2
-
-
0
5
• In Jharkhand, WB, Tripura and Rajasthan add-on panels are mainly used
• In South – Kerala, Karnataka and TN, PUF is the second used insulation after add-on insulation.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have mentioned any chamber
All Figs in %
98
7.14 CHAMBER INSULATION - THICKNESS
All
(n=13855)
Type H
(n=12157)
Type P
(n=1702)
Type M
(n=1172)
Type Q
(n=193)
22
18
23
1- 30 mm
15
15
30-50 mm
13
13
11
8
7
50-70 mm
11
11
8
5
11
70 - 100 mm
26
27
Above 100 mm
22
21
DK / CS
9
9
19
30
7
15
10
33
3
22
8
18
38
Other
Products
(n=101)
31
4
18
18
• The modal value of thickness of insulation is 70-100 mm. But this too is only at 26% overall.
• The thickness of insulation ranges from 1- 10 mm to 126-155 mm thickness.
• Around 60% of all chambers had over 50 mm insulation
• This is true of Type H, P, M and Q type CSs
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have mentioned any chamber
All Figs in %
99
7.14 CHAMBER INSULATION - THICKNESS
Zone Wise
All
(n=13855)
North
(n=5646)
East
(n=2230)
West
(n=3444)
South
(n=2535)
1- 30 mm
15
14
20
12
30-50 mm
13
14
16
10
10
50-70 mm
11
11
9
10
13
70 - 100 mm
26
19
Above 100 mm
22
23
DK / CS
9
11
28
18
7
20
35
27
26
20
6
8
• Analysis by zone, reveal that 70% of chambers in West had over 50 mm thickness in insulation
followed by South with 60% and East with 55%.
• In North this percentage drops to 53%
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have mentioned any chamber
All Figs in % 100
7.14 CHAMBER INSULATION - THICKNESS
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=13855) (n=1783)
(n=3542)
A&N
(n=17)
AP
(n=1477)
Assam
(n=72)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=454)
(n=9)
1- 30 mm
15
17
17
24
15
51
30
0
30-50 mm
13
13
18
12
10
8
14
78
50-70 mm
11
11
13
24
17
22
5
-
70 - 100 mm
26
32
14
24
24
7
22
-
Above 100 mm
22
19
18
12
25
6
17
22
DK / CS
9
6
9
6
7
6
9
-
All
(n=13855)
C’garh
(n=213)
Delhi
(n=131)
Goa
(n=14)
Gujarat
(n=1237)
Haryana
(n=493)
HP
(n=26)
J&K
(n=43)
1- 30 mm
15
11
3
7
3
9
0
26
30-50 mm
13
8
2
0
6
7
0
0
50-70 mm
11
2
2
21
7
8
4
2
70 - 100 mm
26
26
31
-
37
32
35
47
Above 100 mm
22
39
57
71
40
18
8
21
DK / CS
9
8
5
-
4
6
54
5
• There are variations across states on thickness of insulation.
• Delhi, Uttaranchal, Goa and Gujarat had over 80% of chambers having over 50 mm insulation
compared to other states
• Sikkim (0%), Tripura(0%), Nagaland(0%) and Kerala (18%) has the least percentages of
chambers which was having higher than 50 mm insulation.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have mentioned any chamber
All Figs in % 101
7.14 CHAMBER INSULATION - THICKNESS
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=13855) (n=82)
(n=416) (n=268) (n=410) (n=2) (n=85)
(n=6)
(n=1082)
1- 30 mm
15
63
23
45
11
100
41
17
9
30-50 mm
13
5
17
7
11
0
14
0
8
50-70 mm
11
-
8
2
13
-
-
83
8
70 - 100 mm
26
29
40
9
40
-
4
-
29
Above 100 mm
22
0
5
9
11
0
34
0
24
DK / CS
9
1
7
19
10
-
6
-
22
All
Rajasthan
(n=13855) (n=287)
Sikkim
(n=12)
TN
(n=351)
Tripura
(n=30)
Uttaranchal
(n=33)
WB
(n=1280)
North East
(n=116)
1- 30 mm
15
9
75
17
47
0
11
53
30-50 mm
13
3
0
1
7
0
19
7
50-70 mm
11
1
-
9
-
21
13
14
70 - 100 mm
26
6
-
34
-
58
35
4
Above 100 mm
22
75
0
24
10
18
16
6
DK / CS
9
6
25
8
13
-
6
9
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have mentioned any chamber
All Figs in % 102
7.15 FACILITY ACCESS GATE
Number of Main Access Gate
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
58
1
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
Other
Products
(n=27)
62
61
55
52
57
36
2
Type P
(n=523)
37
29
33
36
37
3
4
4
3
3
2
4
More than 3
2
2
5
3
7
7
DK/CS 0
0
0
0
0
0
• Majority number of CS’s have 1 access gate.
• A little over 1/3rd CSs across all types have 2 access gates.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
1
North
(n=2142)
58
2
36
East
(n=803)
52
43
44
49
West
(n=1013)
South
(n=1045)
64
76
27
20
3
4
3
7
5
2
More than 3
2
1
2
4
3
DK/CS 0
0
0
0
0
• Every alternate CS in the Eastern zone have 2 access gates.
• 3 out of 4 CS’s in South only have 1 access gate.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in % 103
7.15 FACILITY ACCESS GATE
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
1
58
60
43
80
82
68
52
67
2
36
33
52
-
16
32
41
33
3
4
5
4
-
1
-
5
-
More than 3
2
2
1
0
2
0
2
0
DK/CS
0
-
0
20
-
-
1
-
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.0
1.4
1.3
2.1
1.3
MEAN
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
1
58
87
26
71
61
59
71
100
2
36
12
54
29
26
37
29
-
3
4
1
9
-
7
1
-
-
More than 3
2
0
11
0
7
3
0
0
DK/CS
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.6
1.1
2.2
1.3
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.0
MEAN
• Over 80% CS’s in AP have only 1 access gate.
• Karnataka has an average of 2.3 access gates, which is the highest across states.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in % 104
7.15 FACILITY ACCESS GATE
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003)
(n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
1
58
68
51
76
84
-
66
50
78
2
36
32
38
22
13
100
32
-
19
3
4
-
3
2
-
-
-
-
2
More than 3
2
0
8
1
3
0
0
50
1
DK/CS
0
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
1.6
1.3
2.3
1.3
1.2
2.0
1.3
2.5
1.5
MEAN
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
1
58
44
60
89
78
33
27
68
2
36
50
20
9
22
58
61
30
3
4
5
-
-
-
8
10
-
More than 3
2
1
20
2
0
0
2
3
DK/CS
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.6
1.6
3.8
1.6
1.2
1.8
2.0
1.7
MEAN
• Around 60% cold stores in Uttaranchal and WB have 2 access gates.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in % 105
7.16 TRUCK PARKING SPACE
Truck Parking Space
95
95
95
96
Yes
85
95
No
5
4
5
5
5
15
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
other products
(n=27)
• Almost all type of CS’s have parking spaces available for trucks.
Zone wise
95
96
96
96
Yes
92
No
5
All
(n=5003)
4
North
(n=2142)
4
4
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
8
South
(n=1045)
• Across zones cold stores have parking spaces which is essential for loading and unloading
purposes.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 106
7.16 TRUCK PARKING SPACE
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Yes
95
95
98
80
91
95
96
100
No
5
5
2
20
9
5
4
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Yes
95
99
83
100
96
92
93
94
No
5
1
17
-
4
8
7
6
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156)
(n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Yes
95
89
93
97
99
100
95
50
93
No
5
11
7
3
1
-
5
50
7
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura Uttaranchal
(n=9)
(n=12)
Yes
95
94
80
98
78
No
5
6
20
2
22
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
83
97
89
17
3
11
• Across states, most cold stores have parking spaces available.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 107
7.17 NUMBER OF TRUCKS PARKED
All
(n=4773)
Type H
(n=4147)
Type P
(n=499)
1-5
20
16
27
6-10
24
23
27
Type M
(n=430)
Type Q
(n=42)
44
19
27
Other
Products
(n=23)
13
31
11-15
11
11
11
10
16-20
13
14
11
8
12
13
21-25
6
6
4
3
2
4
25
Above 25
28
19
0
26
7
9
36
26
• Type H & Q cold stores comparatively can accommodate more number of trucks.
• Almost 70% of Type M cold stores have parking space for 1-10 trucks.
Zone wise
All
(n=4773)
1-5
20
6-10
24
North
(n=2061)
12
24
East
(n=773)
West
(n=973)
11
24
17
28
South
(n=966)
39
25
11-15
11
11
10
12
11
16-20
13
15
14
12
11
21-25
6
7
8
5
2
Above 25
25
30
40
18
11
• Northern and Eastern zone CS’s have comparatively higher parking space available for more
number of trucks with East zone having the highest average of 28 trucks.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have parking space
All Figs in % 108
7.17 NUMBER OF TRUCKS PARKED
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=4773)
(n=429)
(n=1350)
A&N
(n=8)
AP
(n=544)
Assam
(n=21)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=162)
(n=3)
1-5
20
28
6
63
28
24
17
67
6-10
24
32
18
38
28
14
24
0
11-15
11
13
10
-
13
10
10
-
16-20
13
10
16
-
14
14
15
-
21-25
6
4
8
-
2
5
6
33
Above 25
25
14
39
0
13
33
28
0
MEAN
21.9
15.9
30.1
5.1
15.2
21.2
21.5
11.7
All
(n=4773)
C’garh
(n=75)
Delhi
(n=29)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=382)
Haryana
(n=170)
HP
(n=13)
J&K
(n=15)
1-5
20
13
38
57
26
35
23
33
6-10
24
17
28
43
27
36
31
27
11-15
11
7
17
-
13
9
15
7
16-20
13
9
-
-
13
9
8
13
21-25
6
9
3
-
7
3
-
-
Above 25
25
43
14
0
13
7
23
20
MEAN
21.9
31.0
15.1
5.3
15.7
11.4
30.3
18.1
• Of the CSs providing parking space, UP, Chhattisgarh MP and WB have wide parking spaces.
• UP, Chattisgarh, MP and WB have parking space for around 30 trucks on an average
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have parking space
All Figs in % 109
7.17 NUMBER OF TRUCKS PARKED
(CONT’D)
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=4773)
(n=17)
(n=174) (n=139) (n=155) (n=1) (n=36)
(n=1)
(n=373)
1-5
20
18
60
65
7
0
36
0
14
6-10
24
47
14
20
17
0
28
100
33
11-15
11
-
7
9
12
-
17
-
14
16-20
13
18
8
2
12
100
14
-
15
21-25
6
-
1
1
6
-
3
-
8
Above 25
25
18
8
1
44
0
3
0
17
MEAN
21.9
23.8
10.2
5.9
32.4
20.0
10.4
10.0
17.8
All
Rajasthan
(n=4773)
(n=98)
Sikkim
(n=4)
TN
(n=100)
Tripura
(n=7)
Uttaranchal
WB
(n=10)
(n=450)
North East
(n=33)
1-5
20
23
50
19
29
0
6
27
6-10
24
39
0
28
14
30
12
12
11-15
11
9
50
16
-
30
10
12
16-20
13
10
-
15
-
10
14
12
21-25
6
5
-
5
29
-
9
9
Above 25
25
13
0
17
29
30
48
27
MEAN
21.9
15.9
8.8
18.2
17.9
27.2
32.3
18.9
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have parking space
All Figs in % 110
7.18 TYPE OF PARKING SPACE
All
(n=4773)
67
21
Type H
(n=4147)
Type P
(n=499)
64
67
12
21
Type M
(n=430)
12
25
70
11
Covered
16
Uncovered
Other
Products
(n=23)
Type Q
(n=42)
52
38
29
14
22
26
33
Both
• Almost 2 out of every 3 Type H, P & M CS’s have uncovered parking spaces.
Zone wise
All
(n=4773)
North
(n=2061)
67
65
21
12
26
East
(n=773)
67
28
6
Covered
South
(n=966)
75
65
9
West
(n=973)
16
Uncovered
9
25
8
Both
• Western zone has highest proportion of CS’s with uncovered parking spaces.
• 28% CS’s in the East have both covered and uncovered parking spaces.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have parking space
All Figs in % 111
7.18 TYPE OF PARKING SPACE
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=4773)
(n=429)
(n=1350)
A&N
(n=8)
AP
(n=544)
Assam
(n=21)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=162)
(n=3)
Covered
Uncovered
21
67
13
80
23
74
13
63
24
67
24
52
14
57
100
Both
12
7
3
25
9
24
30
-
All
(n=4773)
C’garh
(n=75)
Delhi
(n=29)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=382)
Haryana
(n=170)
HP
(n=13)
J&K
(n=15)
Covered
Uncovered
21
67
7
87
28
41
14
86
24
61
19
69
23
54
7
80
Both
12
7
31
-
15
12
23
13
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=4773)
(n=17)
(n=174) (n=139) (n=155)
(n=1)
(n=36)
(n=1)
(n=373)
Covered
Uncovered
21
67
18
71
42
57
11
86
4
94
-
6
83
-
45
28
Both
12
12
1
3
3
100
11
100
27
Tripura Uttaranchal
(n=7)
(n=10)
WB
(n=450)
North East
(n=33)
All
(n=4773)
Rajasthan
(n=98)
Sikkim
(n=4)
TN
(n=100)
Covered
Uncovered
21
67
13
80
75
19
58
86
90
10
3
63
15
61
Both
12
7
25
23
14
-
34
24
• Across states, majority CS’s have uncovered parking spaces. Punjab has the highest - 45% - cold
stores have covered parking spaces.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have parking space
All Figs in % 112
7.19 TRANSPORTATION SERVICE AND
SOURCE
OWN OR OUTSOURCE REEFER TRUCKS
All
(n=224)
Type H
(n=117)
14
27
14
44
Type M
(n=90)
Type Q
(n=6)
41
43
33
54
Type P
(n=49)
74
Owned
17
13
12
33
Outsourced
Other
Products
(n=4)
25
50
50
33
25
Both
• Only 224 CSs provided trucking service using reefer trucks
• Out of the trucks available in the CSs, over 50% are owned.
• Ownership proportion is high Type M CS’s – 74%
Zone wise
All
(n=224)
North
(n=46)
48
33
54
14
East
(n=18)
35
West
(n=88)
40
22
17
Owned
61
17
Outsourced
South
(n=72)
74
45
15
17
10
Both
• Over two thirds of available trucks in the South and East Zone are owned.
• In the Northern zone close to 50% trucks available are outsourced.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that provide Reefer truck services
All Figs in % 113
7.19 TRANSPORTATION SERVICE AND
SOURCE
OWN OR OUTSOURCE REEFER TRUCKS
All
Maharashtra
(n=224)
(n=43)
UP
(n=2)
A&N
(n=-)
AP
(n=12)
Assam
(n=-)
Bihar
(n=-)
Chandigarh
(n=-)
Owned
54
44
100
-
50
-
-
-
Outsourced
33
37
-
-
25
-
-
-
Both
14
19
-
-
25
-
-
-
All
(n=224)
C’garh
(n=6)
Delhi
(n=6)
Goa
(n=-)
Gujarat
(n=44)
Haryana
(n=5)
HP
(n=1)
J&K
(n=2)
Owned
54
17
50
-
45
40
100
50
Outsourced
33
50
33
-
43
60
-
50
Both
14
33
17
-
11
-
-
-
MP
(n=1)
Nagaland
(n=-)
Orissa
(n=5)
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=224)
(n=-)
(n=21)
(n=29)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=-)
(n=26)
Owned
54
-
67
90
100
-
60
-
23
Outsourced
33
-
24
10
-
-
20
-
58
Both
14
-
10
-
-
-
20
-
19
All
(n=224)
Rajasthan
(n=4)
Sikkim
(n=-)
TN
(n=10)
Tripura Uttaranchal
(n=-)
(n=-)
WB
(n=7)
North East
(n=-)
Owned
54
25
-
70
-
-
100
-
Outsourced
33
25
-
10
-
-
-
-
Both
14
50
-
20
-
-
-
-
• Majority trucks in Gujarat & Punjab are outsourced.
• Every alternate CS in Maharashtra own trucks.
• Ownership percentage is highest in Kerala – 90% - among those providing reeefer truck facility
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that provide Reefer truck services
All Figs in % 114
7.19 TRANSPORTATION SERVICE AND
SOURCE
NUMBER OF REEFER TRUCKS OWNED
Mean no. of Reefer trucks owned
All
(n=151)
Type H
(n=67)
Type P
(n=29)
Type M
(n=78)
Type Q
(n=5)
Type O
(n=3)
5.5
5.7
5.9
5.3
12.0
3.0
All
(n=151)
North
(n=24)
East
(n=14)
West
(n=53)
South
(n=60)
5.5
5.0
4.7
7.9
3.9
Mean no. of Reefer trucks owned
All
Maharashtra
(n=151)
(n=27)
Mean no. of Reefer trucks
owned
5.5
UP
(n=2)
A&N
(n=-)
AP
(n=9)
Assam
(n=-)
Bihar
(n=-)
Chandigarh
(n=-)
1.5
-
3.0
-
-
-
6.7
All
(n=151)
C’garh
(n=3)
Delhi
(n=4)
Goa
(n=-)
Gujarat
(n=25)
Haryana
(n=2)
HP
(n=1)
J&K
(n=1)
5.5
2.0
3.3
-
9.3
3.0
1.0
5.0
Mean no. of Reefer trucks
owned
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=151)
(n=-)
(n=16)
(n=26)
Mean no. of Reefer
trucks owned
Mean no. of Reefer
trucks owned
© COPYRIGHT 2014
5.5
-
3.8
2.3
MP
(n=1)
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=-)
(n=4)
(n=-)
(n=11)
1.0
All
(n=151)
Rajasthan
(n=3)
Sikkim
(n=-)
TN
(n=9)
5.5
1.0
-
9.9
-
1.3
-
Tripura Uttaranchal
(n=-)
(n=-)
WB
(n=7)
North East
(n=-)
7.9
-
-
-
CS’s that provide Reefer truck services
8.4
All Figs in % 115
7.20 TRANSPORTATION SERVICE AND
SOURCE
ORDINARY TRANSPORT SERVICE PROVIDED
All
(n=5003)
79
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
84
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
77
66
34
16
56
42
58
21
Other
Products
(n=27)
23
Yes
44
No
• Only 21% provide ordinary trucking service.
• Over 80% of Type H cold stores have no ordinary trucks available in the facility.
• Every alternate Type M CS provide ordinary trucks for transport.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
79
21
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
89
93
11
Yes
71
50
50
7
South
(n=1045)
29
No
• Less number of CSs provide truck facility in North, East and South zones.
• In West alone ordinary trucks are used by 50% of CS facilities
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 116
7.20 TRANSPORTATION SERVICE AND
SOURCE
ORDINARY TRANSPORT SERVICE PROVIDED
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Yes
21
35
4
30
9
32
7
-
No
79
65
96
70
91
68
93
100
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Yes
21
12
14
57
82
11
36
25
No
79
88
86
43
18
89
64
75
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156)
(n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Yes
21
-
57
64
6
100
37
50
7
No
79
100
43
36
94
-
63
50
93
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura Uttaranchal
(n=9)
(n=12)
Yes
21
19
40
51
-
No
79
81
60
49
100
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
8
9
27
92
91
73
• Over 80% of CS’s in Gujarat provide ordinary trucks for transportation of products.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 117
7.20 TRANSPORTATION SERVICE AND
SOURCE
OWN OR OUTSOURCE ORDINARY TRUCKS
All
(n=1040)
Type H
(n=673)
39
32
52
Type P
(n=178)
15
37
18
43
Type M
(n=263)
46
Type Q
(n=10)
17
81
17
12
7
Outsourced
Both
Owned
Other
Products
(n=12)
80
33
20
50
• Overall 1040 provided ordinary truck transportation.
• Out of the trucks available in the CSs, over 84% (including ‘both’)own the asset base.
• Ownership proportion is high in Type M CS’s – 89% (including ‘both’)
Zone wise
All
(n=1040)
North
(n=144)
32
52
74
15
East
(n=87)
10
16
Owned
70
West
(n=502)
42
8
22
Outsourced
South
(n=307)
41
34
56
17
10
Both
• Over 80% of CSs (including ‘both’) in the North and East Zone own their own trucks.
• In the Western zone close to 40% CSs outsource trucks for transportation
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that provide transportation services
All Figs in % 118
7.20 TRANSPORTATION SERVICE AND
SOURCE
OWN OR OUTSOURCE ORDINARY TRUCKS
All
Maharashtra
(n=1040)
(n=159)
UP
(n=58)
A&N
(n=3)
AP
(n=52)
Assam
(n=7)
Bihar
(n=11)
Chandigarh
(n=0)
Owned
52
58
69
-
60
57
82
-
Outsourced
32
33
9
33
25
-
9
-
Both
15
8
22
67
15
43
9
-
All
(n=1040)
C’garh
(n=9)
Delhi
(n=5)
Goa
(n=4)
Gujarat
(n=329)
Haryana
(n=21)
HP
(n=5)
J&K
(n=4)
Owned
52
78
60
75
30
76
100
25
Outsourced
32
11
-
-
48
19
-
25
Both
15
11
40
25
22
5
-
50
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=1040)
(n=0)
(n=107) (n=92)
MP
(n=10)
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=1)
(n=14)
(n=1)
(n=30)
Owned
52
-
24
88
100
-
43
-
80
Outsourced
32
-
75
10
-
-
14
-
7
Both
15
-
1
2
-
100
43
100
13
All
(n=1040)
Rajasthan
(n=20)
Sikkim
(n=2)
TN
(n=52)
Tripura Uttaranchal
(n=0)
(n=1)
WB
(n=43)
North East
(n=10)
Owned
52
80
50
67
-
100
79
50
Outsourced
32
15
-
2
-
-
7
-
Both
15
5
50
31
-
-
14
50
• Majority of CSs in Gujarat and Karnataka outsource trucks.
• Over 60% (including ‘both’) CS in Maharashtra provide own trucks for transportation.
• Truck Ownership percentage is extremely high in Kerala – 88% among those providing trucking
service
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that provide transportation services
All Figs in % 119
CHAPTER 8
CATCHEMENT AREA NEAR
FACILITY & PRODUCT TYPE
STORED
Page no 120 to 154
© COPYRIGHT 2014
8. CATCHMENT AREA NEAR FACILITY AND
PRODUCT TYPE STORED

Farm gate cold storages which are most common in India. 3,414 cold storages stock raw
potatoes. Likewise the storages stocking potatoes have the highest installed capacity. Close to
700 cold storages store spices. As compared to all the horticulture products, capacity utilization
is highest among storages stocking spices.

When it comes to processed food stocking cold storages, butter is widely stocked. As
compared to all the zones, cold storages based in the East are less likely to store butter and
close to 50% of them store processed potatoes.

Seafood is stocked by over 70% of the Type M cold storages. Almost 90% of Type M cold
storages in South stock sea food.

More than 75% of cold storages are located in states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, UP, Punjab &
West Bengal.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
121
8. CATCHMENT AREA AROUND THE
FACILITY
Farmgate
Pharma stand alone
5
21
Animal Husbandry Stand alone
8
Proccessed food stand alone
8
Dedicated to Mandi
7
1
68
PCC - Port based infrastructure
Part of Network of Cold Stores
Dedicated to other Industrial
Facility for own use

68% of the CSs stock horticulture products and are categorized as Farm gates due to their
location near producing locations

There are other Type H scold stores near mandis, perishable cargo centers, part of network of
cold stores etc. Type H actually account for 86% of cold stores in the country

Analysis of capacity utilisation of products stocked shows that the CSs generally have enough
clientele to stock the products. Overall average capacity utilisation is 75% which shows that the
CS’s catchment area is sustainable
© COPYRIGHT 2014
122
8. DETAILS OF HORTICULTURE/ AGRICULTURE
BASED PRODUCTS – STORAGE CAPACITY AND
CAPACITY UTILIZATION
Products stocked
by farm gate
Horticulture
No. of CSs
stocking
Total Installed
Capacity (Tons)
Mean of installed
storage capacity
(tons)
% of average
capacity used
Apple
496
15,86,212
3,198
71
Banana
309
3,46,513
1,121
63
Cabbage
67
2,44,948
3,656
68
Carrot
132
4,60,039
3,485
74
Cauliflower
54
2,27,311
4,209
70
Flowers
101
4,66,420
4,618
71
Grapes
451
11,55,295
2,562
72
Guava
60
2,06,150
3,436
68
Kiwi
76
1,95,564
2,573
70
Litchi
80
2,16,182
2,702
73
Mango
141
2,88,839
2,049
73
Onion
92
2,66,708
2,899
71
Oranges
332
12,24,637
3,689
70
Peas
104
2,87,771
2,767
76
Pineapple
54
1,51,794
2,811
66
Potato (raw)
2,690
1,45,39,420
5,405
77
Pomegranate
85
2,50,940
2,952
78
Spices
711
25,22,482
3,548
81
Pulses
323
12,44,154
3,852
76
Seeds
280
10,62,340
3,794
75
Others
239
8,74,836
3,731
80
3,874
1,75,55,168
4,532
76
Total
• In every product category, be it apple, potatoes or other fruits and vegetables, the capacity
utilization is around 70%. The overall average is 76%
• More than 2500 cold storages stock raw potatoes. The capacity utilization is 77%
• Capacity utilization is the highest among cold storages stocking spices – 81%.
• This analysis shows that the cold stores have enough business to sustain and grow
© COPYRIGHT 2014
ALL UNIT IN MT
123
8. DETAILS OF PROCESSED FOOD BASED
PRODUCTS
Products stocked
by Processed
Food CS’s
No. of CSs
stocking
Total Installed
Capacity (Tons)
Butter
133
3,62,690
Mean of installed
storage capacity
(tons)
2727
Cheese
80
2,34,404
2930
78
Chocolate
56
2,24,634
4011
74
Fruit Pulp
54
1,61,974
3000
68
Milk
116
1,64,147
1415
79
Potato Processed
119
6,08,760
5116
66
Ready to eat food
49
1,33,274
2720
71
Wine
3
25,102
8367
40
Others
154
3,34,842
2174
84
Total
423
13,54,527
3,202
71
% of average
capacity used
80
• In processed food storage, the overall capacity utilization is at 71%
• Butter is the most common processed food stored.
• Installed capacity of CS stocking processed potatoes is over 6 Lakhs. The capacity utilization is
at 66%.
• Capacity utilization is the highest among cold storages stocking milk and butter.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
ALL UNIT IN MT
124
8. DETAILS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDARY
BASED PRODUCTS
Products stocked
by Animal
Husbandry CS’s
No. of CSs
stocking
Total Installed
Capacity (Tons)
Mean of installed
storage capacity
(tons)
% of average
capacity used
Fresh water fish
81
92,355
1,140
82
Seafood
237
1,58,436
669
75
Meats (Beef,
Lamb, Mutton,
Pork)
44
81,535
1,853
72
Poultry
44
2,04,426
4,646
74
Others
23
88,745
3,858
66
Total
341
4,63,907
1,360
74
• Even in Type M CSs, the average capacity utilization is at 74%.
• Installed capacity of storages stocking poultary is highest as compared to all other animal
husbandry products stored.
• Fresh water fish are stocked by 81 cold storages and it has the highest capacity utilization at
82%.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
ALL UNIT IN MT
125
8. DETAILS OF PHARMACEUTICAL BASED
PRODUCTS
Products stocked by
Pharmaceutical CS’s
No. of CSs
stocking
Total Installed
Capacity
Mean of installed
storage capacity
Mean of average
capacity used
Medicine
14
97,257
6,947
63
Vaccine
23
1,21,152
5,267
70
Active product
ingredient
3
10,000
3,333
54
Others
3
10,447
3,482
80
Total
31
1,58,810
5,123
69
• Pharma CSs – Type Q - have a capacity utilization of 69%.
• Maximum number of Type Q cold storages store vaccines. It’s installed capacity is over 1 Lakh
MT.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
ALL UNIT IN MT
126
8.1 FUNCTIONALITY OF COLD STORAGE –
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF CSS
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
63
85
10
70
59
80
67
21
4
-
8
5
14
33
11
5
60
4
41
41
33
12
1
40
5
-
5
33
2
1
-
2
14
-
-
10
-
-
1
9
-
-
3
-
-
1
5
-
-
Farmgate - Horticulture
68
Proccessed food stand
alone
8
Dedicated to Mandi
8
Animal Husbandry Stand
alone
Dedicated to other
Industrial Facility for own
use
7
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
5
Port based infrastructure
2
Part of Network of Cold
Stores
1
Pharma stand alone
1
2
-
-
0
-
1
-
Dedicated to Pack House
-
1
-
-
1
9
-
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Farmgate - Horticulture
68
43
80
29
47
62
85
25
Proccessed food stand
alone
8
21
26
43
8
4
14
6
Dedicated to Mandi
8
7
17
-
4
4
7
19
4
6
57
18
2
-
-
5
9
-
16
1
7
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
-
5
6
-
1
1
7
-
Animal Husbandry Stand
alone
Dedicated to other
Industrial Facility for own
use
7
5
Port based infrastructure
2
Part of Network of Cold
Stores
1
Pharma stand alone
1
7
6
-
0
1
7
6
Dedicated to Pack House
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
• 85% CS’s in HP and UP operate as Farmgate for horticultural products
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 127
8.1 FUNCTIONALITY OF COLD STORAGE
(CONT’D)
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Farmgate - Horticulture
68
37
53
6
54
100
50
Proccessed food stand
alone
8
32
23
10
6
100
5
-
2
Dedicated to Mandi
8
32
7
1
1
-
18
-
4
7
5
5
74
1
-
24
-
-
5
-
2
2
45
-
3
100
-
2
-
1
3
-
5
-
-
1
-
3
7
1
-
-
-
1
Pharma stand alone
1
-
1
-
1
-
3
-
-
Dedicated to Pack
House
-
-
1
2
-
-
5
-
-
Animal Husbandry
Stand alone
Dedicated to other
Industrial Facility for
own use
Port based
infrastructure
Part of Network of Cold
Stores
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Farmgate - Horticulture
68
67
60
55
44
75
76
57
Proccessed food stand
alone
8
6
-
14
-
17
4
5
Dedicated to Mandi
8
30
-
4
44
-
14
35
7
3
-
5
-
-
4
-
5
1
-
35
11
-
4
11
2
-
-
3
-
-
0
8
1
1
-
4
-
-
3
3
Pharma stand alone
1
-
-
3
-
-
1
-
Dedicated to Pack
House
-
-
-
1
-
-
0
5
Animal Husbandry
Stand alone
Dedicated to other
Industrial Facility for
own use
Port based
infrastructure
Part of Network of Cold
Stores
Tripura Uttaranchal
(n=9)
(n=12)
72
• Punjab and Rajasthan have vast majority of their CSs which are horticulture based.
• Kerala has very high proportion of CS that are animal husbandry based.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 128
8.2 TYPE OF HORTICULTURE /
AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS STORED
All
(n=4333)
Potato (raw)
Type H
(n=4333)
69
Type P
(n=254)
69
Type M
(n=97)
56
Type Q
(n=37)
59
Other
Products
(n=10)
51
60
59
60
Spices
19
19
Apple
14
14
Grapes
12
12
43
42
Oranges
9
9
47
41
Banana
9
9
19
19
Pulses
9
9
25
23
46
40
Seeds
8
8
29
28
43
40
Mango
4
4
20
Carrot
4
4
24
33
Flowers
3
3
20
26
41
20
Peas
3
3
18
22
35
30
Onion
3
3
19
26
Pomegranate
2
2
13
9
16
20
Litchi
2
2
15
15
24
20
Kiwi
2
2
14
11
24
30
Cabbage
2
2
11
14
27
20
Guava
2
2
10
18
19
20
Pineapple
2
2
11
13
22
20
Cauliflower
2
2
13
14
16
20
Other
7
7
11
16
38
28
58
54
59
90
57
60
46
70
19
16
40
32
40
30
20
22
5
40
0
• Over two third of the Type H storages stock potatoes.
• Of the 4333 Type H stores, 254 cold stores stock Type P, 97 stores stock Type M products and
37 stores stock Type Q products. The additional columns reveal what these cold stores stock in
horticultural products
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Horticulture/ Agriculture products
All Figs in % 129
8.2 TYPE OF HORTICULTURE /
AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS STORED
Zone Wise
All
(n=4333)
Potato (raw)
North
(n=2079)
69
East
(n=757)
90
West
(n=764)
89
51
South
(n=733)
6
Spices
19
8
11
19
Apple
14
11
17
20
Grapes
12
5
12
Oranges
9
7
14
Banana
9
4
2
12
26
Pulses
9
4
5
12
23
Seeds
8
5
8
12
12
Mango
4
2
4
10
6
Carrot
4
1
7
11
3
Flowers
3
1
9
6
2
Peas
3
2
2
7
3
Onion
3
1
2
8
2
Pomegranate
2
1
1
8
3
Litchi
2
1
2
7
2
Kiwi
2
1
1
7
2
Cabbage
2
1
3
4
3
Guava
2
1
2
6
1
Pineapple
2
1
2
4
3
Cauliflower
2
1
2
4
2
Other
7
2
7
13
12
36
11
58
13
8
8
• Over 90% CS’s in North and East particularly stock potatoes.
• In South Type H cold stores mainly store spices.
• In West, in addition to potatoes, grapes are also stocked
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Horticulture/ Agriculture products
All Figs in % 130
8.2 TYPE OF HORTICULTURE /
AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS STORED
States
All
(n=4333)
Maharashtra
UP
(n=341)
(n=1352)
A&N
(n=2)
AP
(n=532)
Assam
(n=20)
Bihar
(n=153)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
Potato (raw)
69
16
98
-
1
90
96
67
Spices
19
24
2
50
63
5
1
-
Apple
14
27
6
100
7
60
30
-
Grapes
12
70
4
100
2
-
24
-
Oranges
9
14
5
50
4
15
27
-
Banana
9
17
1
-
23
5
1
-
Pulses
9
17
0
-
20
-
-
-
Seeds
8
16
1
-
9
-
1
-
Mango
4
16
1
-
4
5
3
-
Carrot
4
11
1
100
1
-
5
-
Flowers
3
10
1
50
0
10
10
-
Peas
3
12
1
50
1
5
3
33
Onion
3
11
0
-
1
5
1
-
Pomegranate
2
16
0
50
1
-
2
-
Litchi
2
11
1
50
1
-
3
-
Kiwi
2
11
0
-
1
5
-
-
Cabbage
2
7
0
100
0
-
1
-
Guava
2
12
-
-
0
5
1
-
Pineapple
2
6
0
100
0
-
3
-
Cauliflower
2
7
0
100
0
-
2
-
Other
7
10
1
0
12
0
1
33
• UP and Bihar have close to 100% CS’s which stock potatoes.
• Over 70% of the cold stores in Maharashtra stock grapes.
• Over 60% stock spices in AP
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Horticulture/ Agriculture products
All Figs in % 131
8.2 TYPE OF HORTICULTURE /
AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS STORED
States
All
(n=4333)
C’garh
(n=71)
Delhi
(n=29)
Goa
(n=2)
Gujarat
(n=273)
Haryana
(n=183)
HP
(n=12)
J&K
(n=9)
Potato (raw)
69
51
14
50
75
63
42
22
Spices
19
83
45
-
15
22
8
33
Apple
14
17
55
100
12
34
58
67
Grapes
12
18
24
50
7
10
8
33
Oranges
9
17
31
50
8
20
17
56
Banana
9
4
21
50
7
16
17
22
Pulses
9
45
21
-
6
13
-
33
Seeds
8
52
21
-
5
14
-
22
Mango
4
11
14
50
5
4
-
11
Carrot
4
1
14
50
5
2
-
11
Flowers
3
11
7
-
2
1
-
-
Peas
3
1
17
-
6
6
8
11
Onion
3
7
10
50
9
4
-
-
Pomegranate
2
-
21
-
3
2
-
-
Litchi
2
4
7
-
5
2
-
22
Kiwi
2
1
21
-
5
3
-
11
Cabbage
2
1
10
-
2
1
-
-
Guava
2
4
10
-
2
2
-
11
Pineapple
2
-
10
-
3
1
-
11
Cauliflower
2
3
7
50
2
1
-
-
Other
7
25
17
0
12
4
0
33
•
•
•
•
Almost 3/4ths of the cold stores in Gujarat store potatoes.
Storages in Haryana mainly stock potatoes followed by apples.
Storages in HP and J&K mainly stock apples
Over 80% CS’s in Chhattisgarh store spices.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Horticulture/ Agriculture products
All Figs in % 132
8.2 TYPE OF HORTICULTURE /
AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS STORED
States
All
(n=4333)
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=19)
(n=124) (n=10)
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=148)
(n=1)
(n=24)
(n=1)
(n=382)
Potato (raw)
69
95
16
40
87
100
75
-
97
Spices
19
5
35
40
15
-
38
-
2
Apple
14
42
23
30
16
100
38
100
8
Grapes
12
37
21
40
13
-
42
-
3
Oranges
9
42
11
40
10
100
46
-
3
Banana
9
-
44
30
7
-
13
-
3
Pulses
9
-
16
40
9
-
8
100
2
Seeds
8
5
22
30
14
100
13
-
2
Mango
4
-
9
40
3
100
25
100
2
Carrot
4
21
6
60
19
-
13
100
1
Flowers
3
21
2
20
1
-
21
100
1
Peas
3
5
2
40
-
-
8
-
1
Onion
3
-
2
60
1
-
4
-
2
Pomegranate
2
5
10
10
-
-
4
-
1
Litchi
2
-
2
20
1
-
4
-
1
Kiwi
2
-
2
20
1
100
4
-
0
Cabbage
2
-
5
40
2
-
25
100
1
Guava
2
-
3
20
1
-
-
-
1
Pineapple
2
5
5
50
-
100
4
100
1
Cauliflower
2
16
4
30
3
-
8
100
1
Other
7
42
8
0
22
0
13
0
1
• Cold stores in Punjab, Orissa, Jharkhand and MP largely store potatoes. However when it comes
to Karnataka Bananas followed by spices are the main Horticulture / Agriculture products stored.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Horticulture/ Agriculture products
All Figs in % 133
8.2 TYPE OF HORTICULTURE /
AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS STORED
States
All
(n=4333)
Rajasthan
(n=97)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=64)
Tripura
(n=9)
Potato (raw)
69
39
20
28
89
Spices
19
64
-
59
Apple
14
16
-
Grapes
12
5
Oranges
9
Banana
WB
(n=455)
North East
(n=35)
83
94
80
11
25
2
6
39
-
67
9
37
-
23
-
50
6
-
15
-
27
-
58
6
11
9
6
-
19
-
8
2
3
Pulses
9
40
-
55
-
-
1
-
Seeds
8
40
-
13
-
50
4
3
Mango
4
6
-
13
-
17
2
6
Carrot
4
2
-
8
-
-
9
-
Flowers
3
1
40
13
-
-
6
11
Peas
3
1
-
16
-
-
2
3
Onion
3
1
-
3
-
8
1
3
Pomegranate
2
-
-
3
-
-
1
-
Litchi
2
1
-
9
-
8
2
-
Kiwi
2
2
-
8
-
8
1
6
Cabbage
2
1
-
8
-
-
4
-
Guava
2
3
-
2
-
8
2
3
Pineapple
2
-
-
6
-
8
2
3
Cauliflower
2
-
-
3
-
-
2
-
Other
7
4
40
22
0
0
4
6
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
• WB and Uttaranchal mainly store potatoes.
• Cold stores in Rajasthan mainly store spices followed by pulses and seeds.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Horticulture/ Agriculture products
All Figs in % 134
8.2 TYPE OF HORTICULTURE /
AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS STORED
Ownership Type
Proprietorship
(n=1178)
Partnership
(n=1508)
Company
Public Ltd.
(n=134)
Company
Private Ltd.
(n=1358)
Association
Public
(n=3)
Potato (raw)
62
76
64
69
67
Spices
16
17
20
24
-
Apple
14
12
34
14
67
Grapes
16
10
22
10
67
Oranges
9
8
17
10
33
Banana
16
7
14
3
-
Pulses
6
8
14
12
-
Seeds
6
7
19
10
-
Mango
5
3
14
3
-
Carrot
4
3
13
4
33
Flowers
2
3
12
3
33
Peas
2
3
10
3
33
Onion
2
3
7
2
33
Pomegranate
3
2
11
2
-
Litchi
2
2
11
3
-
Kiwi
2
2
14
2
-
Cabbage
2
2
8
1
-
Guava
1
2
13
2
33
Pineapple
2
2
6
1
33
Cauliflower
1
2
8
1
33
Other
7
5
5
7
-
• Potato is the major product stored across all type of CS irrespective of the ownership type.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Horticulture/ Agriculture products
All Figs in % 135
8.2 TYPE OF HORTICULTURE /
AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS STORED
Ownership Type
Association
Private
(n=10)
Cooperative
(n=76)
Government
(Co./Dept./PSU)
(n=45)
Not mentioned
ownership type
(n=21)
Potato (raw)
30
68
51
43
Spices
50
4
13
10
Apple
10
8
29
14
Grapes
10
26
22
19
Oranges
10
7
16
10
Banana
10
7
16
19
Pulses
20
1
7
14
Seeds
20
1
7
10
Mango
-
7
16
14
Carrot
10
4
16
10
Flowers
-
4
20
10
Peas
-
-
4
5
Onion
-
3
9
10
Pomegranate
-
5
4
-
Litchi
-
-
4
5
Kiwi
10
-
4
5
Cabbage
-
3
18
10
Guava
-
-
2
5
Pineapple
-
-
9
10
Cauliflower
-
1
13
10
30
3
16
29
Other
• Two thirds of the CS under co-operative ownership store raw potato. This is followed by grapes.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Horticulture/ Agriculture products
All Figs in % 136
8.2 TYPE OF HORTICULTURE /
AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS STORED
Urban/Rural/NHB/NHM
Urban CS’s
(n=1150)
Rural CS’s
(n=3183)
NHB/NHM
(n=2847)
Others
(n=1486)
Potato (raw)
44
78
74
58
Spices
34
13
17
22
Apple
27
9
12
17
Grapes
16
11
10
18
Oranges
16
7
9
10
Banana
22
4
7
11
Pulses
15
6
7
11
Seeds
13
6
7
9
Mango
9
3
3
6
Carrot
6
4
4
5
Flowers
5
2
3
4
Peas
6
2
2
5
Onion
3
2
2
4
Pomegranate
4
2
2
4
Litchi
5
2
2
4
Kiwi
5
1
1
4
Cabbage
4
1
2
3
Guava
4
1
1
3
Pineapple
4
1
1
3
Cauliflower
3
1
1
3
Other
10
5
6
7
• One third of the Urban CS store spices and 27% of them store apples.
• Majority of rural CSs and NHB assisted CSs mainly store potates
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Horticulture/ Agriculture products
All Figs in % 137
8.3 TYPE OF PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS
STORED
All
(n=523)
Type H
(n=254)
Type P
(n=523)
37
32
Type M
(n=46)
Butter
32
Milk
28
Potato Processed
27
Cheese
19
24
19
Fruit Pulp
13
17
13
Chocolate
13
17
13
39
Ready to eat / cook
12
13
12
35
Wine
1
Other
13
35
25
38
52
38
79
17
38
38
25
67
33
0
37
63
29
30
1
Other
Products
(n=8)
75
20
27
1
37
59
28
35
Type Q
(n=24)
8
33
38
0
0
33
13
• 1 out of every 3 type P cold store stock butter.
• Of the 523 cold stores stocking Type P products, 254 are stocking horticultural products, 46
stock Type M products and 24 stock Type Q products. These multi product stores’ stocking
pattern of processed food is provided in the additional columns
Zone wise
All
(n=523)
North
(n=113)
West
(n=180)
South
(n=149)
17
38
32
15
36
40
Butter
32
Milk
28
Potato Processed
27
Cheese
19
18
15
Fruit Pulp
13
18
10
14
10
Chocolate
13
11
9
19
9
Ready to eat / cook
12
8
10
12
18
0
1
2
Wine
Other
1
37
30
East
(n=81)
12
39
30
49
32
21
12
28
11
0
31
51
• Type P cold stores in each of the zone largely store products which are distinct from one other.
• Cold stores in North and East dominantly store processed potatoes, in West it is butter and
South it is Milk.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Processed Food products
All Figs in % 138
8.3 TYPE OF PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS
STORED
States
All
(n=523)
Maharashtra
(n=122)
UP
(n=56)
A&N
(n=-)
AP
(n=59)
Assam
(n=2)
Bihar
(n=25)
Chandigarh
(n=1)
Butter
32
45
13
-
25
-
12
100
Milk
28
43
7
-
27
-
-
-
Potato Processed
27
16
43
-
7
100
88
100
Cheese
19
36
11
-
5
-
4
100
Fruit Pulp
13
17
13
-
10
50
4
-
Chocolate
13
26
4
-
2
-
4
100
Ready to eat / cook
12
15
7
-
10
-
-
-
Wine
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other
37
30
29
0
61
0
0
100
All
(n=523)
C’garh
(n=18)
Delhi
(n=10)
Goa
(n=3)
Gujarat
(n=43)
Haryana
(n=8)
HP
(n=3)
J&K
(n=2)
Butter
32
11
70
-
23
25
67
-
Milk
28
17
10
-
21
13
67
50
Potato Processed
27
22
30
-
37
13
-
50
Cheese
19
6
50
-
12
13
33
-
Fruit Pulp
13
-
50
33
7
13
33
50
Chocolate
13
6
40
-
5
-
33
-
Ready to eat / cook
12
17
20
33
5
13
-
50
Wine
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other
37
72
30
33
28
75
33
50
• Close to half CS’s in Maharashtra store butter. Whereas in Gujarat processed potatoes are the
majorly stocked product.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Processed Food products
All Figs in % 139
8.3 TYPE OF PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS
STORED
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=523)
(n=7)
(n=46)
(n=18)
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=12)
(n=1)
(n=2)
(n=1)
(n=16)
Butter
32
14
33
22
33
-
50
100
38
Milk
28
14
52
17
17
-
50
100
6
Potato Processed
27
71
9
28
17
-
-
-
50
Cheese
19
-
11
6
17
-
50
-
19
Fruit Pulp
13
14
11
6
-
100
-
-
19
Chocolate
13
-
24
-
-
-
50
-
25
Ready to eat / cook
12
-
7
56
-
-
-
-
6
Wine
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other
37
14
65
22
50
100
100
0
25
All
(n=523)
Rajasthan
(n=15)
Sikkim
(n=-)
TN
(n=25)
Tripura
Uttarancha
(n=-)
l (n=2)
WB
(n=26)
North East
(n=3)
Butter
32
47
-
52
-
100
27
-
Milk
28
27
-
60
-
-
27
-
Potato Processed
27
40
-
20
-
-
27
67
Cheese
19
13
-
32
-
50
35
-
Fruit Pulp
13
13
-
12
-
-
15
67
Chocolate
13
-
-
4
-
-
15
-
Ready to eat / cook
12
-
-
32
-
-
19
-
Wine
1
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
Other
37
13
0
24
0
0
35
33
• More than half CS’s in Karnataka and TN store milk.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Processed Food products
All Figs in % 140
8.3 TYPE OF PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS
STORED
Ownership Type/Urban/Rural/NHB/NHM
Urban CS’s
(n=202)
Rural CS’s
(n=321)
NHB/NHM
(n=239)
Others
(n=284)
Butter
38
27
27
36
Milk
31
27
18
37
Potato Processed
25
28
33
21
Cheese
19
19
18
20
Fruit Pulp
12
13
15
12
Chocolate
16
11
9
15
Ready to eat / cook
16
10
13
12
Wine
1
0
1
1
Other
39
35
35
38
Not
Company Company
Govt.
Proprietor
Association Association Coopera
mentioned
Partnership Public
Private
(Co./Dept.
ship
Public
Private
tive
ownership
(n=126)
Ltd.
Ltd.
/PSU)
(n=111)
(n=1)
(n=2)
(n=53)
type
(n=37) (n=157)
(n=30)
(n=6)
Butter
30
18
46
31
100
-
47
50
50
Milk
19
14
22
20
100
-
85
83
-
Potato
Processed
29
33
35
31
-
-
2
-
50
Cheese
22
10
30
24
100
-
13
27
-
Fruit Pulp
17
13
14
15
100
-
2
7
-
Chocolate
12
9
22
15
100
-
15
7
-
Ready to eat /
cook
13
14
19
13
100
-
2
10
17
Wine
1
1
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
Other
41
34
24
38
-
100
51
17
17
• Cold storages across different types of ownership majorly store Butter and Milk. However,
majority of the CS in Partnership and Private Company ownership store processed Potatoes.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Processed Food products
All Figs in % 141
8.3 TYPE OF PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS
STORED (OTHERS PRODUCTS STORED)
All
(n=184)
Ice-cream
27
Jaggery
26
Curd
Type H
(n=87)
Type P
(n=184)
18
Type M
(n=12)
27
40
26
Type Q
(n=6)
50
8
50
Other
Products
(n=1)
0
0
100
14
3
14
8
17
Milk Products
4
6
4
0
0
0
Dry Fruits
2
1
2
0
0
0
Mango Pulp
2
3
2
0
0
0
Paneer
2
2
2
Frozen Food
2
3
2
0
Fruit juices
2
2
2
8
17
33
0
17
0
0
0
0
• When probed for other products stored in processed food, the respondents mentioned more
items.
• Jaggery and Ice-cream are the main other type of processed food products that are stored in
cold storages.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Processed Food products
All Figs in % 142
8.3 TYPE OF PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS
STORED (OTHERS PRODUCTS STORED)
Zone Wise
All
(n=184)
Ice-cream
27
Jaggery
26
Curd
North
(n=33)
12
East
(n=26)
West
(n=51)
8
42
South
(n=74)
41
50
30
10
20
28
14
3
4
4
Milk Products
4
9
8
6
0
Dry Fruits
2
3
0
6
0
Mango Pulp
2
0
0
4
3
Paneer
2
0
0
4
3
Frozen Food
2
3
0
2
3
Fruit juices
2
3
4
2
0
• Close to 50% CS’s in East store jaggery.
• Around 30% of the cold stores in South stock ice-cream and/or curd.
• CS’s in West dominantly store ice- cream.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Processed Food products
All Figs in % 143
8.3 TYPE OF PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS
STORED (OTHERS PRODUCTS STORED)
States
All
(n=184)
Maharashtra
(n=32)
UP
(n=16)
A&N
(n=-)
AP
(n=34)
Assam
(n=-)
Bihar
(n=-)
Chandigarh
(n=1)
Ice-cream
27
50
-
-
26
-
-
100
Jaggery
26
-
75
-
44
-
-
-
Curd
14
3
-
-
9
-
-
-
Milk Products
4
6
6
-
-
-
-
-
Dry Fruits
2
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
Mango Pulp
2
6
-
-
3
-
-
-
Paneer
2
6
-
-
3
-
-
-
Frozen Food
2
3
6
-
-
-
-
-
Fruit juices
2
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
All
(n=184)
C’garh
(n=13)
Delhi
(n=3)
Goa
(n=1)
Gujarat
(n=12)
Haryana
(n=5)
HP
(n=1)
J&K
(n=1)
Ice-cream
27
8
33
100
33
-
-
-
Jaggery
26
77
-
-
42
40
-
-
Curd
14
-
-
-
8
-
-
100
Milk Products
4
8
-
-
8
20
-
-
Dry Fruits
2
-
-
-
-
20
-
-
Mango Pulp
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Paneer
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Frozen Food
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Fruit juices
2
-
-
-
-
-
100
-
• Low bases.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Processed Food products
All Figs in % 144
8.3 TYPE OF PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS
STORED (OTHERS PRODUCTS STORED)
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=184)
(n=1)
(n=30)
(n=4)
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=6)
(n=1)
(n=2)
(n=-)
(n=4)
Ice-cream
27
-
33
25
-
-
-
-
25
Jaggery
26
-
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
Curd
14
-
53
-
-
-
50
-
-
Milk Products
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
25
Dry Fruits
2
-
-
-
17
-
-
-
-
Mango Pulp
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
Paneer
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Frozen Food
2
-
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
Fruit juices
2
100
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
All
(n=184)
Rajasthan
(n=2)
Sikkim
(n=-)
TN
(n=6)
Tripura
(n=-)
Uttaranchal
(n=-)
WB
(n=9)
North East
(n=-1)
Ice-cream
27
50
-
33
-
-
11
-
Jaggery
26
-
-
-
-
-
22
-
Curd
14
-
-
33
-
-
-
-
Milk Products
4
-
-
-
-
-
11
-
Dry Fruits
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Mango Pulp
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Paneer
2
-
-
17
-
-
-
-
Frozen Food
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Fruit juices
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
• Low bases.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Processed Food products
All Figs in % 145
8.3 TYPE OF PROCESSED FOOD PRODUCTS
STORED (OTHERS PRODUCTS STORED)
Ownership Type/Urban/Rural/NHB/NHM
Urban CS’s
(n=76)
Rural CS’s
(n=108)
NHB/NHM
(n=83)
Others
(n=101)
Ice-cream
37
19
17
35
Jaggery
11
36
36
17
Curd
26
5
4
22
Milk Products
4
5
7
2
Dry Fruits
3
2
2
2
Mango Pulp
1
3
2
2
Paneer
-
4
1
3
Frozen Food
3
2
2
2
Fruit juices
-
3
1
2
Not
Govt.
Company Company Association
mentioned
Proprietorship Partnership
Cooperative (Co./Dept./
Public Ltd. Private Ltd.
Private
ownership
(n=43)
(n=42)
(n=27)
PSU)
(n=6)
(n=59)
(n=2)
type
(n=4)
(n=1)
Ice-cream
33
21
67
32
-
7
25
-
Jaggery
16
48
17
31
50
-
-
-
Curd
5
-
17
3
-
70
25
-
Milk
Products
5
7
-
-
-
7
25
-
Dry Fruits
-
7
-
2
-
-
-
-
Mango Pulp
-
2
-
5
-
-
-
-
Paneer
-
-
33
2
-
4
-
-
Frozen Food
5
2
-
-
-
-
-
100
Fruit juices
2
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
• Among those CSs storing other products, over one third of the Urban CS store Ice- cream.
Around the same proportion of Rural & NHB/NHM CS store Jaggery.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Processed Food products
All Figs in % 146
8.4 TYPE OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY FOOD
STORED
All
(n=452)
Type H
(n=97)
71
Seafood
20
Type M
(n=452)
39
Fresh water fish
24
Poultry
14
Meats (Beef, Lamb,
Mutton, Pork)
11
24
6
25
Other
Type P
(n=46)
18
71
28
55
Type Q
(n=12)
59
35
7
Other
Products
(n=3)
50
24
50
14
58
11
50
6
8
100
67
33
67
0
• Nearly 3/4ths of Type M CS’s store sea food.
• Of the 452 stores stocking Type M products, 97 are storing horticultural products, 46 are
stocking type P products and 12 are stocking Type Q products.
• What is being stocked by them in Type M product is given in additional columns
Zone wise
All
(n=452)
North
(n=21)
71
Seafood
14
Fresh water fish
24
Poultry
14
38
Meats (Beef, Lamb,
Mutton, Pork)
11
33
6
24
Other
East
(n=57)
5
West
(n=167)
26
71
16
44
9
28
South
(n=207)
38
89
16
10
6
14
8
2
0
• Where in the CS’s of North and East poultry is the mainly stocked product, it West and South it is
seafood.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Animal Husbandry products
All Figs in % 147
8.4 TYPE OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY FOOD
STORED
States
All
(n=452)
Maharashtra
(n=64)
UP
(n=7)
A&N
(n=9)
AP
(n=34)
Assam
(n=-)
Bihar
(n=9)
Chandigarh
(n=1)
Seafood
71
48
-
-
85
-
-
100
Fresh water fish
24
44
-
100
21
-
-
-
Poultry
14
22
43
-
9
-
56
-
Meats (Beef, Lamb,
Mutton, Pork)
11
33
43
-
12
-
-
100
Other
6
5
14
-
3
-
67
-
All
(n=452)
C’garh
(n=3)
Delhi
(n=3)
Goa
(n=4)
Gujarat
(n=97)
Haryana
(n=5)
HP
(n=-)
J&K
(n=-)
Seafood
71
-
33
25
89
-
-
-
Fresh water fish
24
-
-
100
32
-
-
-
Poultry
14
67
33
25
-
40
-
-
Meats (Beef, Lamb,
Mutton, Pork)
11
-
100
25
1
-
-
-
Other
6
67
-
-
-
60
-
-
• Over 85% of the CS’s in Gujarat and AP stock sea food.
• Cold stores in Maharashtra mainly stock seafood closely followed by fresh water fish.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Animal Husbandry products
All Figs in % 148
8.4 TYPE OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY FOOD
STORED
States
All
(n=452)
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=1)
(n=14) (n=123)
MP
(n=2)
Nagaland Orissa
Pondicherry
(n=-)
(n=11)
(n=-)
Punjab
(n=1)
Seafood
71
-
57
98
-
-
82
-
-
Fresh water fish
24
-
36
6
-
-
9
-
-
Poultry
14
100
29
3
100
-
9
-
-
Meats (Beef, Lamb,
Mutton, Pork)
11
-
29
5
-
-
-
-
-
Other
6
-
-
-
50
-
9
-
100
All
(n=452)
Rajasthan
(n=3)
Sikkim
(n=-)
TN
(n=27)
Tripura
(n=-)
Uttaranchal
(n=-)
WB
(n=33)
North East
(n=-)
Seafood
71
25
-
100
-
-
18
-
Fresh water fish
24
25
-
22
-
-
24
-
Poultry
14
50
-
7
-
-
48
-
Meats (Beef, Lamb,
Mutton, Pork)
11
-
-
7
-
-
15
-
Other
6
-
-
-
-
-
21
-
• Over 90% of cold stores in Kerala and TN store seafood.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Animal Husbandry products
All Figs in % 149
8.4 TYPE OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY FOOD
STORED
Ownership Type/Urban/Rural/NHB/NHM
Urban CS’s
(n=231)
Rural CS’s
(n=221)
NHB/NHM
(n=153)
Others
(n=299)
Seafood
77
65
58
78
Fresh water fish
28
19
17
27
Poultry
8
20
24
9
Meats (Beef, Lamb, Mutton, Pork)
15
8
10
12
Other
5
7
10
4
Not
Company Company
Govt.
Association
mentioned
Proprietorship Partnership Public
Private
Cooperative (Co./Dept.
Public
ownership
(n=99)
(n=128)
Ltd.
Ltd.
(n=4)
/PSU)
(n=2)
type
(n=25) (n=179)
(n=12)
(n=3)
Seafood
75
77
56
70
50
50
25
100
Fresh water fish
21
28
20
20
-
25
58
33
Poultry
17
8
12
16
-
50
8
67
Meats (Beef, Lamb,
Mutton, Pork)
12
11
24
8
50
-
8
67
Other
5
7
-
6
-
-
17
-
• Over 77% of the CS under Partnership type store seafood.
• 24% of the of CS in NHB/NHM store Poultry.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Animal Husbandry products
All Figs in % 150
8.5 TYPE OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCT
STORED
All
(n=44)
Type H
(n=37)
68
Vaccine
Medicine
Type P
(n=24)
73
50
49
Type M
(n=12)
71
75
71
67
Type Q
(n=44)
Other
Products
(n=4)
68
50
50
Active product
ingredient
14
11
8
17
14
Other1
11
11
4
8
11
25
0
25
• 68% of Type Q CS’s store vaccines alongside medicines.
• Of the 44 stocking pharma products, 37 are stocking Type H, 24 are stocking Type P and 12 are
stocking Type M products. Their practice of stocking pharma products is given in other columns
Zone wise
All
(n=44)
North
(n=9)
68
Vaccine
Medicine
50
East
(n=10)
56
West
(n=14)
90
44
57
40
Active product
ingredient
14
11
0
Other1
11
11
0
South
(n=11)
71
21
7
73
36
18
27
• Across zones, vaccine is stocked by majority followed by other medicines.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Pharmaceutical products
All Figs in % 151
8.5 TYPE OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCT
STORED
States
All
(n=44)
Maharashtra
(n=11)
UP
(n=2)
A&N
(n=-)
AP
(n=2)
Assam
(n=-)
Bihar
(n=1)
Chandigarh
(n=-)
Vaccine
68
73
50
-
50
-
100
-
Medicine
50
82
50
-
50
-
100
-
Active product ingredient
14
9
-
-
50
-
-
-
Other
11
-
-
-
50
-
-
-
All
(n=44)
C’garh
(n=5)
Delhi
(n=3)
Goa
(n=-)
Gujarat
(n=1)
Haryana
(n=1)
HP
(n=1)
J&K
(n=1)
Vaccine
68
100
33
-
-
100
100
100
Medicine
50
-
33
-
-
100
-
-
Active product ingredient
14
-
-
-
100
-
-
-
Other
11
-
33
-
-
-
-
-
• Low bases.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Pharmaceutical products
All Figs in % 152
8.5 TYPE OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCT
STORED
States
All
(n=44)
Jharkhand Karnataka
(n=-)
(n=1)
Kerala
(n=2)
MP
(n=2)
Nagaland
(n=-)
Orissa Pondicherry
(n=1)
(n=-)
Punjab
(n=-)
Vaccine
68
-
100
50
-
-
100
-
-
Medicine
50
-
-
50
50
-
-
-
-
Active product
ingredient
14
-
100
-
50
-
-
-
-
Other
11
-
-
50
50
-
-
-
-
All
(n=44)
Rajasthan
(n=1)
Sikkim
(n=-)
TN
(n=6)
Tripura
(n=-)
Uttaranchal
(n=-)
WB
(n=3)
North East
(n=-)
Vaccine
68
-
-
83
-
-
67
-
Medicine
50
100
-
33
-
-
100
-
Active product
ingredient
14
100
-
-
-
-
-
-
Other
11
-
-
17
-
-
-
-
• Low bases.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Pharmaceutical products
All Figs in % 153
8.5 TYPE OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCT
STORED
Ownership Type/Urban/Rural/NHB/NHM
Urban CS’s
(n=25)
Rural CS’s
(n=19)
NHB/NHM
(n=20)
Others
(n=24)
Vaccine
68
68
80
58
Medicine
48
53
40
58
Active product ingredient
12
16
20
8
Other
12
11
5
17
Proprietorship Partnership
(n=99)
(n=128)
Company
Public Ltd.
(n=25)
Company
Private Ltd.
(n=179)
Govt.
Association
Cooperative (Co./Dept./P
Public
(n=4)
SU)
(n=2)
(n=12)
Vaccine
86
75
75
42
100
-
100
Medicine
14
50
63
58
100
-
67
Active product
ingredient
14
8
-
25
-
100
-
Other
14
-
13
25
-
-
-
• Low bases.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned stocking Pharmaceutical products
All Figs in % 154
CHAPTER 9
SERVICE MODEL OF THE
FACILITY
Page no 155 to 158
© COPYRIGHT 2014
9. SERVICE MODEL OF THE FACILITY

The survey indicates that North and East zone have a high proportion of cold stores which are
open for pure rental purposes. Over a third of Western and Southern based storages are open
for producer storage.
All
(n=5003)
Pure Lease Rental
Model
75
27
Captive Use
Supply Chain Service
13
Mixed 3

North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
88
West
(n=1013)
91
16
66
19
6
9
1
1
43
24
1
South
(n=1045)
47
38
20
12
The survey is done among CSs who are leasing their CS for others use. As the above chart
shows, the percentage adds to over 100%. Even if they are using the location for their own use,
they are also leasing out part of their space for others to stock.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
156
9.1 SERVICE MODEL OF THE FACILITY
All
(n=5003)
Pure Lease Rental
Model
75
Mixed
Type P
(n=523)
82
27
Captive Use
Supply Chain Service
Type H
(n=4333)
63
21
13
12
3
3
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
28
44
82
70
22
78
55
16
3
Other
Products
(n=27)
59
25
1
2
22
0
• Over 70% of the Type M cold stores are open for captive use.
• Over 80% Type H storages are open for pure rental purposes.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
Pure Lease Rental
Model
75
27
Captive Use
Supply Chain Service
Mixed
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
88
West
(n=1013)
91
16
66
19
13
6
9
3
1
1
43
24
1
South
(n=1045)
47
38
20
12
• North and East zone have a high proportion of cold stores which are open for pure rental
purposes.
• Over 1/3rd of Western and Southern based storages are open for producer storage.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 157
9.1 SERVICE MODEL OF THE FACILITY
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Pure Lease Rental Model
75
57
96
60
55
77
92
100
Captive Use
27
51
4
30
21
50
8
-
Supply Chain Service
13
21
2
10
26
14
12
-
Mixed
3
2
0
-
21
9
-
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Pure Lease Rental Model
75
76
74
29
67
54
29
75
Captive Use
27
72
40
71
43
41
14
31
Supply Chain Service
13
22
17
14
33
6
57
13
Mixed
3
-
11
14
0
4
-
-
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=156) (n=1) (n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Pure Lease Rental
Model
75
95
43
8
89
100
63
50
78
Captive Use
27
26
64
90
21
-
50
-
48
Supply Chain Service
13
5
6
4
8
100
11
50
17
Mixed
3
-
1
3
1
-
-
-
1
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura Uttaranchal
(n=9)
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Pure Lease Rental
Model
75
91
60
58
78
100
96
76
Captive Use
27
2
60
24
33
-
10
46
Supply Chain Service
13
6
-
32
-
-
5
11
Mixed
3
1
-
1
11
-
0
8
• Over 90% storages in UP and Bihar are open for pure rental purposes.
• 90% storages in Kerala are open for captive use.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 158
CHAPTER 10
OWNERSHIP AND
MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
Page no 159 to 162
© COPYRIGHT 2014
10.1 OWNERSHIP TYPE
Ownership Type
All
(n=5003)
Other
Products
(n=27)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
28
27
30
27
22
Partnership
34
35
24
Company (Private Ltd.)
31
31
30
Proprietorship
27
27
21
40
22
16
18
30
Company (Public Ltd.)
3
3
7
6
7
Cooperative
3
2
10
1
2
4
Government (Co./Dept./
PSU)
2
1
6
3
7
4
DKCS
0
0
1
1
0
0
• At an all India level, 1/3rd of the companies are private limited and other 1/3rd are companies
owned on partnership basis.
• In all category of storage types, most of the companies belong to private sector only.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
Partnership
34
Company (Private Ltd.)
31
26
Proprietorship
27
28
East
(n=803)
43
West
(n=1013)
23
46
18
South
(n=1045)
32
25
29
33
26
32
Company (Public Ltd.)
3
3
3
5
3
Cooperative
3
0
6
4
3
Government (Co./Dept./
PSU)
2
0
3
2
3
DKCS
0
0
1
0
1
• Over 40% CS’s in the Northern zone are owned on partnership basis.
• Close to half of the cold stores in East are private limited companies.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 160
10.1 OWNERSHIP TYPE
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Partnership
34
22
42
-
26
14
20
67
Company (Private Ltd.)
31
26
32
20
39
36
47
33
Proprietorship
27
32
23
-
30
36
24
-
Company (Public Ltd.)
3
9
3
20
2
-
4
-
Cooperative
3
7
-
-
1
5
2
-
Government
(Co./Dept./ PSU)
2
3
0
60
1
5
-
-
DKCS
0
1
-
-
1
-
3
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Partnership
34
45
23
14
49
47
21
69
Company (Private Ltd.)
31
33
17
14
32
18
29
-
Proprietorship
27
17
43
71
15
32
21
25
Company (Public Ltd.)
3
-
11
-
2
2
7
-
Cooperative
3
3
-
-
1
-
-
6
Government (Co./Dept./
PSU)
2
-
6
-
1
1
21
-
DKCS
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
• Gujarat, Haryana, UP have more number of cold storages which are owned on partnership basis.
• 31% storages in AP are private limited companies. This percentage is higher at 47% in Bihar.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 161
10.1 OWNERSHIP TYPE
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156)
(n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
Punjab
(n=402)
Partnership
34
32
20
36
20
-
18
-
51
Company (Private Ltd.)
31
11
5
29
30
-
16
-
8
Proprietorship
27
53
54
25
36
100
45
-
38
Company (Public Ltd.)
3
-
4
3
5
-
5
-
1
Cooperative
3
-
13
2
7
-
5
-
1
Government
(Co./Dept./ PSU)
2
5
3
4
1
-
11
50
0
DKCS
0
-
1
1
-
-
-
50
0
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura Uttaranchal
(n=9)
(n=12)
Partnership
34
20
-
14
11
17
21
11
Company (Private Ltd.)
31
40
-
56
11
-
54
24
Proprietorship
27
26
40
19
22
50
11
35
Company (Public Ltd.)
3
9
-
3
-
33
3
-
Cooperative
3
3
-
-
-
-
8
3
Government
(Co./Dept./ PSU)
2
1
60
9
56
-
2
24
DKCS
0
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
• More than half of the CS’s in Karnataka owned on proprietorship basis.
• More than 1 out of every 2 CS’s in WB are private limited company
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 162
CHAPTER 11
ACCESSIBILITY TO THE
INFRASTRUCTURE BY VALUE
CHAIN STAKEHOLDERS
Page no 163 to 178
© COPYRIGHT 2014
11. ACCESSIBILITY TO THE
INFRASTRUCTURE BY VALUE CHAIN
STAKEHOLDERS

Highways - State wise analysis shows that over 50% West zone CSs are nearer state highways
while in all the other zones, over 50% are near national highways. The average distance to
highway is 4 KM for all CSs. The lowest distance of 2.5 KM was mentioned by Pharma type
products CSs where as animal husbandry and processed food type reported the longest
distance of 4.8 KM. While zone wise analysis shows that North zone has the shortest distance
and East zone the longest distance to a highway.

Transport services as a cold-chain service were not provided by 79% of the cold storage units.
Of the 21% that provided transportation, 48% had outsourced the transport assets. Thus
transporters and logistics companies were lifting the goods of the CSs for distribution purposes
using their own vehicle sources.
Transport Services
79%
Yes
No
21%

Railways - On an average 10.5 KM is the average distance of a cold store from the nearest
railway station. Zone wise analysis shows that North reported lowest distance while South
reported the longest distance to a railway station.

Airport - On an average, the distance to airport was 45.4 KM. This is lowest for Pharma type
product cold stores. Zone wise analysis shows that West zone reported shortest distance,
followed by South.

Sea Port – Many cold stores could not mention the distance to sea ports. Of those who
mentioned, on an average the distance to sea port was 34.7 KM. Type Q cold storages report
lower distances from sea port as compared to other product type storing cold storages. Cold
storages in the East zone are the farthest from any of the sea ports.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
164
11.1 NEAREST HIGHWAY
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
53
Type P
(n=523)
Type Q
(n=44)
61
57
56
53
47
47
Type M
(n=452)
44
43
State Highway
Other
Products
(n=27)
44
56
39
National Highway
• More CSs are nearer national highways than state highways
• This is true of all product types stored except that of ‘other products’
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
53
47
East
(n=803)
57
50
50
West
(n=1013)
43
State Highway
South
(n=1045)
64
45
55
36
National Highway
• Zone wise analysis shows that over 50% West zone CSs are nearer state highways while in all the
other zones, over 50% are near national highways.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 165
11.1 NEAREST HIGHWAY
States
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
State Highway
47
62
50
90
39
41
43
67
National Highway
53
38
50
10
61
59
57
33
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
State Highway
47
46
9
-
57
14
79
31
National Highway
53
54
91
100
43
86
21
69
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
State Highway
47
32
39
19
37
-
13
50
70
National Highway
53
68
61
81
63
100
87
50
30
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
Uttaranchal
(n=9)
(n=12)
State Highway
47
47
80
29
44
National Highway
53
53
20
71
56
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
67
45
46
33
55
54
• There are variation by state wise in proximity between state and national highway
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 166
11.2 DISTANCE FROM THE NEAREST HIGH
WAY
Unit of measurement – Kilometers
All
(n=5003)
0-1
Type H
(n=4333)
60
Type P
(n=523)
62
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
46
59
53
Other
Products
(n=27)
48
1-2
11
10
17
16
18
15
2-5
13
12
14
17
14
19
5-10
7
7
7
10
5
15
Above 10
9
8
9
9
5
4
DK/CS
0
0
0
2
0
0
• The average distance to highway is 4 kms for all CSs. The lowest distance of 2.5 kms was
mentioned by Q type products CSs where as M type reported the longest distance of 4.8 kms
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
0-1
North
(n=2142)
60
East
(n=803)
64
West
(n=1013)
60
South
(n=1045)
57
53
1-2
11
10
8
14
13
2-5
13
12
9
15
14
5-10
7
7
9
7
7
Above 10
9
6
14
7
11
DK/CS
0
0
0
1
0
• Zone wise analysis shows that North zone had the shortest distance while East zone had the
longest distance to highway
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in % 167
11.2 DISTANCE FROM THE NEAREST HIGH
WAY
Unit of measurement – Kilometers
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
0-1
60
43
69
-
56
64
73
67
1-2
11
17
8
10
14
-
5
33
2-5
13
17
11
-
14
14
9
-
5-10
7
12
6
-
5
9
6
-
Above 10
9
12
6
-
12
14
6
-
DK/CS
0
-
1
90
0
-
1
-
4.0
5.2
3.2
2.0
4.6
6.0
2.8
1.3
MEAN
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
0-1
60
61
14
43
65
54
93
63
1-2
11
22
29
14
14
20
7
6
2-5
13
9
29
43
15
21
-
13
5-10
7
4
20
-
3
5
-
13
Above 10
9
4
9
-
3
1
-
6
DK/CS
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.0
3.7
5.4
2.4
2.4
2.1
1.1
3.0
MEAN
• There is quite a variation in state wise analysis
• The states that reported lower distances are Bihar, Chandigarh, Gujarat, Haryana, HP, MP,
Rajasthan, TN and Uttaranchal.
• On the other hand the states that reported longer distances are Maharashtra, Assam, Delhi,
Karnataka, Orissa and Tripura.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in % 168
11.2 DISTANCE FROM THE NEAREST HIGH
WAY
Unit of measurement – Kilometers
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003)
(n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=156)
(n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
0-1
60
53
42
46
78
100
45
-
61
1-2
11
5
11
14
4
-
18
-
9
2-5
13
16
16
17
10
-
3
100
12
5-10
7
11
11
17
6
-
21
-
10
Above 10
9
16
18
6
3
-
13
-
8
DK/CS
0
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.0
4.6
7.1
4.9
2.2
1.0
5.0
4.0
3.7
MEAN
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
0-1
60
49
60
72
67
83
56
65
1-2
11
19
20
13
-
-
6
3
2-5
13
12
-
11
11
8
9
11
5-10
7
9
20
1
11
8
10
11
Above 10
9
12
-
4
11
-
20
11
DK/CS
0
-
-
-
-
-
0
-
4.0
4.9
3.0
2.6
3.8
1.8
6.9
4.9
MEAN
• There is quite a variation in state wise analysis
• The states that reported lower distances are Bihar, Chandigarh, Gujarat, Haryana, HP, MP,
Rajasthan, TN and Uttaranchal.
• On the other hand the states that reported longer distances are Maharashtra, Assam, Delhi,
Karnataka, Orissa and Tripura.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in % 169
11.3 DISTANCE FROM THE NEAREST
RAILWAY STATION
Unit of measurement – Kilometers
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
Other
Products
(n=27)
0-1
9
9
10
6
14
11
1-2
10
9
10
13
23
4
2-5
27
26
28
35
5-10
24
23
23
27
14
Above 10
30
31
28
18
23
DK/CS
1
1
1
27
2
0
37
30
19
0
• On an average 10.4 kms is the average distance to a railway station
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
South
(n=1045)
0-1
9
10
11
8
7
1-2
10
10
11
9
9
2-5
27
29
25
27
24
5-10
24
21
25
25
27
Above 10
30
30
28
30
31
DK/CS
1
0
1
1
2
• Zone wise analysis shows that North reported lowest distance while South reported the longest
distance to a rail road
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in % 170
11.3 DISTANCE FROM THE NEAREST
RAILWAY STATION
Unit of measurement – Kilometers
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
0-1
9
10
12
10
8
9
15
-
1-2
10
7
10
-
9
14
9
-
2-5
27
20
26
-
21
32
31
33
5-10
24
20
19
-
28
18
20
67
Above 10
30
42
33
-
33
27
24
-
DK/CS
1
2
0
90
1
-
1
-
10.5
13.5
10.2
1.0
12.5
7.7
7.8
6.3
MEAN
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
0-1
9
1
9
14
5
5
7
25
1-2
10
9
46
-
11
6
7
13
2-5
27
26
40
-
35
44
21
13
5-10
24
37
3
57
26
22
14
31
Above 10
30
25
3
29
23
23
29
19
DK/CS
1
1
-
-
-
-
21
-
10.5
12.7
3.2
9.3
8.1
8.5
32.6
8.6
MEAN
• There is quite a variation in state wise analysis
• The states that reported lower distances are Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana,
Kerala, MP, Punjab, Rajasthan and Uttaranchal.
• On the other hand, the states that reported longer distances are Maharashtra, AP, Chhattisgarh,
HP, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Orissa and TN
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in % 171
11.3 DISTANCE FROM THE NEAREST
RAILWAY STATION
Unit of measurement – Kilometers
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003)
(n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
0-1
9
5
6
4
9
-
8
-
7
1-2
10
16
11
10
6
-
5
50
11
2-5
27
-
27
36
31
-
21
-
27
5-10
24
37
16
38
39
100
32
50
26
Above 10
30
42
36
13
15
-
29
-
29
DK/CS
1
-
4
-
-
-
5
-
-
10.5
21.5
16.6
7.2
7.6
7.0
13.8
5.0
8.8
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
0-1
9
7
-
7
11
-
12
8
1-2
10
11
-
3
-
-
12
8
2-5
27
38
-
19
22
67
24
24
5-10
24
29
-
23
22
25
24
19
Above 10
30
16
60
45
33
8
28
32
DK/CS
1
-
40
4
11
-
-
8
10.5
7.2
31.3
15.2
22.1
6.3
9.2
13.2
MEAN
MEAN
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in % 172
11.4 DISTANCE FROM THE NEAREST
AIRPORT
Unit of measurement – Kilometers
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Other
Products
(n=27)
Type Q
(n=44)
0-1
3
3
2
1
11
11
1-2
1
0
2
1
2
4
2-5
2
2
6
3
0
4
5-10
6
5
8
7
9
11
Above 10
62
DK/CS
28
61
64
29
71
18
70
17
63
7
7
• On an average the distance to airport was 45.5 kms. This was lowest for Q type product CSs
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
South
(n=1045)
0-1
3
1
0
1
9
1-2
1
0
0
2
0
2-5
2
1
1
5
1
5-10
6
3
8
12
3
Above 10
DK/CS
62
28
67
28
58
33
64
52
17
34
• Zone wise analysis shows that West zone reported shortest distance, followed by South
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in % 173
11.4 DISTANCE FROM THE NEAREST
AIRPORT
Unit of measurement – Kilometers
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
0-1
3
0
2
-
15
-
-
-
1-2
1
2
0
10
0
-
-
-
2-5
2
6
2
10
2
-
-
33
5-10
6
11
2
-
4
-
27
33
Above 10
62
70
58
-
43
36
51
-
DK/CS
28
10
37
80
37
64
22
33
45.4
34.5
46.2
3.0
36.8
28.8
35.3
6.5
MEAN
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
0-1
3
-
-
-
1
1
-
19
1-2
1
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
2-5
2
3
-
14
5
1
-
-
5-10
6
7
-
14
13
1
-
19
Above 10
62
84
97
71
52
85
100
63
DK/CS
28
7
3
-
27
12
-
-
45.4
31.1
25.8
29.9
40.0
59.6
66.7
21.6
MEAN
• There is quite a variation in state wise analysis
• The states that reported lower distances are Assam, Chandigarh, Delhi, J&K, and Orissa.
• On the contrary, the states that reported longer distances are Haryana, HP, Punjab, Uttaranchal
and WB.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in % 174
11.4 DISTANCE FROM THE NEAREST
AIRPORT
Unit of measurement – Kilometers
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=156)
(n=1) (n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
0-1
3
-
-
3
1
-
-
-
0
1-2
1
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
2-5
2
5
1
-
2
-
5
-
-
5-10
6
16
2
3
10
-
16
-
2
Above 10
62
79
40
94
78
-
42
-
87
DK/CS
28
-
57
-
9
100
34
100
11
45.4
30.0
40.5
47.9
32.6
-
24.2
-
67.0
MEAN
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
0-1
3
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
1-2
1
-
-
-
-
-
0
-
2-5
2
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
5-10
6
15
-
6
-
-
2
-
Above 10
62
63
-
78
44
75
58
32
DK/CS
28
16
100
14
56
25
40
68
45.4
32.3
-
36.8
33.0
57.0
69.0
30.2
MEAN
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in % 175
11.5 DISTANCE FROM THE NEAREST
SEAPORT
Unit of measurement – Kilometers
All
(n=5003)
Type P
(n=523)
3
3
3
4
2
7
1-2 0
0
0
2
0
0
2-5
1
0
2
5
2
4
5-10
4
3
3
9
7
4
0-1
Above 10
21
DK/CS
18
71
Type M
(n=452)
33
76
Type Q
(n=44)
Other
Products
(n=27)
Type H
(n=4333)
49
58
50
32
44
39
41
• Many cold store respondents could not mention the distance to sea ports Hence this analysis is
not valid.
• Of those who mentioned, the average distance to sea port is 34.7 kms.
• This is lowest for Q type storage CSs at 26.6 kms.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
3
0
0
2
1-2 0
0
0
0
1
2-5
1
0
0
1
2
5-10
4
6
1
2
4
0-1
Above 10
DK/CS
21
4
71
46
90
52
West
(n=1013)
South
(n=1045)
12
33
61
25
56
• Zone wise analysis shows that the proximity to connectivity is lowest at an average of 20.1 kms
for South zone and is the highest for East zone at 59.8 kms
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in % 176
11.5 DISTANCE FROM THE NEAREST
SEAPORT
Unit of measurement – Kilometers
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
0-1
3
2
-
10
19
5
-
-
1-2
0
-
-
20
1
-
-
-
2-5
1
1
-
40
1
-
-
-
5-10
4
2
-
10
2
-
-
-
Above 10
21
47
1
-
14
27
53
-
DK/CS
71
48
99
20
63
68
47
100
34.7
34.1
57.1
3.1
17.1
27.0
45.6
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
0-1
3
-
-
-
3
5
-
-
1-2
0
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
2-5
1
-
-
14
2
-
-
-
5-10
4
-
-
29
2
63
50
-
Above 10
21
76
6
57
22
6
-
-
DK/CS
71
24
94
-
70
25
50
100
34.7
54.9
28.5
26.3
38.2
14.1
9.0
-
MEAN
MEAN
• The average distance to sea port varies from state to state, depending on their location
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All respondents
All Figs in % 177
11.5 DISTANCE FROM THE NEAREST
SEAPORT
Unit of measurement – Kilometers
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=156)
(n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
0-1
3
-
4
2
-
-
-
-
-
1-2
0
-
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
2-5
1
-
2
7
-
-
-
-
-
5-10
4
-
1
13
-
-
11
-
-
Above 10
21
5
16
68
22
-
16
-
13
DK/CS
71
95
77
8
78
100
74
100
87
34.7
40.0
24.6
23.0
25.5
-
37.1
-
35.6
MEAN
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
0-1
3
-
-
-
-
1-2
0
-
-
-
2-5
1
-
-
5-10
4
-
Above 10
21
DK/CS
MEAN
© COPYRIGHT 2014
Tripura
Uttaranchal
(n=9)
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
0
-
-
7
-
-
2
-
2
20
44
22
-
44
24
71
98
80
48
78
100
54
73
34.7
57.5
70.0
24.1
11.0
-
69.7
28.1
All respondents
All Figs in % 178
CHAPTER 12
BACKEND INFRASTRUTURE
AVAILABILITY
Page no 179 to 184
© COPYRIGHT 2014
12. BACKEND INFRASTRUCTURE
AVAILABILITY

All of the CSs had some auxiliary facilities in their establishment. 58% had an ante room which
is necessary to keep out the heat, 45% each have sorting and grading facilities and pack
houses, and 39% have pre coolers.
Ante - room
13
4 10
Sorting/Grading
58
Packaging
17
Pre-cooler
Blast freezer / IQF (Individually
quick Freezer)
Ripening Chamber
39
45
42

Age wise analysis shows the following:
Auxiliary services

Refrigerated Trucks / Reefer
Trucks
No Response
CS set up
Before 2009
CS set up
After 2009
Ante – room
57
61
Sorting/Grading
45
42
Pack houses
43
39
Pre-cooler
38
42
Blast freezer / IQF (Individually quick Freezer)
17
17
Ripening Chamber
11
21
Refrigerated Trucks / Reefer Trucks
4
5
Not mentioned
10
8
Age wise analysis shows that in post 2009 period, the facilities relating to ante room, pre
coolers and ripening chambers have increased in incidence.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
180
12.1 AVAILABILITY OF ALLIED FACILITIES
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
58
Ante - room
Type P
(n=523)
56
Type M
(n=452)
61
Type Q
(n=44)
81
77
Sorting/Grading
45
44
38
62
48
Packaging
42
40
43
68
39
Pre-cooler
39
36
45
64
Blast freezer / IQF
(Individually quick Freezer)
17
12
Ripening Chamber
13
13
Refrigerated Trucks / Reefer
Trucks
No Response
24
Other
Products
(n=27)
59
26
37
55
60
52
36
26
14
16
11
11
20
14
15
4
3
9
10
10
10
5
7
0
• Type H cold stores have facilities available mainly for ante room, sorting and grading facilities
and pack houses.
• 81% of Type M storages consist of an ante –room. Type M CSs claim to have higher incidence of
all facilities
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
58
Ante - room
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
43
67
58
South
(n=1045)
62
Sorting/Grading
45
44
59
48
32
Packaging
42
36
59
51
35
Pre-cooler
39
35
44
40
41
Blast freezer / IQF
(Individually quick Freezer)
17
13
12
24
22
Ripening Chamber
13
9
7
19
21
4
2
2
9
7
10
9
9
11
11
Refrigerated Trucks / Reefer
Trucks
No Response
• Every cold store have some facility or other in the cold chain service other than mere storage
service.
• In the Eastern zone, maximum number of storages have infrastructure for pack houses, sorting
and grading services
• Ante-rooms are more common in the Western zone storages.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 181
12.1 AVAILABILITY OF ALLIED FACILITIES
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
Ante – room
58
72
64
100
61
27
55
67
Sorting/Grading
45
58
42
40
16
68
33
-
Pack Houses
42
66
36
40
20
73
44
-
Pre-cooler
39
59
42
10
32
36
46
-
Blast freezer / IQF
(Individually quick Freezer)
17
24
15
30
14
18
15
-
Ripening Chamber
13
24
4
-
26
14
12
33
Refrigerated Trucks /
Reefer Trucks
4
10
0
-
2
-
-
-
No Response
10
4
9
-
15
5
15
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Ante - room
58
78
60
71
70
69
64
50
Sorting/Grading
45
41
14
71
47
63
57
50
Pack Houses
42
33
14
43
40
51
57
50
Pre-cooler
39
47
20
57
34
30
57
31
Blast freezer / IQF
(Individually quick Freezer)
17
13
11
43
28
15
36
6
Ripening Chamber
13
9
14
-
16
19
14
-
Refrigerated Trucks /
Reefer Trucks
4
8
17
-
11
3
7
13
No Response
10
1
14
-
17
4
-
13
• Over 70% storages in Maharashtra, Haryana and Gujarat have facilities for Ante- room.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 182
12.1 AVAILABILITY OF ALLIED FACILITIES
States
All
(n=5003)
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagalan Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) d (n=1) (n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Ante – room
58
42
48
87
42
100
55
50
32
Sorting/Grading
45
16
44
74
23
-
29
100
51
Pack Houses
42
47
41
78
32
-
26
50
37
Pre-cooler
39
53
54
64
26
-
39
-
17
Blast freezer / IQF
(Individually quick Freezer)
17
21
17
62
15
-
29
-
8
Ripening Chamber
13
5
20
10
14
-
3
-
18
Refrigerated Trucks /
Reefer Trucks
4
-
11
20
1
-
13
-
6
No Response
10
5
5
1
13
-
16
-
6
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura Uttarancha
(n=9)
l (n=12)
WB
North East
(n=464)
(n=37)
Ante - room
58
57
-
53
22
67
34
24
Sorting/Grading
45
12
60
43
67
83
75
65
Pack Houses
42
13
100
49
56
67
70
70
Pre-cooler
39
15
20
33
44
50
38
35
Blast freezer / IQF
(Individually quick Freezer)
17
9
-
21
-
33
9
Ripening Chamber
13
16
-
14
-
8
5
Refrigerated Trucks /
Reefer Trucks
4
4
-
10
-
-
2
No Response
10
19
-
15
-
-
8
11
8
3
• Over 75% storages in WB have facilities available for sorting/grading.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 183
12.1 AVAILABILITY OF ALLIED FACILITIES
Ownership Type/Urban/Rural/NHB/NHM
Urban CS’s
(n=1481)
Rural CS’s
(n=3522)
NHB/NHM
(n=3061)
Others
(n=1942)
Ante – room
56
59
56
62
Sorting/Grading
39
47
45
45
Pack Houses
40
43
42
44
Pre-cooler
40
38
37
41
Blast freezer / IQF (Individually quick Freezer)
22
15
14
22
Ripening Chamber
21
10
12
15
Refrigerated Trucks / Reefer Trucks
7
3
3
7
No Response
10
10
10
9
Not
Company Company
Govt.
Proprietor
Association Association Cooper
mentioned
Partnership Public
Private
(Co./Dept.
ship
Public
Private
ative
ownership
(n=1677)
Ltd.
Ltd.
/PSU)
(n=1336)
(n=5)
(n=12) (n=130)
type
(n=174) (n=1563)
(n=82)
(n=24)
Ante - room
57
60
59
59
100
58
43
45
54
Sorting/Grading
44
47
42
43
60
8
49
39
33
Pack Houses
41
40
44
44
60
25
57
50
29
Pre-cooler
42
35
43
38
60
42
48
44
33
Blast freezer / IQF
(Individually quick
Freezer)
15
17
24
17
60
25
17
18
8
Ripening Chamber
19
13
18
8
-
17
10
13
13
Refrigerated
Trucks / Reefer
Trucks
4
4
7
5
20
8
5
9
8
No Response
8
9
6
12
-
17
9
6
17
• Over 55% of CS across all ownership types have Ante -room facility.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 184
CHAPTER 13
TECHNOLOGY & EQUIPMENTS
USED IN CS’S
Page no 185 to 245
© COPYRIGHT 2014
13. TECHNOLOGY USED

The technology in this sector varies across myriad components of the infrastructure in use. This
study queried about the following components - type of cooling coils (open tube or fin tube),
door release system, fire fighting system, refrigeration automation, sensors and air ventilation,
type of refrigerant gas, leak detection, cargo handling and tools, etc.

One third of CS’s use open tube evaporators (Bunker coil system) in their CSs. This was
observed mainly in Horticulture based CS. The usage of this system is minimal (16%) in Type M
CSs.
All
(n=5003)
25
Type P
(n=523)
Type H
(n=4333)
41
34
20
37
43
39
Type M
(n=452)
41
Bunker Coil
© COPYRIGHT 2014
54
32
41
30
21
63
19
27
16
Fin Coil
Other
Products
(n=27)
Type Q
(n=44)
19
DK/CS
186
13. TECHNOLOGY USED
Type of Coil used
Bunker coil system
Fin coil system
DK / CS
After 2009
(n=1183)
27
39
34
Before 2009
(n=3691)
36
21
43

Usage of Bunker coil system is dropped post 2009.

The average number of chambers in a cold storage is around 3 per store.

50% of the chambers had one door and other 50% of the chambers have two doors.

12% cold stores reported using fillers (husk, glass wool, sand dust or unspecified) for their
primary thermal insulation. The majority, about 71% of the cold stores were using add-on
insulating boards in the form of EPS (expanded polystyrene) or thermocol slabs. The incidence
of using pre-fabricated PUF panels was low with only 12% cold stores reporting the use of Poly
Urethane Foam.

1/3rd of Type M CSs use fillers for insulation of their chambers.

Majority of CSs have chambers with thickness of 50mm or above. Almost 50% of these cold
storages have chambers with 70mm or more thickness. The average thickness is reported to be
74mm.

Chambers using PUF panels for insulation purposes have maximum thickness of 84mm. The
lowest thickness is for chambers using mix for insulation.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
187
13. TECHNOLOGY USED
All
(n=5003)
Urban
(n=1481)
Rural
(n=3522)
NHB
(n=3061)
Others
(n=1942)
Bunker coil system
34
27
37
38
28
Fin coil system
25
34
21
21
32
DK / CS
41
39
42
42
40
Type of Coil used
Type of Coil used
Proprietorship Partnership
(n=1336)
(n=1677)
Company
(Private
Ltd.)
(n=1563)
Company
(Public Ltd.)
(n=174)
Association
(Public)
(n=5)
Bunker coil system
34
35
32
36
-
Fin coil system
26
24
38
22
60
DK / CS
40
42
30
43
40
Type of Coil used
Association
(Private)
(n=12)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./
PSU)
(n=82)
Not classified
under any
Ownership
type
(n=24)
Bunker coil system
33
32
15
33
Fin coil system
25
26
51
38
DK / CS
42
42
34
29

Close to 1/3rd of the cooperative CS’s have bunker coil systems.

Fin coils are least found among privately owned companies – 22%.

Prevalence of bunker coil systems is the least among government owned CS’s.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
188
13. TECHNOLOGY USED

Across all cold storages it has been found that they have an average of 4.0 evaporators and
2.5 compressors. Type Q cold storages have above average evaporators as well as
compressors i.e. 5.7 evaporators and almost 4 compressors.

In evaporators major manufacturers who have supplied are Frick India, Kirloskar, Akash, Super
Freezer, Blue Star, Carrier, New Coil India etc. The mean age of evaporators is 9 years.
Respondents are not able to mention the model name. They merely mention the year of
installation – ‘2009 model’ ‘2005 model’

In terms of compressors, the manufacturers who have supplied equipment are Kirloskar, Frick
India, Star Cooler, Meetelex, Super Freezer, Blue Star etc. The mean age of compressor in use
is 10 years. Mean capacity of compressors is 116 KW

Respondents are not able to mention the type of compressors properly –centrifugal,
reciprocal, screw type etc. They mention it as ammonia based or air and water cooled based.
Ammonia based compressors are present in 70% of the CSs. However in the Eastern zone
every alternate CS use air water cooled compressors.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
Type of compressors
%
Air and water cooled
23.19
Ammonia Based
69.66
Centrifugal
0.36
Reciprocating
1.62
Screw
1.36
Semi Hermetic
0.26
Not mentioned
3.55
189
13. TECHNOLOGY USED
Type of compressors
Association
(Public)
(n=27)
Air and water cooled
22
20
14
27
52
Ammonia Based
69
75
75
67
19
Centrifugal
1
0
1
0
-
Reciprocating
1
2
4
2
-
Screw
2
1
1
1
-
Semi Hermetic
-
0
1
0
15
Not mentioned
5
2
4
3
15
Type of compressors

Proprietorship Partnership
(n=4313)
(n=5779)
Company
(Private
Ltd.)
(n=6172)
Company
(Public Ltd.)
(n=736)
Association
(Private)
(n=39)
Cooperative
(n=467)
Government
(Co./Dept./
PSU)
(n=317)
Not
classified
under any
Ownership
type
(n=73)
Air and water cooled
21
30
29
33
Ammonia Based
69
51
53
56
Centrifugal
-
1
-
-
Reciprocating
-
5
5
3
Screw
-
8
3
5
Semi Hermetic
5
2
1
-
Not mentioned
5
4
9
3
Irrespective of the type of ownership, ammonia based compressors are most common in the
cold storages.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
190
13. TECHNOLOGY USED
All
(n=17923)
Urban
(n=5149)
Rural
(n=12774)
NHB
(n=11097)
Others
(n=6826)
Air and water cooled
23
20
24
26
19
Ammonia Based
70
68
70
68
73
Centrifugal
0
1
0
0
1
Reciprocating
2
2
1
1
2
Screw
1
2
1
1
2
Semi Hermetic
0
0
0
0
0
Not mentioned
4
6
3
4
4
Type of compressors

Ammonia based compressors are found in 70% of the rural cold storages.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
191
13. TECHNOLOGY USED

72% of the chambers are having chillness between 0-10 degree C, while frozen accounted for
8% and mild chill accounted for 4%.
16
4
Mild Chill >10C
8
Chill betn. 0 & 10C
Frozen below 0C
72

DK / CS
Technology has penetrated in many areas of CS’s, but there are certain areas which still follow
the rudimentary way of doing things.
 Emergency door release system
Emergency door release system
Emergency Door Release from inside
Emergency Bell on inside
Both
None

%
26
24
37
13
Over 60% (adding number mentioning ‘both’ to both the systems) had either emergency
release system from inside, or/and emergency bell inside, while 13% did not have any system.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
192
13. TECHNOLOGY USED
Emergency Door
Release System
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Company (Public
Ltd.)
(n=174)
Emergency Door
Release from inside
26
29
23
24
-
Emergency Bell on
inside
25
25
17
20
20
Both
32
35
47
45
80
None
17
11
13
12
-
Emergency Door
Release System`
Emergency Door
Release from inside
Emergency Bell on
inside
Both
None

Company
(Private Ltd.)
(n=1563)
Association
(Public)
(n=5)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./ PSU)
(n=82)
Not classified
under any
Ownership type
(n=24)
8
15
12
21
42
41
41
38
33
33
30
33
17
11
16
8
Association
(Private)
(n=12)
Over 70% (adding both to emergency bell inside) of the cold storages that are associations,
cooperatives or government owed have an emergency bell on the inside.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
193
13. TECHNOLOGY USED

Emergency Door
Release System
All
(n=5003)
Urban
(n=1481)
Rural
(n=3522)
NHB
(n=3061)
Others
(n=1942)
Emergency Door
Release from inside
26
18
29
28
23
Emergency Bell on
inside
24
25
24
20
30
Both
37
45
34
38
36
None
13
12
13
14
12
Over 70% (adding both to emergency bell inside) of the cold storages that are in urban cold
stores have an emergency bell on the inside compared to 58% in Rural cold stores.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
194
13. TECHNOLOGY USED

Fire fighting system
Gas based extinguishers are the mainly used fire fighting and detection systems. CSs were
using more than one type of system to fight fire in their cold stores.
Fire fighting system
Gas Based/ Extinguishers
Manual rounds
Sand Box
Hose/Hydrant
Sprinklers
Smoke Detectors
Heat Sensors
Others

%
73
46
47
19
18
16
13
3
Fire Fighting System in use by Age of CS (%)
Only 16% of the cold stores use Smoke detectors as a fire alarm system. Many supplanted this
with manual fire rounds though 53% did not rely on physical fire rounds as a process. Use of
various types of fire extinguishing equipment was reported in most cold stores. Foam and gas
based extinguishers were most common with sprinklers and fire hydrants and hoses.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
195
13. TECHNOLOGY USED


Fire Fighting
Systems
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Company (Public
Ltd.)
(n=174)
Company
(Private Ltd.)
(n=1563)
Association
(Public)
(n=5)
Gas Based/
Extinguishers
66
74
79
78
80
Manual rounds
42
48
32
49
40
Sand Box
37
48
39
55
40
Hose/Hydrant
Sprinklers
Smoke Detectors
13
18
27
25
40
16
17
29
19
40
15
13
32
20
60
Heat Sensors
12
11
24
16
20
Others
4
3
2
3
-
Fire Fighting
Systems
Association
(Private)
(n=12)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./ PSU)
(n=82)
Not classified
under any
Ownership type
(n=24)
Gas Based/
Extinguishers
42
72
57
71
Manual rounds
17
48
35
29
Sand Box
33
49
49
46
Hose/Hydrant
8
25
16
33
Sprinklers
17
15
16
13
Smoke Detectors
17
8
21
21
Heat Sensors
-
13
21
8
Others
-
2
11
4
Almost 80% of the cold storages be it public limited (companies) or private limited (companies)
have gas based extinguishers as a fire fighting mechanism. In comparison among Govt.
companies has only 57% have gas based extinguishers.
In cooperatives as well as government owned cold storages, 49% of them have sand boxes to
guard against fire.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
196
13. TECHNOLOGY USED
Fire Fighting
Systems
All
(n=5003)
Urban
(n=1481)
Rural
(n=3522)
NHB
(n=3061)
Others
(n=1942)
Gas Based/
Extinguishers
73
64
77
78
66
Manual rounds
46
33
51
51
38
Sand Box
47
40
50
49
44
Hose/Hydrant
Sprinklers
Smoke Detectors
19
11
23
22
14
18
19
17
16
21
16
20
15
15
18
Heat Sensors
13
16
12
12
16
Others
3
4
3
3
4


Except smoke detectors and heat sensors, all other type s of fire fighting equipments are found
in more percentage of rural CSs compared to urban CSs.
NHB assisted cold stores have better facilities for fire detection and fighting compared to othe
CSs
© COPYRIGHT 2014
197
13. TECHNOLOGY USED
All
CS's built
after 2009
CS's built
before 2009
73
66
75
16
16
17
Heat Sensors
13
11
14
Hose/Hydrant
19
13
21
Sprinklers
18
16
18
Sand Box
47
43
48
Manual rounds
46
45
46
Item
Extinguishers/ Gas
Based
Smoke Detectors

The majority of cold stores were primarily using ammonia as refrigerant gas. A small 0.23%
confirmed that they were using CO2 gas as the primary refrigerant.

As refrigerant gas, 10% of the total cold stores used Freon based cooling systems especially by
CS’s storing animal husbandry goods (meats, fish, poultry, etc.). Freon is used by a smaller CS’s
more common in states like Assam, Chandigarh, Andaman, Kerala etc. Refrigerant gas R22 is
the most commonly used Freon gas.
Ammonia
89
Freon
10
Carbon Dioxide 0
Others
© COPYRIGHT 2014
2
198
13. TECHNOLOGY USED

Capacity of Cold stores
 Distribution of Cold Storages interviewed in states and their capacity
State
Storage
Volumetric
capacity % Share of
Number of % Share
capacity
% share of
Storage
(million
CS’s
of Number
(million cubic Vol. Capacity
metric
capacity
meters)
tons)
Uttar Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra
West Bengal
Gujarat
Punjab
Karnataka
Bihar
Haryana
Madhya Pradesh
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Rajasthan
Chhattisgarh
Orissa
Delhi
Jharkhand
Assam
Jammu and
Kashmir
Himachal Pradesh
Uttaranchal
Andaman and
Nicobar Islands
Goa
Tripura
Chandigarh
Sikkim
Pondicherry
Nagaland
1371
600
451
464
399
402
188
169
185
156
143
102
104
76
38
35
19
22
Total
5003
© COPYRIGHT 2014
16
14
12
10
7
9
3
5
2
1
27.4
11.9
9
9.3
8
8
3.8
3.4
3.7
3.1
2.9
2
2.1
1.5
0.8
0.7
0.4
0.3
8.99
2.3
0.77
5.16
1.52
1.36
0.27
0.9
0.45
0.85
0.22
0.21
0.36
0.43
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.17
36.74
9.40
3.15
21.09
6.21
5.56
1.10
3.68
1.84
3.47
0.90
0.86
1.47
1.76
0.49
0.41
0.33
0.69
30.57
7.82
2.62
17.54
5.17
4.62
0.92
3.06
1.53
2.89
0.75
0.71
1.22
1.46
0.41
0.34
0.27
0.58
36.74
9.40
3.15
21.09
6.21
5.56
1.10
3.68
1.84
3.47
0.90
0.86
1.47
1.76
0.49
0.41
0.33
0.69
0.3
0.04
0.16
0.14
0.16
0.3
0.2
0.02
0.07
0.08
0.29
0.07
0.24
0.08
0.29
0.2
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.01
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.16
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.14
0.07
0.03
0.04
0.16
0.08
0.04
-
-
-
-
-
24.47
83.20
199
13. TECHNOLOGY USED

The state wise availability of cold stores can be highlighted in the first instance through the
above table showing the distribution of operational cold storages. This table does not indicate
the cold storages that refused to give interviews, that were temporarily closed, that were
permanently closed or those that were built with no intention to be used by public as a service
option (hotels, hospitals, personal use, etc)

More than 75% of cold storages are located in states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, UP, Punjab &
West Bengal. In terms of capacity Horticulture CSs account for 95% of total capacity and 89%
of total numbers across India.

As compared to all the zones, Eastern zone has reported highest storage capacity.

Mean storage capacity per cold store (by state)
North
5391
East
8543
West
3108
South
2850
11113
7610
5778
6559
3384
3482

7791 5330
2401 1196
2969
2226
5699
5448
3095 3706
4137
In MT
3929
2068 1440
1706
1544
1168
10
275
Mean storage capacity is highest in East zone, especially contributed by West Bengal
© COPYRIGHT 2014
200
13.1 USE OF BUNKER COIL SYSTEM
• 1/3rds of Type H cold storages use buker coil system.
All
(n=5003)
25
Type P
(n=523)
Type H
(n=4333)
41
20
39
43
37
34
Type M
(n=452)
54
41
32
Fin Coil
63
19
27
16
Bunker Coil
41
30
21
Other
Products
(n=27)
Type Q
(n=44)
19
DK/CS
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
25
North
(n=2142)
41
34
17
39
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
13
44
39
37
48
Bunker Coil
40
23
Fin Coil
South
(n=1045)
38
38
24
DK/CS
• More than 40% of the CSs in the North and East use bunker coil system.
• Around 37% of the cold stores in the Western and Southern zones use Fin systems, which is
more than double of the other two zones.
CHAPTER 9: TECHNOLOGY & EQUIPMENTS USED
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 201
13.1 USE OF BUNKER COIL SYSTEM
States
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Bunker coil system
34
23
43
-
37
50
33
33
Fin Coil system
24
49
9
90
23
14
17
67
DK / CS
42
28
48
10
40
36
50
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Bunker coil system
34
51
11
-
18
17
7
-
Fin Coil system
24
24
40
43
37
42
50
50
DK / CS
42
25
49
57
46
42
43
50
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1) (n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Bunker coil system
34
42
7
7
38
-
11
-
46
Fin Coil system
24
21
49
70
4
-
29
100
27
DK / CS
42
37
44
23
57
100
61
-
28
All
Rajasthan Sikkim
(n=5003) (n=104)
(n=3)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Bunker coil system
34
32
20
5
33
17
57
41
Fin Coil system
24
19
60
56
33
17
7
24
DK / CS
42
49
20
39
33
67
36
35
• A very high proportion of use of bunker coil system is seen in UP, Chattisgarh Punjab and West
Bengal.
• Higher proportion of CS’s in TN and Kerala use fin system.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 202
13.1 USE OF BUNKER COIL SYSTEM
ALL
North
East
41
34
43
44
38
46
25
39
21
17
34
13
34
27
36
39
41
28
39
13
48
West
26
42
33
South
40
35
41
38
34
40
37
45
35
38
41
36
23
20
24
24
25
24
9
49
41
All
On/After Before
All
On/After Before
All
On/After Before
All
On/After Before
All
On/After Before
(n=5003) 2009
2009 (n=2142) 2009
2009 (n=803) 2009
2009 (n=1013) 2009
2009 (n=1045) 2009
2009
(n=1183) (n=3691)
(n=391) (n=1654)
(n=140) (n=656)
(n=242) (n=750)
(n=407) (n=631)
Bunker Coil
Processed
Food
Horticulture
43
20
37
36
36
28
45
15
39
41
33
Fin Coil
Animal
Husbandry
43
30
39
48
36
54
21
19
22
16
22
59
19
•
•
Any other
products
Pharmaceuticals
33
52
15
All
On/After Before
All
On/After Before
All
On/After Before
(n=4333) 2009
2009 (n=523)
2009
2009
(n=452)
2009
2009
(n=1034) (n=3187)
(n=112) (n=400)
(n=106) (n=335)
Bunker Coil
DK/CS
Fin Coil
17
19
41
32
27
All
(n=44)
43
43
14
20
43
26
31
On/After Before
2009
2009
(n=7)
(n=35)
50
63
65
33
19
All
(n=27)
15
On/After Before
2009
2009
(n=6)
(n=20)
DK/CS
In all the zones especially in North and East zone, the proportion of CS that do not use
bunker coil has risen post 2009.
There is a drop in use of bunker coil in CS that store horticulture and pharma products.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Figs in % 203
13.2 NO. OF
CHAMBERS/ EVAPORATORS/COMPRESSORS / DG SETS
in COLD STORAGES

Most cold storages have more than 1 chamber. Some cold stores have 1 chamber, some have 4
some may have 7 or 10. Thus to avoid looking into details of each chamber separately, we have
shown a cumulative number which comprises of the total number of chambers across all cold
storages.
Example: If CS 1 has 3 chambers and CS 2 has 5 chambers, then the total number shown will
be 8 chambers.

More literally, in Maharashtra we have covered 451 cold stores however the total number of
chambers are 1783. Each cold store has an average of around 5.4 chambers.

Data for different type chambers is kept as it is and the responses for similar type chambers
have been multiplied by the number of available such chambers in the cold stores.

For instance if a CS has 7 similar type chambers, the study has ascertained details only once
and all the details related to the chamber has been multiplied by 7. This in the final output the
number of chambers would be 7 and not 1.
The same exercise has been carried out for Compressors,
Evaporators & DG Sets.
Items
Average Units per CS
Total units
-
5003
Number of Chambers
2.8
13855
Number of Compressors
3.6
17923
Number of Evaporators
4.2
20960
Number of DG Gensets
1.6
8197
Number of CSs reported
© COPYRIGHT 2014
204
13.2 NO. CHAMBERS & AGE
All
(n=13855)
Type H
(n=12157)
Type P
(n=1702)
Type M
(n=1172)
Type Q
(n=193)
Other
Products
(n=101)
3.1
11.8
3.0
11.7
4.3
12.5
2.7
11.5
5.3
14.4
6.0
15.4
Mean number of chambers per CS
Mean Age of chambers
Mean number of chambers per CS
Mean Age of chambers
All
(n=13855)
North
(n=5646)
East
(n=2230)
West
(n=3444)
South
(n=2535)
3.1
11.8
2.5
13.2
3.0
14.5
4.0
11.2
3.1
8.3
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=13855) (n=1783)
(n=3542)
Mean number of chambers
per CS
Mean Age of chambers
Mean number of chambers
per CS
Mean Age of chambers
A&N
(n=17)
AP
(n=1477)
Assam
(n=72)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=454)
(n=9)
3.1
5.4
2.4
1.2
3.0
6.5
2.2
3.7
11.8
11.4
13.3
7.9
6.8
8.0
16.4
9.8
All
(n=13855)
C’garh
(n=213)
Delhi
(n=131)
Goa
(n=14)
Gujarat
(n=1237)
Haryana
(n=493)
HP
(n=26)
J&K
(n=43)
3.1
2.6
6.9
2.2
2.6
2.6
4.7
4.9
11.8
11.8
13.3
9.6
10.8
10.9
9.5
14.1
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=13855) (n=82)
(n=416) (n=268) (n=410) (n=2) (n=85)
(n=6)
(n=1082)
Mean number of chambers
per CS
Mean Age of chambers
Mean number of chambers
per CS
Mean Age of chambers
© COPYRIGHT 2014
3.1
6.6
3.3
2.4
2.3
1.0
6.5
7.7
2.2
11.8
11.6
11.7
10.6
11.8
6.0
12.0
6.7
14.6
All
Rajasthan Sikkim
(n=13855) (n=287) (n=12)
TN
(n=351)
Tripura
(n=30)
Uttaranchal
(n=33)
WB
North East
(n=1280) (n=116)
3.1
2.1
1.0
3.5
9.6
3.1
2.5
6.6
11.8
11.1
10.7
9.1
9.0
17.3
15.4
8.5
All Respondents
All Figs in % 205
13.3 NUMBER OF DOORS
All
(n=13855)
Type H
(n=12157)
1
50
48
2
50
51
Type P
(n=1702)
Type M
(n=1172)
58
Type Q
(n=193)
58
42
59
42
41
Other
Products
(n=101)
51
49
• It is observed that 50% of chambers had 1 door and another 50% had two doors.
• On an average there were 1.5 doors in chambers.
Zone wise
All
(n=13855)
1
50
2
50
North
(n=5646)
41
59
East
(n=2230)
37
63
West
(n=3444)
66
34
South
(n=2535)
60
40
• East zone cold stores have more cold stores chambers with 2 doors compared to other zones
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Chamber
All Figs in % 206
13.3 NUMBER OF DOORS
States
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=13855) (n=1783)
(n=3542)
A&N
(n=17)
AP
(n=1477)
Assam
(n=72)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=454)
(n=9)
1
50
68
28
100
48
47
41
56
2
50
32
72
-
52
53
59
44
MEAN
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.4
All
(n=13855)
C’garh
(n=213)
Delhi
(n=131)
Goa
(n=14)
Gujarat
(n=1237)
Haryana
(n=493)
HP
(n=26)
J&K
(n=43)
1
50
50
51
36
70
59
62
70
2
50
50
48
64
30
41
38
30
MEAN
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.3
• State wise analysis shows that average doors were more in UP, Bihar, Uttaranchal, and WB.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Chamber
All Figs in % 207
13.3 NUMBER OF DOORS
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=13855) (n=82)
(n=416) (n=268) (n=410) (n=2) (n=85)
(n=6)
(n=1082)
1
50
73
72
78
44
50
52
83
73
2
50
27
28
22
55
50
48
17
27
MEAN
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.3
All
Rajasthan Sikkim
(n=13855) (n=287) (n=12)
TN
(n=351)
Tripura
(n=30)
Uttaranchal
(n=33)
WB
North East
(n=1280)
(n=116)
1
50
47
100
82
65
6
28
59
2
50
53
-
18
35
94
72
41
MEAN
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.9
1.7
1.4
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Chamber
All Figs in % 208
13.4 CHAMBER INSULATION - TYPES
All
(n=13855)
Add-on slabs
(Thermocol / EPS / XPS)
Type H
(n=12157)
71
73
PUF Sandwich Panel
12
10
Fillers (Husk / Raw /
Rock / Wool / Stardust)
12
14
MIX
DK / CS
Type P
(n=1702)
Type M
(n=1172)
Type Q
(n=193)
61
70
70
21
33
24
Other
Products
(n=101)
64
14
6
3
5
8
1
1
1
0
0
3
1
1
1
2
1
11
•
At all India level 71% of chambers have add-on panel insulation using thermacol/EPS/XPS. The
trend is same by type of products stored.
• PUF sandwich panels and fillers are also used in 12% of chambers each.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Chamber
All Figs in % 209
13.4 CHAMBER INSULATION - TYPES
Zone Wise
All
(n=13855)
Add-on slabs
(Thermocol / EPS / XPS)
71
PUF Sandwich Panel
12
Fillers (Husk / Raw /
Rock / Wool / Stardust)
12
MIX
DK / CS
North
(n=5646)
East
(n=2230)
63
4
West
(n=3444)
South
(n=2535)
73
72
88
4
27
23
24
6
2
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
2
• Zone wise analysis shows that East zone use more of add-on panel insulation compared to
others.
• Though North also uses add-on panel in most cases, the usage of fillers for insulation is higher
compared to other zones
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Chamber
All Figs in % 210
13.4 CHAMBER INSULATION - TYPES
States
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=13855) (n=1783)
(n=3542)
A&N
(n=17)
AP
(n=1477)
Assam
(n=72)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=454)
(n=9)
Add-on slabs
(Thermocol / EPS / XPS)
71
72
54
65
79
94
89
33
PUF Sandwich Panel
12
22
2
35
18
-
1
44
Fillers (Husk / Raw / Rock /
Wool / Stardust)
12
2
37
-
-
6
5
-
MIX
1
1
5
-
0
-
5
-
DK / CS
1
2
1
-
1
-
-
-
All
(n=13855)
C’garh
(n=213)
Delhi
(n=131)
Goa
(n=14)
Gujarat
(n=1237)
Haryana
(n=493)
HP
(n=26)
J&K
(n=43)
Add-on slabs
(Thermocol / EPS / XPS)
71
91
56
21
72
62
92
47
PUF Sandwich Panel
12
3
30
79
26
12
8
35
Fillers (Husk / Raw / Rock /
Wool / Stardust)
12
5
8
-
0
20
-
19
MIX
1
-
2
-
1
-
-
-
DK / CS
1
-
-
-
0
1
-
-
• There is a quite variation across states.
• UP, Haryana and HP, though add-on insulation is more prevalent, fillers are also used in a
considerable number of chambers.
• In Chandigarh, Goa and J&K, PUF is the most used insulation
• In AP and Chhattisgarh, mainly add-on insulation is used
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Chamber
All Figs in % 211
13.4 CHAMBER INSULATION - TYPES
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=13855) (n=82)
(n=416) (n=268) (n=410) (n=2) (n=85)
(n=6)
(n=1082)
Add-on slabs
(Thermocol / EPS / XPS)
71
88
61
62
80
100
79
50
91
PUF Sandwich Panel
12
-
30
35
13
-
12
50
3
Fillers (Husk / Raw / Rock /
Wool / Stardust)
12
1
0
0
5
-
5
-
4
MIX
1
2
1
2
1
-
2
-
1
DK / CS
1
-
6
0
0
-
-
-
1
All
Rajasthan Sikkim
(n=13855) (n=287) (n=12)
TN
(n=351)
Tripura
(n=30)
Uttaranchal
(n=33)
WB
North East
(n=1280) (n=116)
Add-on slabs
(Thermocol / EPS / XPS)
71
77
33
62
73
85
88
83
PUF Sandwich Panel
12
9
-
34
-
-
5
-
Fillers (Husk / Raw / Rock /
Wool / Stardust)
12
10
42
2
27
6
7
15
MIX
1
-
-
1
-
9
0
-
DK / CS
1
3
25
0
-
-
0
3
• In Jharkhand, WB, Punjab and MP add-on panels are mainly used
• In South – Kerala, Karnataka and TN, PUF is the second used insulation after add-on insulation
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Chamber
All Figs in % 212
13.5 TEMPERATURE ZONES FOR VARIOUS
TYPES OF CHAMBER INSULATIONS
Add on Panel (Thermocol/
EPS / XPS)
(n=9804)
All
(n=13855)
72
8
94
74
PUF Sandwich Panel
(n=1721)
MIX
(n=84)
23
87
7
16
4
Fillers (Husk / Raw /
Rock / Wool / Stardust)
(n=1728)
16
3
29
40
1 1
2
11
9
4
Mild Chill >10C
Chill betn. 0 & 10C
Frozen below 0C
DK/CS
• More than 85% of the CS using MIX & over 94% CS using Fillers has chilling between 0-10 C.
• 23% of the CS using PUF panels are frozen chambers.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Chamber
All Figs in % 213
13.6 CHAMBER INSULATION - THICKNESS
All
(n=13855)
Type H
(n=12157)
Type P
(n=1702)
Type M
(n=1172)
Type Q
(n=193)
1- 30 mm
15
15
30-50 mm
13
13
11
8
7
50-70 mm
11
11
8
5
11
70 - 100 mm
26
27
Above 100 mm
22
21
DK / CS
Mean
9
9
74.0
73.3
22
19
30
7
73.5
18
Other
Products
(n=101)
23
15
8
18
38
22
33
10
3
83.4
74.6
31
4
18
18
59.2
• Insulation thickness is highest in the Type M cold storages
• The modal value of thickness of insulation is 70-100 mm.
• The thickness of insulation ranges from 1- 10 mm to 126-155 mm thickness.
• Around 60% of all chambers had over 50 mm insulation.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Chamber
All Figs in % 214
13.6 CHAMBER INSULATION - THICKNESS
Zone Wise
All
(n=13855)
North
(n=5646)
East
(n=2230)
West
(n=3444)
South
(n=2535)
20
1- 30 mm
15
14
20
12
30-50 mm
13
14
16
10
10
50-70 mm
11
11
9
10
13
70 - 100 mm
26
19
28
35
27
Above 100 mm
22
23
18
26
20
DK / CS
Mean
9
74.0
11
74.8
7
6
67.9
79.8
8
69.8
• Analysis by zone, reveals that 70% of chambers in West had over 50 mm thickness in insulation
followed by South with 60% and East with 55%.
• In North this percentage drops to 53%.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Chamber
All Figs in % 215
13.6 CHAMBER INSULATION - THICKNESS
States
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=13855) (n=1783)
(n=3542)
A&N
(n=17)
AP
(n=1477)
Assam
(n=72)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=454)
(n=9)
1- 30 mm
15
17
17
24
15
34
30
0
30-50 mm
13
13
18
12
10
13
14
78
50-70 mm
11
11
13
24
17
34
5
-
70 - 100 mm
26
32
14
24
24
11
22
-
Above 100 mm
22
18
18
12
25
0
17
22
DK / CS
9
6
9
6
7
9
9
-
74.0
69.9
66.0
57.6
74.9
40.5
61.7
61.6
Mean Thickness
All
(n=13855)
C’garh
(n=213)
Delhi
(n=131)
Goa
(n=14)
Gujarat
(n=1237)
Haryana
(n=493)
HP
(n=26)
J&K
(n=43)
1- 30 mm
15
12
3
7
3
9
0
26
30-50 mm
13
9
2
0
6
7
0
0
50-70 mm
11
2
2
21
7
8
4
2
70 - 100 mm
26
28
31
-
37
32
35
47
Above 100 mm
22
36
57
71
40
18
8
21
DK / CS
9
7
5
-
4
6
54
5
74.0
93.7
109.7
97.3
96.1
80.3
91.8
74.1
Mean Thickness
• There are variations across states on thickness of insulation.
• Delhi, Uttaranchal, Goa and Gujarat had over 80% of chambers having over 50 mm insulation
compared to other states
• Chandigarh had only 22% chambers which was having higher than 50 mm insulation. This is one
of the lower percentages after Sikkim (0%), Tripura(0%), Nagaland(0%) and Kerala (15%)
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Chamber
All Figs in % 216
13.6 CHAMBER INSULATION - THICKNESS
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=13855) (n=82)
(n=416) (n=268) (n=410) (n=2) (n=85)
(n=6)
(n=1082)
1- 30 mm
15
63
23
50
11
100
41
17
9
30-50 mm
13
5
17
5
11
0
14
0
8
50-70 mm
11
-
8
1
13
-
-
83
8
70 - 100 mm
26
29
40
8
40
-
4
-
29
Above 100 mm
22
0
5
6
11
0
34
0
24
DK / CS
9
1
7
22
10
-
6
-
22
74.0
31.9
59.4
43.1
72.0
5.5
65.4
51.3
83.4
Mean Thickness
All
Rajasthan Sikkim
(n=13855) (n=287) (n=12)
TN
(n=351)
Tripura
(n=30)
Uttaranchal
(n=33)
WB
North East
(n=1280) (n=116)
1- 30 mm
15
9
63
17
54
0
9
53
30-50 mm
13
3
0
1
0
0
19
7
50-70 mm
11
1
-
9
-
21
14
14
70 - 100 mm
26
6
-
34
-
58
35
4
Above 100 mm
22
75
0
24
12
18
17
6
DK / CS
9
6
38
8
15
-
6
9
74.0
115.5
11.1
78.3
40.1
89.6
71.1
37.0
Mean Thickness
© COPYRIGHT 2014
Those mentioned any chamber in Q15an1
All Figs in % 217
13.7 THICKNESS BY THE VARIOUS
CHAMBER INSULATION TYPES
All
(n=13855)
Add on Panel
(Thermocol/
EPS / XPS)
(n=9840)
Fillers (Husk /
Raw / Rock /
Wool / Stardust)
(n=1728)
MIX
(n=84)
1- 30 mm
15
16
18
31-50 mm
13
14
11
8
7
51-70 mm
11
12
8
2
10
70 - 100 mm
26
27
10
Above 100 mm
22
22
20
Any other (specify) in mm
5
1
DK / CS
9
8
23
PUF Sandwich
Panel
(n=1721)
33
35
10
25
9
11
20
4
30
2
5
• Two thirds of the PUF sandwich panels have more than 70mm thickness.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Chamber
All Figs in % 218
13.8 TEMPERATURE ZONES IN CHAMBERS
All
(n=13855)
72
Type H
(n=12157)
8
4 16
Type M
(n=1172)
Type P
(n=1702)
17
80
3
52
4 13
4 27
Mild Chill >10C
21
Chill betn. 0 & 10C
2
41
13
68
53
Other
Products
(n=101)
Type Q
(n=193)
13
17
18
25
30
Frozen below 0C
DK/CS
• 72% of chambers have chill between 0 to 10 degree Celsius. This is mainly contributed by Type H
cold stores.
• In type M CSs, frozen chambers are more prevalent – 52%.
Zone wise
72
8
4 16
91
South
(n=2535)
West
(n=3444)
East
(n=2230
North
(n=5646)
All
(n=13855)
88
18
14
63
2
5
Mild Chill >10C
1
2
4
41
31
3 20
10
7
Chill betn. 0 & 10C
Frozen below 0C
DK/CS
• Zone wise analysis shows that in North and East Chillness between 0-10 c is close to 90% of the
CSs.
• In West and South where more of animal husbandry and processed foods are stocked, there is
comparatively greater percentage of CSs with frozen chambers as compared to East and North.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Chamber
All Figs in % 219
13.8 TEMPERATURE ZONES IN CHAMBERS
States
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=13855) (n=1783)
(n=3542)
Mild Chill >10 0 C
A&N
(n=17)
AP
(n=1477)
Assam
(n=72)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=454)
(n=9)
4
3
1
24
12
-
2
-
Chill betn. 0 & 10 C
72
57
97
12
29
83
88
67
Frozen below -18 0C
8
16
0
41
9
6
-
33
DK / CS
16
25
1
24
50
11
10
-
0
0
All
(n=13855)
C’garh
(n=213)
Delhi
(n=131)
Goa
(n=14)
Gujarat
(n=1237)
Haryana
(n=493)
HP
(n=26)
J&K
(n=43)
4
4
18
-
2
9
-
2
72
70
36
14
63
71
65
40
Frozen below -18 C
8
10
24
36
18
8
-
-
DK / CS
16
17
22
50
16
13
35
58
Mild Chill >10 0 C
Chill betn. 0 0 & 10 0C
0
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=13855) (n=82)
(n=416) (n=268) (n=410) (n=2) (n=85)
(n=6)
(n=1082)
Mild Chill >10 0 C
4
-
13
-
4
-
1
-
1
Chill betn. 0 & 10 C
72
100
35
15
85
100
47
100
96
Frozen below -18 0C
8
-
13
62
1
-
22
-
1
DK / CS
16
-
39
23
10
-
29
-
1
0
0
All
Rajasthan Sikkim
(n=13855) (n=287) (n=12)
Mild Chill >10 0 C
TN
(n=351)
Tripura
(n=30)
Uttaranchal
(n=33)
WB
North East
(n=1280) (n=116)
4
2
13
7
-
6
1
1
72
59
63
45
100
88
94
91
Frozen below -18 C
8
5
-
26
-
-
2
3
DK / CS
16
34
25
23
-
6
3
6
Chill betn. 0 0 & 10 0C
0
• In all states, chillness is reported between 0- 10 degree Celsius predominantly.
• Frozen temperatures were reported higher in Goa, Kerala and Andaman and Nicobar.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Chamber
All Figs in % 220
13.9 EVAPORATORS IN CS
All
(n=20960)
Type H
(n=18388)
Type P
(n=2558)
Type M
(n=1928)
Type Q
(n=308)
Other
Products
(n=113)
Mean number of evaporators per
cold storage
3.97
4.02
4.54
3.80
5.58
1.60
Average Age
9.2
9.0
10.4
8.5
11.0
9.2
All
(n=20960)
North
(n=8400)
East
(n=3120)
West
(n=5740)
South
(n=3700)
Mean number of evaporators per
cold storage
3.97
3.41
4.07
4.95
3.59
Average Age
9.2
9.9
7.9
9.7
7.8
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=20960) (n=2173)
(n=5471)
A&N
(n=21)
AP
(n=1869)
Assam
(n=90)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=836)
(n=10)
Mean number of
evaporators per cold
storage
3.97
3.35
3.48
1.55
3.01
4.53
5.37
2.38
Average Age
9.2
10.0
9.9
8.7
7.2
7.0
7.4
15.5
All
(n=20960)
C’garh
(n=263)
Delhi
(n=243)
Goa
(n=27)
Gujarat
(n=2934)
Haryana
(n=797)
HP
(n=100)
J&K
(n=55)
Mean number of
evaporators per cold
storage
3.97
2.55
4.83
1.79
5.91
2.89
6.39
4.78
Average Age
9.2
9.6
10.5
10.8
9.8
8.6
8.5
9.0
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=20960) (n=93)
(n=591) (n=432) (n=606) (n=5) (n=86) (n=13)
(n=1315)
Mean number of
evaporators per cold
storage
3.97
2.13
3.01
2.18
4.17
1.00
1.30
3.77
2.62
Average Age
9.2
8.8
8.1
8.1
6.2
5.5
11.2
10.1
10.7
All
Rajasthan Sikkim
(n=20960) (n=349) (n=13)
TN
(n=774)
Tripura
(n=37)
Uttaranchal
(n=60)
WB
North East
(n=1697) (n=116)
Mean number of
evaporators per cold
storage
3.97
2.81
1.17
5.84
2.86
4.77
3.64
3.68
Average Age
9.2
9.9
5.5
8.6
11.7
8.9
7.7
7.6
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 221
13.10 COMPRESSORS IN CS
All
(n=17923)
Type H
(n=15532)
Type P
(n=2218)
Type M
(n=1835)
Type Q
(n=269)
Other
Products
(n=118)
Mean number of Compressors in
CS’s
2.47
2.42
3
2.91
3.97
2.35
Average age
10.1
10.2
10.0
9.0
10.6
12.4
All
(n=17923)
North
(n=6900)
East
(n=3651)
West
(n=4039)
South
(n=3243)
Mean number of Compressors in
CS’s
2.47
2.19
3.14
2.31
2.49
Average age
10.1
10.2
11.8
10.2
8.0
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=17923) (n=2045)
(n=4526)
A&N
(n=22)
AP
(n=1705)
Assam
(n=86)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=574)
(n=9)
Mean number of
Compressors in CS’s
2.47
2.29
2.25
1.64
2.26
1.32
2.28
2
Average age
10.1
10.2
10.4
8.5
7.9
8.3
11.3
12.2
All
(n=17923)
C’garh
(n=236)
Delhi
(n=199)
Goa
(n=30)
Gujarat
(n=1455)
Haryana
(n=653)
HP
(n=60)
J&K
(n=49)
Mean number of
Compressors in CS’s
2.47
1.65
3.44
2.71
2.4
1.85
3.92
1.73
Average age
10.1
9.9
10.4
8.6
10.5
8.2
6.7
12.3
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=17923) (n=90)
(n=525) (n=483) (n=509) (n=5) (n=94) (n=12)
(n=1144)
Mean number of
Compressors in CS’s
2.47
1.8
2.14
2.46
2.07
1
1.72
4.83
1.76
Average age
10.1
10.4
7.9
8.1
9.6
5.5
12.2
10.5
10.8
All
Rajasthan Sikkim
(n=17923) (n=312) (n=12)
TN
(n=496)
Tripura
(n=30)
Uttaranchal
(n=38)
WB
North East
(n=2524) (n=133)
Mean number of
Compressors in CS’s
2.47
1.94
1
3.71
2.06
2.14
3.49
1.64
Average age
10.1
10.8
5.5
8.3
9.5
12.9
12.5
7.6
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 222
13.11 TYPE OF COMPRESSORS USED
All
(n=17923)
Type H
(n=15532)
70
Ammonia Based
71
23
Air and water cooled
Type P
(n=2218)
Type M
(n=1835)
61
23
Type Q
(n=269)
56
23
Other
Products
(n=118)
51
29
48
26
23
Reciprocating
2
1
8
5
9
9
Screw
1
1
2
2
0
0
Centrifugal
0
0
1
1
0
3
Semi Hermetic
0
0
1
1
0
0
DK / CS
4
3
5
7
14
17
• The respondents are not able to mention the type of compressors that they are using in
technical terms – reciprocatory, centrifugal, screw chillers etc.
• In all types of products stored, the respondents mentioned compressors as mainly ammonia
based followed by air and water cooled compressors
Zone wise
All
(n=17923)
North
(n=6990)
70
Ammonia Based
23
Air and water cooled
East
(n=3651)
84
West
(n=4039)
49
13
48
South
(n=3243)
74
57
12
31
Reciprocating
2
0
1
4
2
Screw
1
1
0
4
1
Centrifugal
0
0
0
1
1
Semi Hermetic
0
0
0
1
1
DK / CS
4
2
3
4
8
• Zone wise, while most of the zones use ammonia based compressors mainly, East zone CSs use
more of air and water cooled compressors.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Compressor
All Figs in % 223
13.11 TYPE OF COMPRESSORS USED
States
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=17923) (n=2045)
(n=4526)
A&N
(n=22)
AP
(n=1705)
Assam
(n=86)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=574)
(n=9)
Ammonia Based
70
58
84
-
74
62
94
100
Air and water cooled
23
19
15
-
15
35
5
-
Reciprocating
2
8
-
-
1
-
0
-
Screw
1
8
-
-
1
-
-
-
Centrifugal
0
1
-
9
1
-
-
-
Semi Hermetic
0
1
-
5
1
-
-
-
DK / CS
4
6
1
86
7
3
1
-
All
(n=17923)
C’garh
(n=236)
Delhi
(n=199)
Goa
(n=30)
HP
(n=60)
J&K
(n=49)
Ammonia Based
70
84
46
57
90
84
72
67
Air and water cooled
23
13
24
23
7
9
25
-
Reciprocating
2
2
8
3
1
-
-
27
Screw
1
-
-
-
1
2
-
6
Centrifugal
0
-
1
13
1
-
-
-
Semi Hermetic
0
-
-
-
0
-
3
-
DK / CS
4
1
22
3
0
4
-
-
Gujarat Haryana
(n=1455) (n=653)
• State wise analysis shows while most of the states mainly use ammonia based compressors,
states like Sikkim, WB, Kerala and Karnataka use air and water cooled compressors
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Compressor
All Figs in % 224
13.11 TYPE OF COMPRESSORS USED
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=17923) (n=90)
(n=525) (n=483) (n=509) (n=5) (n=94)
(n=12)
(n=1144)
Ammonia Based
70
74
36
30
93
100
89
42
91
Air and water cooled
23
26
51
66
2
-
9
-
7
Reciprocating
2
-
3
-
1
-
-
17
0
Screw
1
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
Centrifugal
0
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
Semi Hermetic
0
-
-
0
1
-
-
-
0
DK / CS
4
-
8
3
4
-
2
42
1
All
Rajasthan Sikkim
(n=17923) (n=312) (n=12)
TN
(n=496)
Tripura
(n=30)
Uttaranchal
(n=38)
WB
North East
(n=2524) (n=133)
Ammonia Based
70
86
33
50
87
100
32
66
Air and water cooled
23
7
58
32
13
-
64
31
Reciprocating
2
-
-
7
-
-
1
-
Screw
1
7
-
1
-
-
-
-
Centrifugal
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Semi Hermetic
0
-
-
1
-
-
0
-
DK / CS
4
-
8
9
-
-
4
3
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Compressor
All Figs in % 225
13.12 SAFETY – EMERGENCY DOOR RELEASE
AMONG ALL COLD STORES AND AMONG THOSE
WHO HAVE AVAILED SUBSIDIES
All
(n=5003)
All Those who availed Subsidies
(n=2079)
37
35
24
27
14
13
26
24
Emergency Door Release from inside
Both
Emergency Bell on inside
None
•
Overall two thirds (adding ‘both’ to both the systems) use either emergency door system
from inside or emergency bell system from inside.
•
The situation is similar even among cold stores who have availed subsidies
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Figs in % 226
13.13 SAFETY – EMERGENCY DOOR
RELEASE
All
(n=5003)
37
24
26
13
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
42
37
21
Type M
(n=452)
28
Type Q
(n=44)
43
27
14
Other
Products
(n=27)
46
7 4
20
56
40
30
5
26
26
11
7
12
Emergency Door Release from inside
Emergency Bell on inside
Both
None
• Around two thirds have either emergency door release system from inside or bell inside in all
types of cold stores except Type M.
• In type M 89% cold stores have emergency bell inside while 50% have emergency door release
system from inside
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
37
24
26
13
North
(n=2142)
17
38
East
(n=803)
46
32
13
20
11
South
(n=1045)
52
27
47
22
Emergency Door Release from inside
•
•
•
•
•
West
(n=1013)
13
Emergency Bell on inside
14
Both
18
16
13
None
Zone wise details vary with each zone
In North 70% have emergency door release system while only 48% have bell onside
In East 66% and 68% have emergency door and emergency bell respectively
In West, only 40% have emergency door release system while 74% have emergency bell
In South around 68% have emergency door release system and 71% have bell inside
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 227
13.13 SAFETY – EMERGENCY DOOR
RELEASE
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Emergency Door Release
from inside
26
7
48
-
13
23
15
-
Emergency Bell on inside
24
49
17
60
13
36
31
33
Both
37
37
19
30
58
36
38
33
None
13
6
16
10
16
5
15
33
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Emergency Door Release
from inside
26
18
26
14
18
9
7
31
Emergency Bell on inside
24
20
29
57
50
4
29
44
Both
37
61
46
-
12
78
36
13
None
13
1
-
29
21
9
29
13
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1) (n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Emergency Door Release
from inside
26
21
36
1
17
-
13
-
27
Emergency Bell on inside
24
68
10
52
29
100
29
50
22
Both
37
11
37
44
38
-
37
50
43
None
13
-
17
2
16
-
21
-
7
All
Rajasthan Sikkim
(n=5003) (n=104)
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Emergency Door Release
from inside
26
15
-
21
22
42
23
19
Emergency Bell on inside
24
4
-
17
67
8
15
41
Both
37
75
40
57
11
42
51
30
None
13
6
60
6
-
8
11
11
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 228
13.14 SAFETY: FIRE FIGHTING &
DETECTION SYSTEM
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Gas
Based/Extinguishers
Type P
(n=523)
74
73
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
69
Sand Box
47
46
46
Manual rounds
46
48
39
79
Other
Products
(n=27)
84
65
67
41
35
25
48
26
Hose/Hydrant
19
19
17
34
20
15
Sprinklers
18
16
22
32
18
11
Smoke Detectors
16
16
22
27
27
Heat Sensors
13
12
18
31
20
3
3
Others
4
3
2
30
19
4
• Multiple systems are used by cold stores to detect fire. Gas based extinguishers are the mainly
used fire fighting and detection systems. They are utilized in varied proportions across different
types of cold stores.
• While different types of extinguishers are used to put down fire, only 16% have smoke
detectors. Most CSs rely on manual rounds only to detect smoke/fire
Zone wise
North
(n=2142)
All
(n=5003)
Gas
Based/Extinguishers
73
Sand Box
47
Manual rounds
46
East
(n=803)
77
West
(n=1013)
84
44
64
68
54
South
(n=1045)
64
38
54
45
22
47
Hose/Hydrant
19
16
Sprinklers
17
21
6
20
17
Smoke Detectors
16
13
13
22
20
Heat Sensors
13
10
13
18
15
3
3
Others
52
10
1
3
10
6
• More than 80% of Eastern zone storages use gas based fire fighting systems for safety
measures.
• More than 50% of the storages in North & East use manual rounds.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 229
13.14 SAFETY: FIRE FIGHTING &
DETECTION SYSTEM
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Gas Based/Extinguishers
73
79
88
70
64
23
69
33
Sand Box
47
42
50
-
32
32
38
33
Manual rounds
46
14
66
-
41
18
19
67
Hose/Hydrant
19
16
19
-
2
-
6
-
Sprinklers
17
26
20
-
12
-
4
33
Smoke Detectors
16
31
12
-
22
32
14
33
Heat Sensors
13
22
11
-
9
27
11
-
Others
3
3
1
30
9
14
1
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Gas Based/Extinguishers
73
89
86
29
46
93
86
75
Sand Box
47
66
40
43
47
69
79
31
Manual rounds
46
46
29
43
25
23
71
38
Hose/Hydrant
19
28
14
14
7
8
14
19
Sprinklers
17
13
11
14
21
38
50
19
Smoke Detectors
16
3
6
29
14
5
7
6
Heat Sensors
13
3
9
-
17
6
7
13
Others
3
1
-
14
3
4
-
-
• Multiple systems are used in the CSs. Almost 2/3rds of the cold stores in UP use manual rounds
for fire fighting and detection.
• Gas based extinguishing systems are used in UP, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, HP, Jharkhand,
MP, WB and Uttaranchal
• Sand based systems are used in Chhattisgarh, Haryana, HP, Kerala, Orissa, TN, Uttaranchal and
WB
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 230
13.14 SAFETY: FIRE FIGHTING &
DETECTION SYSTEM
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003)
(n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1) (n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Gas Based/Extinguishers
73
89
35
90
66
-
71
100
37
Sand Box
47
16
42
80
4
-
61
50
18
Manual rounds
46
11
55
45
37
100
11
100
36
Hose/Hydrant
19
16
1
57
2
-
-
50
10
Sprinklers
17
5
9
43
1
-
11
50
10
Smoke Detectors
16
11
21
14
13
100
21
-
15
Heat Sensors
13
11
10
39
14
-
18
50
7
Others
3
-
2
2
1
-
-
-
10
All
Rajasthan Sikkim
(n=5003) (n=104)
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Gas Based/Extinguishers
73
57
20
80
44
100
95
27
Sand Box
47
16
-
76
44
83
86
30
Manual rounds
46
39
40
70
44
58
75
30
Hose/Hydrant
19
6
-
11
22
17
83
5
Sprinklers
17
44
-
25
33
17
5
8
Smoke Detectors
16
38
20
20
-
8
13
24
Heat Sensors
13
16
40
25
-
-
14
22
Others
3
6
20
1
11
-
1
14
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 231
13.14 SAFETY: FIRE FIGHTING &
DETECTION SYSTEM – COMPARISON OF
BEFORE AND AFTER 2009
All
(n=5003)
Gas
Based/Extinguishers
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
74
73
Type Q
(n=44)
69
Sand Box
47
46
46
Manual rounds
46
48
39
79
Other
Products
(n=27)
84
65
67
41
35
25
48
26
Hose/Hydrant
19
19
17
34
20
15
Sprinklers
18
16
22
32
18
11
Smoke Detectors
16
16
22
27
27
Heat Sensors
13
12
18
31
20
3
3
4
3
Type H
Type P
Type M
Others
All
30
19
2
4
Type Q
Other Products
On/After Before On/After Before On/After Before On/After Before On/After Before On/After Before
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
(n=1183) (n=3691) (n=1034) (n=3187) (n=107) (n=399) (n=106) (n=339) (n=6)
(n=35)
(n=6)
(n=20)
Gas
Based/Extinguishers
66
75
67
75
62
71
76
79
83
86
67
70
Sand Box
43
48
42
46
44
47
69
64
83
31
50
45
Manual rounds
45
46
47
48
41
40
30
37
33
26
33
25
Hose/Hydrant
13
21
12
21
18
16
27
36
33
20
33
10
Sprinklers
16
18
15
16
19
23
33
32
17
14
17
10
Smoke Detectors
16
17
14
16
26
20
32
25
33
20
67
20
Heat Sensors
11
14
10
12
22
16
26
32
33
17
50
10
Others
4
3
4
3
2
5
1
4
-
3
-
5
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 232
13.14 SAFETY: FIRE FIGHTING &
DETECTION SYSTEM
North
(n=2142)
All
(n=5003)
Gas
Based/Extinguishers
73
Sand Box
47
Manual rounds
46
77
19
16
Sprinklers
18
21
Smoke Detectors
16
Heat Sensors
64
68
54
South
(n=1045)
West
(n=1013)
84
44
Hose/Hydrant
Others
East
(n=803)
64
38
54
45
22
52
47
10
10
6
20
17
13
13
22
20
13
10
13
18
15
3
3
1
All
North
East
3
6
West
South
On/After Before On/After Before On/After Before On/After Before On/After Before
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
(n=1183) (n=3691) (n=391) (n=1654) (n=140) (n=656) (n=245) (n=750) (n=407) (n=631)
Gas
Based/Extinguisher
s
66
75
77
77
84
85
59
66
53
71
Sand Box
43
48
42
44
66
69
40
37
39
48
Manual rounds
45
46
48
56
49
55
21
22
56
41
Hose/Hydrant
13
21
13
15
44
54
6
11
8
12
Sprinklers
16
18
21
21
7
6
19
21
13
19
Smoke Detectors
16
17
16
12
12
14
17
23
16
23
Heat Sensors
11
14
12
10
11
13
16
19
8
19
Others
4
3
3
3
2
1
3
3
5
7
• Gas based and sand boxes are more prevalent in Eastern zone.
• The proportion of storages with extinguishers have fallen by one fourth in the South in CSs
installed post 2009.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 233
13.15 REFRIGERANT GAS USED
All
(n=17923)
Ammonia
Freon
Type H
(n=15532)
89
10
Type P
(n=2218)
91
Type M
(n=1835)
84
8
Type Q
(n=269)
74
16
Other
Products
(n=118)
80
26
19
88
14
Carbon Dioxide 0
0
0
0
0
0
Others 2
2
2
1
1
3
• Out of 17923 compressors, Ammonia is the most commonly used – 89% - refrigerant gas across
all type of cold stores.
• It should be noted that when we asked the type of compressors used, 70% CSs reported having
ammonia based compressors. But when asked specifically about gas used, 89% have reported
using ammonia
Zone wise
All
(n=17923)
Ammonia
North
(n=6990)
89
98
West
(n=4039)
96
South
(n=3243)
85
66
3
4
Carbon Dioxide 0
0
0
0
0
Others 2
0
0
1
7
Freon
10
East
(n=3651)
15
27
• Ammonia is predominantly used in cold stores located in the Northern, Eastern and Western
zones.
• In the Southern zone too ammonia gas is used, however 1/4th of them also use Freon.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Compressor
All Figs in % 234
13.15 REFRIGERANT GAS USED
States
All
Maharashrta
(n=17923)
(n=2045)
UP
(n=4526)
A&N
(n=22)
AP
(n=1705)
Assam
(n=86)
Bihar
(n=574)
Chandigarh
(n=9)
Ammonia
89
76
100
55
81
97
100
100
Freon
10
25
0
68
7
-
-
-
Carbon Dioxide
-
1
0
-
0
-
0
-
Others
2
1
0
-
13
3
-
-
All
(n=17923)
C’garh
(n=236)
Delhi
(n=199)
Goa
(n=30)
Gujarat
(n=1455)
Haryana
(n=653)
HP
(n=60)
J&K
(n=49)
Ammonia
89
95
79
77
93
91
72
100
Freon
10
5
35
23
7
9
28
-
Carbon Dioxide
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
Others
2
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=17923) (n=90)
(n=525) (n=483)
MP
(n=509)
Nagaland
(n=5)
Orissa
(n=94)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=12)
(n=1144)
Ammonia
89
100
47
38
100
100
98
42
100
Freon
10
-
51
62
-
-
4
58
-
Carbon Dioxide
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
0
Others
2
-
2
-
-
-
-
0
All
Rajasthan
(n=17923) (n=312)
1
Sikkim
(n=12)
TN
(n=496)
Tripura
(n=30)
Uttaranchal
(n=38)
WB
(n=2524)
North East
(n=133)
Ammonia
89
92
-
64
100
100
95
92
Freon
10
7
63
35
-
-
5
4
Carbon Dioxide
-
-
38
-
-
-
0
2
Others
2
0
-
1
-
-
0
2
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned Any Compressor
All Figs in % 235
13.16 TYPE OF FREON GAS USED
All
(n=1807)
56
R22
R404A
Type H
(n=1197)
24
Type P
(n=359)
66
15
Type M
(n=479)
37
35
39
44
Other
Products
(n=16)
Type Q
(n=50)
14
44
52
0
R12 7
7
8
10
10
38
R134a 5
6
10
4
0
0
R401A 2
3
7
1
0
0
R143 2
3
6
1
0
R407A 1
0
2
1
R408A 1
0
0
3
0
0
R406A 1
0
0
1
0
0
R414 0
0
1
0
0
0
19
24
0
• Of the 1807 compressors where Freon gas is used, majority of Type P, M & Q storages use
R404A type of Freon gas. However in Type H cold stores usage of R22 prevails by a sizeable
number which is to be replaced as per directive. It is also found that R12 is still in vogue which
should have been replaced by now.
Zone wise
All
(n=1807)
56
R22
R404A
North
(n=182)
30
24
R12 7
East
(n=141)
West
(n=611)
59
18
13
16
23
South
(n=873)
67
52
17
32
6
4
R134a 5
5
1
5
7
R401A 2
8
0
1
3
R143 2
2
0
3
2
R407A 1
3
0
0
2
R408A 1
0
0
0
2
R406A 1
0
0
1
1
R414 0
0
0
0
0
• R22 is used relatively by a higher proportion of cold stores in the East, West and South.
• 30% of CS’s in North use R22 and 23% of CS in East use R12
© COPYRIGHT 2014
Those mentioned Freon in Q19b
All Figs in % 236
13.16 TYPE OF FREON GAS USED
States
All
(n=1807)
Maharashrta
(n=505)
UP
(n=16)
A&N
(n=15)
AP
(n=114)
Assam
(n=--)
Bihar
(n=-)
Chandigarh
(n=-)
R22
56
73
-
33
29
-
-
-
R404A
24
18
-
20
25
-
-
-
R12
7
5
75
40
9
-
-
-
R134a
5
4
-
13
9
-
-
-
R401A
2
0
-
-
9
-
-
-
R143
2
3
-
-
7
-
-
-
R407A
1
-
-
-
11
-
-
-
R408A
1
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
R406A
1
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
R414
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
All
(n=1807)
C’garh
(n=12)
Delhi
(n=69)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=98)
Haryana
(n=57)
HP
(n=17)
J&K
(n=-)
R22
56
-
29
14
43
23
100
-
R404A
24
-
20
86
8
33
-
-
R12
7
83
-
-
7
23
-
-
R134a
5
17
1
-
10
14
-
-
R401A
3
-
22
-
2
-
-
-
R143
2
-
4
-
4
-
-
-
R407A
1
-
7
-
-
-
-
-
R408A
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
R406A
1
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
R414
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
• 33% cold stores in Haryana use R404A.
• In Maharashtra usage of R22 prevails in 73% of the CS’s.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that use Freon gas for refrigeration
All Figs in % 237
13.16 TYPE OF FREON GAS USED
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=1807)
(n=-)
(n=267) (n=298)
MP
(n=1)
Nagaland
(n=-)
Orissa
(n=4)
Pondicherry
(n=7)
Punjab
(n=-)
R22
56
-
67
42
-
-
75
100
-
R404A
24
-
25
50
-
-
-
-
-
R12
7
-
2
5
100
-
25
-
-
R134a
5
-
7
4
-
-
-
-
-
R401A
3
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
R143
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
R407A
1
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
R408A
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
R406A
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
R414
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
All
Rajasthan
(n=1807)
(n=23)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=172)
Tripura
(n=-)
Uttaranchal
(n=-)
WB
(n=120)
North East
(n=5)
R22
56
22
-
64
-
-
67
-
R404A
24
-
-
20
-
-
16
-
R12
7
22
100
-
-
-
14
100
R134a
5
-
-
8
-
-
-
-
R401A
3
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
R143
2
-
-
8
-
-
-
-
R407A
1
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
R408A
1
-
-
9
-
-
-
-
R406A
1
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
R414
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
• Close to 2/3rds of the storages in Karnataka, WB and TN use R22 type of Freon gas.
• More than 1 out of every 2 cold stores use R404A in Kerala.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that use Freon gas for refrigeration
All Figs in % 238
13.17 AVERAGE STORAGE CAPACITY OF CS
Unit of measurement – Metric Tonnes
All
(n=5003)
<=100
12
Type H
(n=4333)
10
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
20
23
Type Q
(n=44)
Other
Products
(n=27)
14
19
100-500 6
3
7
500.1-1000 5
4
5
14
14
1000.1-2000 7
7
6
7
9
2000.1-3000 7
7
7
4
2
3000.1-5000
16
13
4
16
20
6
23
22
23
15
Above 5000
No Response
14
31
18
35
18
21
24
0
18
19
4
15
0
7
• Chamber wise capacity was ascertained and total capacity of cold stores arrived at.
• Average storage capacity of all CSs was at 5,003 tons. The storage capacity of type H CSs are the
largest at 5,492 tons. The average storage capacity of type M was the lowest at 1,818 tons.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 239
13.17 AVERAGE STORAGE CAPACITY OF CS
Unit of measurement – Metric Tonnes
Zone Wise
All
(n=5003)
<=100
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
3
100-500 6
3
4
10
9
500.1-1000 5
5
3
6
5
1000.1-2000 7
8
7
8
4
2000.1-3000 7
7
6
8
6
3000.1-5000
15
11
13
18
15
No Response
14
31
18
17
39
16
21
South
(n=1045)
7
Above 5000
12
North
(n=2142)
48
12
18
20
28
• CS capacity ranges between less than 10 tons to over 10000 tons
• East zone boasts of higher average capacity of CSs followed by North zone.
• 39% of North and 48% of East zone CSs have over 5000 tons capacity
• South zone has lowest average capacity of 2850 tons. Nearly 34% of CSs have less than 1000
tons capacity.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 240
13.17 AVERAGE STORAGE CAPACITY OF CS
Unit of measurement – Metric Tonnes
OWNERSHIP TYPE
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
<=100
•
17
Partnership
(n=1677)
10
Company
Private Ltd.
(n=1563)
Company
Public Ltd.
(n=174)
21
Association
(n=5)
7
40
100-500 5
5
8
6
500.1-1000 5
5
5
4
0
1000.1-2000 8
8
5
6
0
2000.1-3000 7
8
5
6
3000.1-5000
13
17
10
12
Above 5000
23
No Response
22
31
16
30
20
20
0
41
16
17
20
0
CS capacity is maximum for private limited company’s – 6,177MT.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 241
13.17 AVERAGE STORAGE CAPACITY OF CS
Unit of measurement – Metric Tonnes
OWNERSHIP TYPE
Association
Private
(n=12)
<=100
Not mentioned any
ownership type
(n=24)
3
100-500 6
3
4
10
500.1-1000 5
5
3
6
1000.1-2000 7
8
7
8
2000.1-3000 7
7
6
8
3000.1-5000
15
No Response
•
Government
(n=82)
7
Above 5000
12
Cooperative
(n=130)
14
31
18
17
39
16
21
48
12
11
18
18
Government owned cold storages have reported the least storage capacity across various
ownership types.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 242
13.17 AVERAGE STORAGE CAPACITY OF CS
Unit of measurement – Metric Tonnes
Urban/Rural/NHB/NHM
Urban CS’s
(n=1481)
<=100
19
Rural CS’s
(n=3522)
NHB/NHM
(n=3061)
Others
(n=1942)
10
9
17
100-500 7
5
4
8
500.1-1000 5
5
4
5
1000.1-2000
9
6
7
7
2000.1-3000
9
6
7
7
3000.1-5000
14
14
15
13
Above 5000
16
No Response
21
38
17
39
15
18
23
•
The mean storage capacity of rural CSs is much higher at 5656 tons compared to 3369 tons of
urban CSs.
• Like wise, cold stores assisted by NHM and NHB have higher mean capacity of 5940 compared
to 3355 tons of other Cs’s.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 243
13.17 AVERAGE STORAGE CAPACITY OF CS
Unit of measurement – Metric Tonnes
States
All
(n=5003)
Maharashrta
(n=451)
UP
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
<=100
12
33
4
70
14
5
2
33
100-500
6
13
3
-
3
5
1
-
500.1-1000
5
7
5
20
2
5
3
-
1000.1-2000
7
10
4
-
4
5
9
-
2000.1-3000
7
7
4
-
5
14
15
33
3000.1-5000
14
3
12
-
19
23
25
-
Above 5000
31
5
54
-
22
45
44
33
No Response
18
23
12
10
32
-
1
-
MEAN
5003
1706
6559
275
3929
7791
5330
7610
MEDIAN
3996
200
6497
80
3961
4667
4977
1415
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
<=100
12
7
3
14
16
17
36
6
100-500
6
-
3
29
10
2
-
6
500.1-1000
5
4
20
-
6
7
21
13
1000.1-2000
7
3
17
14
5
26
14
25
2000.1-3000
7
8
14
29
8
16
7
-
3000.1-5000
14
38
26
-
19
14
14
13
Above 5000
31
30
9
-
26
10
-
6
No Response
18
11
9
14
11
8
7
31
MEAN
5003
5699
2969
1168
3706
2401
1196
2226
MEDIAN
3996
4900
2400
440
2994
1821
645
1135
• In Maharashtra, Haryana and Goa, CSs average capacity are smaller while in UP, Assam, Bihar
and Chhattisgarh the CSs’ average capacity is large
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 244
13.17 AVERAGE STORAGE CAPACITY OF CS
Unit of measurement – Metric Tonnes
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
MP
(n=156)
Nagaland
(n=1)
Orissa
(n=38)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=2)
(n=402)
<=100
12
0
38
20
1
0
13
100
10
100-500
6
5
5
44
2
-
16
-
1
500.1-1000
5
5
6
15
3
-
3
-
1
1000.1-2000
7
11
4
2
6
-
8
-
10
2000.1-3000
7
11
8
3
9
-
3
-
12
3000.1-5000
14
32
3
1
17
-
18
-
24
Above 5000
31
11
8
4
40
-
16
-
10
No Response
18
26
28
11
21
100
24
-
32
MEAN
5003
4137
1440
1544
5448
-
3095
10
3384
MEDIAN
3996
3150
93
218
5010
-
1600
5
3033
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
<=100
11
20
20
22
0
8
2
5
100-500
5
7
-
9
11
-
4
5
500.1-1000
5
3
-
4
11
-
3
5
1000.1-2000
7
10
20
6
33
8
7
14
2000.1-3000
7
9
-
12
-
-
2
8
3000.1-5000
14
24
-
12
22
17
9
19
Above 5000
32
19
-
7
22
42
58
32
No Response
18
9
60
29
-
25
15
11
MEAN
5003
3482
1008
2068
4512
5778
11113
6485
MEDIAN
3996
2720
15
1500
1833
5700
10300
4100
• WB CSs have the highest average storage capacity of 1,11,13 tons.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 245
CHAPTER 14
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Page no 246 to 264
© COPYRIGHT 2014
14. AMC, PMC AND BREAKDOWN DETAILS

The survey found that 68% cold storages at an all India level do not subscribe to any annual
maintenance contracts. However as compared to other states, more cold storages in
Maharashtra, AP, Delhi and TN have subscribed to AMC’s. On the axis of product storage, two
thirds of the Type H, P & M cold stores have not subscribed to AMC.
Subscribe to AMC
Urban CS’s
(n=1481)
33
33
31
No
71
67
67
69
ALL
(n=5003)
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Company (Public
Ltd.)
(n=174)
Yes
32
31
33
32
No
68
69
67
68
Subscribe to AMC

Others
(n=1942)
29
Association

NHB/NHM
(n=3061)
Yes
Subscribe to AMC

Rural CS’s
(n=3522)
(Public)
(n=5)
Association
(Private)
(n=12)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./
PSU)
(n=82)
Company
(Private Ltd.)
(n=1563)
32
68
Not classified
under any
Ownership
type
(n=24)
Yes
80
42
29
44
25
No
20
58
71
56
75
In rural areas marginally higher percentage have AMC contracts.
But between NHB assisted CSs and others there is no significant difference in having AMC
contracts.
A good 44% of government owned cold storages subscribe to AMC. The proportion subscribing
to AMC’s among other ownership types are comparatively much lower.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
247
14. AMC, PMC AND BREAKDOWN DETAILS

Of 1438 CSs that are using AMCs, over 90% cold storages have subscribed to it for its
refrigeration and plant equipment and 65% of them for diesel gensets.

AMCs for gensets in the Northern zone total to 77%. This number is comparatively much lower
in other zones with the least in West.
91
90
66
65
88
86
100
88
Refrigeration
plant &
equipments
Diesel Genset
60
58
47
9
All
(n=1610)

Type H
(n=1416)
Type P
(n=171)
Type M
(n=137)
Type Q
(n=17)
Other
products
(n=11)
Spare parts are maintained for both refrigeration unit as well as power units.
79
Spare parts
71
34
Refrigeration
Power unit
Controllers & Sensors

Almost 80% cold storages all over India stock spare parts for refrigeration. This is specially
evident in the states of Haryana, Kerala, WB and TN. Cold storages in the Western zone are less
likely to store any kind of spare parts as compared to the other zones. More than 90% cold
storages in WB also store spare parts for power units.

Of those having AMCs(32%), over 90% of Type H cold stores have subscribed to AMC for
refrigeration plant and equipments. Across other Type of storages too, subscription for the
same purpose is high. Two thirds of Type H CS’s also have AMC contract for Diesel gensets too.

In all zones 87% to 96% of those having AMC have taken AMC fro refrigeration plants. In the
Northern zone, higher proportions of cold storages have AMCs for diesel gensets compared to
other zones.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
248
14. AMC, PMC AND BREAKDOWN DETAILS

Over 50% claim to do periodic maintenances. In Pharma CSs over two thirds claim to do
periodic maintenance. In zone wise analysis, in East zone nearly 2/3rd claim to have periodic
maintenance. However in the South this proportion drops down to 38%.
Periodic Maintenance Followed
47
Yes No
53
Urban CS’s
(n=1481)
Periodic Maintenance
Others
(n=1942)
46
55
54
51
No
54
45
46
49
ALL
(n=5003)
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Company (Public
Ltd.)
(n=174)
Yes
53
47
55
60
No
47
53
45
40
Association
Periodic
Maintenance

NHB/NHM
(n=3061)
Yes
Periodic
Maintenance

Rural CS’s
(n=3522)
(Public)
(n=5)
Association
(Private)
(n=12)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./
PSU)
(n=82)
Company
(Private Ltd.)
(n=1563)
53
47
Not classified
under any
Ownership
type
(n=24)
Yes
100
33
61
62
58
No
-
67
39
38
42
More percentage of CSs located in rural areas do regular periodic maintenance compared to
CSs in urban areas. Like wise, NHB more percentage of NHB assisted CSs do regular periodic
maintenance
Close to 60% of Public limited, cooperative and government owned cold storages do undertake
periodic maintenances.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
249
14. AMC, PMC AND BREAKDOWN DETAILS

Those who claim to do periodic maintenance, over 50% claimed to do maintenance for 1 or 2
days in a month with an average of 1.5. The frequency of periodic maintenances is higher in the
Southern zone 1.7 (average), though percentage doing maintenance is low here

The number of emergency breakdown days reported was only 1.1 days in the previous year
(average nationwide).

65% of the cold stores reported not having a single full day of loss of function with only 2%
having more than 10 days of breakdown in the year. 7% had no response on the matter.
Break down days (%) in a year
2%
0 days
7%
1-10 days
26%
> 10 days
65%
DKCS

Type H cold storages have reported least average number of break down days. Type Q cold
storages have reported more than 2 days where no work was done in the last 1 year.

The Northern zone has 75% cold storages that have mentioned having 0 break down days.
More than 1 out of 3 cold storages in the South claim to have had 1-10 break down days.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
250
14.1 SPARE PARTS & INVENTORY USED
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Refrigeration
79
79
76
Power unit
71
71
70
Controllers & Sensors
34
34
DKCS 5
85
59
40
3
Other
Products
(n=27)
75
72
36
5
Type Q
(n=44)
30
6
2
74
41
22
11
• Spare parts for refrigeration are stocked in more than 3/4ths of the cold stores irrespective of
the product they store.
• Spare parts for power units are also kept in over 70% of all Type storages.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
South
(n=1045)
82
Refrigeration
79
80
87
67
Power unit
71
73
80
62
Controllers & Sensors
DKCS 5
34
36
4
32
2
68
18
5
46
10
• Spare parts for refrigeration and power units are stored in more than 80% of cold stores in the
Eastern zone.
• Spare parts for controllers and sensors are stocked more so in the South based cold storages.
• Storage of any kind of spare parts is less among CSs of West zone compared to other zones
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 251
14.1 SPARE PARTS & INVENTORY USED
All
(n=5003)
Maharashrta
(n=451)
UP
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
Refrigeration
79
77
79
70
77
32
73
67
Power unit
71
58
78
60
62
59
67
33
Controllers & Sensors
34
28
42
60
53
27
25
-
DKCS
5
8
2
10
15
9
2
33
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Refrigeration
79
84
69
57
64
91
86
94
Power unit
71
63
51
43
67
75
86
69
Controllers & Sensors
34
9
37
29
10
19
14
25
DKCS
5
3
23
-
4
7
14
-
MP
(n=156)
Nagaland
(n=1)
Orissa
(n=38)
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=2)
(n=402)
Refrigeration
79
42
84
92
48
-
92
100
81
Power unit
71
63
66
85
66
100
29
50
67
Controllers & Sensors
34
16
20
47
8
-
21
50
32
DKCS
5
5
3
4
1
-
-
-
6
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Refrigeration
79
68
60
90
78
100
96
46
Power unit
71
32
40
80
22
92
95
49
Controllers & Sensors
34
9
60
55
56
75
39
38
DKCS
5
14
-
2
11
-
1
8
• Over 90% CS’s in Haryana, TN, WB, Orissa and Kerala store spare parts for refrigeration.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 252
14.2 ANNUAL MAINTENANCE CONTRACT
(FOR SPECIFIC AREAS)
Annual Maintenance Contract
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
68
Type P
(n=523)
67
Type Q
(n=44)
70
61
59
67
33
32
Type M
(n=452)
Other
Products
(n=27)
33
39
30
Yes
No
41
DK/CS
• 2/3rds of the Type H, P & M cold stores have not subscribed to AMC.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
West
(n=1013)
74
70
68
32
East
(n=803)
30
68
32
26
Yes
No
South
(n=1045)
60
40
DK/CS
• Across zones, a majority of cold stores have no annual maintenance contract.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 253
14.2 ANNUAL MAINTENANCE CONTRACT
(FOR SPECIFIC AREAS)
States- Annual Maintenance Contract
All
(n=5003)
Maharashrta
(n=451)
UP
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
Yes
32
46
35
-
48
55
28
-
No
68
54
65
100
52
45
72
100
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Yes
32
20
49
29
23
32
50
13
No
68
80
51
71
77
68
50
88
MP
(n=156)
Nagaland
(n=1)
Orissa
(n=38)
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=2)
(n=402)
Yes
32
16
15
41
17
-
37
50
16
No
68
84
85
59
83
100
63
50
84
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Yes
32
28
20
43
56
-
24
49
No
68
72
80
57
44
100
76
51
• In AP and Maharashtra, every nearly 50% cold storages have annual maintenance contract.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 254
14.2 ANNUAL MAINTENANCE CONTRACT
(FOR SPECIFIC AREAS)
“AMC SUBSCRIBED FOR WHAT”?
91
90
66
65
88
86
100
88
60
58
47
9
All
(n=1610)
Type H
(n=1416)
Type P
(n=171)
Type M
(n=137)
Type Q
(n=17)
Refrigeration
plant &
equipments
Diesel Genset
Other
products
(n=11)
• Of those having AMCs – 1610 CSs - , over 90% of Type H cold stores have subscribed to AMC for
refrigeration plant and equipments. Across other Type of storages too subscription for the same
purpose is high.
• 2/3rds of Type H CS’s also have AMC contract for Diesel gensets too.
Zone wise
90
87
65
77
96
94
87
71
46
All
(n=1610)
North
(n=653)
East
(n=208)
West
(n=328)
61
Refrigeration
plant &
equipments
Diesel Genset
South
(n=421)
• In all zones among those having AMCs, 87% to 96% have maintenance for refrigeration plants
• In North zone highest percentage of cold stores reported having AMC for gensets. West zone
had least percentage reporting AMC for gen sets
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS”s that have subscribed to AMC’s
All Figs in % 255
14.2 ANNUAL MAINTENANCE CONTRACT
(FOR SPECIFIC AREAS)
All
(n=1610)
Maharashrta
(n=208)
UP
(n=474)
A&N
(n=-)
AP
(n=290)
Assam
(n=12)
Bihar
(n=48)
Chandigarh
(n=-)
Refrigeration plant &
equipments
90
91
84
-
99
75
77
-
Diesel Genset
65
58
86
-
66
50
63
-
All
(n=1610)
C’garh
(n=15)
Delhi
(n=17)
Goa
(n=2)
Gujarat
(n=91)
Haryana
(n=60)
HP
(n=7)
J&K
(n=2)
Refrigeration plant &
equipments
90
100
88
100
97
93
100
100
Diesel Genset
65
60
59
50
26
82
-
-
All
Jharkhand Karnataka
(n=1610)
(n=3)
(n=28)
Kerala
(n=58)
MP
(n=27)
Nagaland
(n=-)
Orissa
(n=14)
Pondicherry
(n=1)
Punjab
(n=64)
Refrigeration plant &
equipments
90
100
96
98
100
-
100
-
94
Diesel Genset
65
33
25
47
15
-
29
100
47
All
(n=1610)
Rajasthan
(n=29)
Sikkim
(n=1)
TN
(n=44)
Tripura
(n=5)
Uttaranchal
(n=-)
WB
(n=110)
North East
(n=18)
Refrigeration plant &
equipments
90
86
100
75
80
-
88
78
Diesel Genset
65
17
100
68
60
-
85
56
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS”s that have subscribed to AMC’s
All Figs in % 256
14.3 AMC SERVICE PROVIDER
(FOR ENTIRE CS)
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
71
71
74
71
29
29
29
Type Q
(n=44)
67
64
36
26
Yes
Other
Products
(n=27)
33
No
• Across all type of cold stores, only 29% had AMC service provider
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
74
81
71
29
26
19
Yes
West
(n=1013)
South
(n=1045)
72
28
58
42
No
• Across zones, dominant number of cold stores do not have an AMC service provider.
• A relatively higher percentage of cold stores in South do have an AMC service provider – 42%.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 257
14.3 AMC SERVICE PROVIDER
(FOR ENTIRE CS)
States
All
(n=5003)
Maharashrta
(n=451)
UP
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
Yes
29
43
31
-
51
32
20
-
No
71
57
69
100
49
68
80
100
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Yes
29
20
46
29
19
25
50
6
No
71
80
54
71
81
75
50
94
MP
(n=156)
Nagaland
(n=1)
Orissa
(n=38)
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=2)
(n=402)
Yes
29
11
15
41
7
100
32
50
11
No
71
89
85
59
93
-
68
50
89
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Yes
29
22
20
40
33
-
17
32
No
71
78
80
60
67
100
83
68
• Every alternate cold store in AP have an AMC service provider.
• Above 80% CS’s in Gujarat, MP, Chhattisgarh and Karnataka have no AMC service provider. In MP
this percentage shoots up to over 90%.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 258
14.4 PERIODIC MAINTENANCE FOLLOWED
Periodic Maintenance Followed
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
47
47
53
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
44
42
Yes
52
36
64
58
56
53
Other
Products
(n=27)
Type Q
(n=44)
48
No
• 1 out of every 2 cold stores follow periodic maintenances.
• 2/3rds of Type Q storages undergo periodic maintenances.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
47
53
47
53
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
34
66
Yes
South
(n=1045)
62
42
58
38
No
• In the Eastern zone, almost 2/3rds of the CS’s follow periodic maintenances.
• Every alternate CS’s in Northern and Western zone have periodic maintenances.
• Only over a third of cold stores reported having periodic maintenance in South zone
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 259
14.4 PERIODIC MAINTENANCE FOLLOWED
States
All
(n=5003)
Maharashrta
(n=451)
UP
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
Yes
53
64
53
-
33
91
24
33
No
47
36
47
100
67
9
76
67
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Yes
53
51
66
71
53
77
64
25
No
47
49
34
29
47
23
36
75
MP
(n=156)
Nagaland
(n=1)
Orissa
(n=38)
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=2)
(n=402)
Yes
53
47
32
50
52
100
26
50
40
No
47
53
68
50
48
-
74
50
60
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Yes
53
57
40
64
100
50
86
86
No
47
43
60
36
-
50
14
14
• 86% CS’s in WB have periodic maintenances.
• More than 2/3rds of the cold stores in Orissa and Bihar do not follow any periodic
maintenances.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 260
14.5 FREQUENCY OF PERIODIC
MAINTENANCE IN A MONTH
All
(n=2640)
57
1-2
3-4
Type H
(n=2281)
6
DKCS
Type M
(n=260)
Type Q
(n=28)
Other
Products
(n=13)
52
63
61
77
56
5
38
Type P
(n=293)
5
38
7
43
11
29
29
8
15
• Of 2640 CSs, having periodic maintenance, over 50% CS’s have 1-2 days for periodic maintenance
in a month.
Zone wise
All
(n=2640)
57
1-2
3-4
DKCS
North
(n=1135)
6
71
4
38
East
(n=527)
South
(n=394)
51
53
34
3
24
West
(n=584)
6
63
11
42
36
• Over 70% cold stores in the Northern zone have 1-2 days every month for maintenance
purposes.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have periodic maintenances
All Figs in % 261
14.5 FREQUENCY OF PERIODIC
MAINTENANCE IN A MONTH
States
All
(n=2640)
Maharashrta
(n=288)
UP
(n=732)
A&N
(n=-)
AP
(n=196)
Assam
(n=20)
Bihar
(n=40)
Chandigarh
(n=1)
1-2
57
51
67
-
51
25
63
100
3-4
6
7
5
-
14
5
8
-
DKCS
38
41
28
-
35
70
30
-
Mean
1.5
1.6
1.5
-
1.9
2.0
1.6
1.0
All
(n=2640)
C’garh
(n=39)
Delhi
(n=23)
Goa
(n=5)
Gujarat
(n=210)
Haryana
(n=142)
HP
(n=9)
J&K
(n=4)
1-2
57
82
74
20
61
80
78
25
3-4
6
3
-
-
4
4
-
-
DKCS
38
15
26
80
34
16
22
75
Mean
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.4
1.3
1.1
2.0
All
Jharkhand Karnataka
(n=2640)
(n=9)
(n=61)
Kerala
(n=71)
MP
(n=81)
Nagaland
(n=1)
Orissa
(n=10)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=1)
(n=159)
1-2
57
89
31
68
27
-
90
-
78
3-4
6
-
7
10
7
-
-
-
4
DKCS
38
11
62
23
65
100
10
100
18
Mean
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.4
1.7
-
1.1
-
1.4
All
(n=2640)
Rajasthan
(n=59)
Sikkim
(n=2)
TN
(n=65)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=6)
WB
(n=397)
North East
(n=32)
1-2
57
85
50
66
11
67
24
22
3-4
6
2
-
9
-
17
3
3
DKCS
38
14
50
25
89
17
73
75
Mean
1.5
1.2
2.0
1.6
2.0
1.8
1.4
2.0
• Of the CSs having periodic maintenance, over 75% cold stores in Haryana have 1-2 days for
maintenance purposes. So is the trend in Chhattisgarh.
• Rajasthan has over 85% storages which have 1-2 days for periodic maintenance purposes.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have periodic maintenances
All Figs in % 262
14.6 AVERAGE BREAKDOWN DAYS
(IN LAST 1 YEAR)
All
(n=5003)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
68
55
49
45
37
45
39
37
65
0
26
1-10
Other
Products
(n=27)
Type H
(n=4333)
24
37
Above 10 2
1
3
2
5
15
7
7
5
4
11
11
DKCS
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
65
0
26
1-10
Above 10 2
DKCS
North
(n=2142)
7
East
(n=803)
75
72
10
1
14
West
(n=1013)
South
(n=1045)
42
24
61
53
35
2
2
3
2
3
1
• Type H cold stores have had minimal break downs with over 2/3rds of them having 0 break
down days.
• 1 out of every 2 Type P cold storages have had no break downs.
• The overall average is just 1.1 days
• Zone wise analisis shows that the break down days are higher in West and South zones
compared to North and East zones
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 263
14.6 AVERAGE BREAKDOWN DAYS
(IN LAST 1 YEAR)
States
All
(n=5003)
Maharashtra
(n=451)
UP
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
0
65
44
78
70
62
59
69
67
1-10
26
Above 10
DKCS
2
7
47
2
6
6
1
16
0
0
30
35
3
-
36
5
-
27
4
-
33
0
-
MEAN
1.1
1.9
0.4
-
1.6
1.2
1.8
0.7
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
0
65
1-10
26
2
7
1.1
63
21
4
60
29
0
43
43
14
22
76
3
78
19
1
100
0
0
81
19
0
12
11
-
0
2
-
-
1.9
1.3
2.1
1.5
0.9
-
0.4
Above 10
DKCS
MEAN
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
1-10
65
26
Above 10
2
0
DKCS
MEAN
7
1.1
63
37
0
0.5
71
23
5
1
2.8
MP
(n=156)
Nagaland
(n=1)
Orissa
(n=38)
88
12
1
0.4
100
0
1.0
26
58
16
6.5
45
49
1
5
1.4
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=2)
(n=402)
50
50
0
0.5
66
16
0
18
0.4
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
71
40
61
67
83
81
57
1-10
65
26
Above 10
2
24
0
60
0
35
2
22
11
0
8
18
0
38
5
7
1.1
5
0.5
0.6
2
1.0
1.4
8
1.8
1
0.3
1.2
0
DKCS
MEAN
• In Gujarat, 76% of the cold stores have had 1-10 number of break down days.
• 78% of the CS’s in UP and 88% in MP have had 0 break down days and are also the states with
least average number of 0.4 days in the last year. Rajasthan and Jharkhand also reported
having just 0.5 days in a year of break down days
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 264
CHAPTER 15
CAPACITY UTILIZATION &
PATTERNS
Page no 265 to 271
© COPYRIGHT 2014
15. CAPACITY UTILIZATION PATTERN OVER
LAST 3 YEARS.

At an all India level the study indicates that there is 75% capacity utilization of cold storages.
India has wide array of CS’s when looked at by its storage capacity. There are smaller CSs which
can store less than 1,000 MT of produce and then there are mega CS’s which store 10,000 MT
of capacity. States like WB, UP & Chandigarh boasts having extremely high storage capacity:
average storage capacity is more than 6000 MT. Karnataka and Maharashtra, despite having
higher number of cold storages, have average storage capacity of less than 2000 MT.
All India Storage capacity and utilization
North
(n=2113)
5391
East
(n=803)
75.0
8543
West
(n=1027)
3108
South
(n=1038)
2850
77.5
70.8
75.6
Average Storage Capacity (MT)
Capacity Utilization (% annum)
© COPYRIGHT 2014
266
15. TOTAL STORAGE CAPACITY ALONG
WITH THE CAPACITY UTILIZATION OF THE
CS’S
Capacity
Utilization
All
<= 50
51-55
56-60
61-65
66-70
71-75
76-80
81-85
86-90
91-95
96-100
Storage
(n=18858) (n=3971) (n=106) (n=1124) (n=199) (n=1654) (n=834) (n=2492) (n=476) (n=1632) (n=596) (n=5771)
capacity
MT
0-10
5
6
-
5
3
8
5
6
3
6
3
5
10-50
4
5
7
6
2
3
2
3
1
2
3
4
50-100
3
3
8
3
2
2
3
2
2
4
1
3
100-500
6
5
4
6
5
4
3
6
6
6
7
7
500.1-1000
5
5
-
4
11
5
4
3
4
4
8
5
1000.1-2000
8
9
6
7
12
6
7
8
6
9
5
7
2000.1-3000
7
8
2
8
9
8
8
9
6
7
7
6
3000.1-5000
14
14
10
14
17
14
16
14
9
13
9
14
Above 5000
32
25
42
26
26
33
36
31
42
34
43
35
No Response
18
20
22
21
14
17
17
18
20
15
14
16
MEAN
5189
4338
9850
5817
5627
5162
5746
4859
6477
5108
6104
5429
MEDIAN
3996
2996
5598
3306
2388
3986
4524
3500
5450
3957
5000
4190
• It is observed that 43% of the CS with storage capacity of more than 5000MT have used 91-95%
of their capacity.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 267
15. CAPACITY UTILIZATION PATTERN OVER
LAST 3 YEARS.

In terms of capacity utilization, North (75%), East (77%) and South (76%) zones are ones which
have higher utilization. West (71%) is lagging in terms of capacity utilization and thus there is
scope for increased storage of produce in these states.
 Capacity Utilisation by type of product stored
Product type
Horticulture
Processed food
Animal Husbandry
Pharma products
Others

Capacity utilization is over 70% for all product type stored with Horticulture having the highest
capacity utilization.
Capacity of CSs (MT)
< 100
100.1 –500
500.1 – 1000
1000.1 – 2000
2000.1 – 3000
3000.1 – 5000
Above 5000


Capacity Utilization
%
75%
71%
74%
70%
65%
Capacity Utilization %
71.9
76.3
74.1
72.4
71.1
72.7
77.5
Analysis was done to check whether there is any problem of capacity utilization if the storage
capacity is higher.
CSs having different capacities have over 70% capacity utilization. There is no problem in
capacity utilization whether the unit is having less than 100 tonnes capacity or over 5000
tonnes capacity.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
268
15. TOTAL CAPACITY UTILIZATION OF THE
PLANT ACROSS THREE YEARS
AVERAGE CAPACITY UTILIZATION
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
ALL (n=5003)
75%
76%
75%
Horticulture /Agriculture (n=4333)
75%
76%
76%
Processed Food (n=523)
71%
70%
69%
Animal Husbandry (n=452)
74%
73%
71%
Pharmaceuticals (n=44)
70%
72%
70%
Other products (n=27)
65%
65%
61%
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
ALL (n=5003)
75%
76%
75%
North (n=2142)
75%
80%
80%
East (n=803)
78%
78%
76%
West (n=1013)
71%
72%
71%
South (n=1045)
76%
70%
67%
Item
ZONE WISE
Item
• The average capacity utilization is at around 75% for all CSs in all three years
•
Across all types of products stored also the capacity utilization ranges between 70 to 75% in
2012. Across the previous 2 years also the capacity utilization similar to 2012
• The average capacity utilisation is the highest in East zone
• Capacity utilization in West is the lowest at 71%
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 269
15. TOTAL CAPACITY UTILIZATION OF THE
PLANT ACROSS THREE YEARS
AVERAGE CAPACITY UTILIZATION
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
Urban CS’s (n=1481)
74
73
72
Rural CS’s (n=3522)
75
77
76
NHB/NHM (n=3061)
76
77
75
Others (n=1942)
73
74
74
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
Proprietorship (n=1336)
73
74
74
Partnership (n=1667)
73
75
74
Company Public Ltd. (n=174)
73
74
70
Company Private Ltd. (n=1563)
78
79
77
Association Public (n=5)
45
41
43
Association Private (n=12)
81
77
76
Cooperative (n=130)
78
80
81
Government (Co./Dept./PSU)
66
62
56
Not mentioned Ownership Type
(n=24)
66
64
59
Item
Item


Between urban and rural as well as between NHB assisted and other CSs, there is not a big
difference in capacity utilization. All CSs have over 73% capacity utilization across years.
In terms of capacity utilization, the government related cold storages have shown a consistent
growth over the last 3 years, though it still have one of the lower capacity utilisation compared
to private sector companies.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 270
15. TOTAL CAPACITY UTILIZATION OF THE
PLANT
STATE WISE
Item
ALL (n=5003)
Maharashtra (n=451)
UP (n=1371)
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(n=10)
Andhra Pradesh (n=600)
Assam (n=22)
Bihar (n=169)
Chandigarh (n=3)
Chhattisgarh (n=76)
Delhi (n=35)
Goa (n=7)
Gujarat (n=399)
Haryana (n=185)
Himachal Pradesh (n=14)
Jammu and Kashmir (n=16)
Jharkhand (n=19)
Karnataka (n=188)
Kerala (n=143)
Madhya Pradesh (n=156)
Nagaland (n=1)
Orissa (n=38)
Pondicherry (n=2)
Punjab (n=402)
Rajasthan (n=104)
Sikkim (n=5)
Tamil Nadu (n=102)
Tripura (n=9)
Uttaranchal (n=12)
West Bengal (n=464)
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
75%
74%
78%
76%
79%
83%
75%
78%
83%
70%
65%
50%
77%
65%
69%
92%
76%
80%
90%
62%
71%
69%
62%
65%
70%
76%
83%
68%
64%
69%
92%
73%
84%
88%
62%
76%
65%
62%
58%
69%
74%
81%
64%
64%
65%
77%
71%
84%
84%
60%
77%
72%
57%
60%
69%
73%
78%
5%
4%
5%
69%
80%
68%
78%
58%
80%
71%
79%
60%
80%
72%
78%
60%
61%
48%
77%
74%
70%
55%
51%
53%
56%
83%
70%
85%
66%
84%
• Though overall capacity utilization is at 75%, it is lowest at Nagaland at 5% utilization. Tripura
also has one of the lower capacity utilization at 55%.
• Other states that have lower capacity utilization are Andaman, Bihar, Gujarat, HP, J&K,
Jharkhand, Sikkim and Uttaranchal, where capacity utilization is between 55% and 70%
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 271
CHAPTER 16
POWER SOURCE & ITS
UTILIZATION
Page no 272 to 294
© COPYRIGHT 2014
16. POWER SOURCE, GENERATORS OR
ALTERNATE SOURCE

On an average most CS’s get a sanctioned load in the range of 150 – 200 kVA. Gujarat, Kerala,
and West Bengal are states which have been sanctioned more than 200 kVA of load which is
higher than the national average of 168.9 kVA. Some bigger states like Karnataka and Rajasthan
have extremely low sanctioned loads which may be an area of concern for the CS’s located
there.

Yearly energy utilization
Item
Average Capacity Utilization (%)
Energy Cost per CS
(Rs per year)
Grid Power
(Hours per day)
DG Fuel Consumed (Ltrs/annum)

Current
Year
2012-13
Previous
Year
2011-12
Previous
Year
2010-11
75%
76%
75%
18,99,129
16,70, 915
15,21,697
17
16
16
16,472
17,671
18,002
In 2012-13, the all India expense on energy is INR 18.99 Lakh (per cold store per year). Animal
husbandry and pharmaceutical based CS’s have a relatively higher expenditure on energy, and
report existence of higher number of evaporator / compressor units in these facilities.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
273
16. POWER SOURCE, GENERATORS OR
ALTERNATESOURCE

States in East zone spend the most on the energy cost per year as their average expense is
more than Rs 28 Lakhs per annum. Diesel powered generators are used across the country and
the national average consumption of diesel per cold store is 16473 litres per year.

As existence of power and continuous supply of power is an absolute necessity, not a single CS
was without a DG set. In fact many of them had more than 1 DG set
No of DG sets
Item
1 DG set
2 DG sets
3 DG sets
More than 3 DG sets
% of CS
48%
35%
10%
7%

Due to lower availability of grid power in South Zone the penetration of DG sets is justifiably
higher. The quantum of DG fuel used is highest in South

Average age of DG sets was 9 years. The average capacity of gen set was 143 kVA. The major
manufacturers of DG sets in use were Kirloskar, Ashok Leyland, Cummins and Eicher

Adoption of Alternate sources of energy (like wind, solar, thermal power) is still very low where
95% of CS’s do not have a provision for the same.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
274
16.1 SANCTIONED LOAD
Sanctioned Load (KVA)
All
(n=5003)
1-50
12
Type H
(n=4333)
12
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
12
Type Q
(n=44)
11
27
27
101-150
19
20
13
14
18
151-200
17
19
12
9
9
201-250
9
9
9
9
0
251-300
3
3
3
5
7
11
9
2
1
DK/CS
20
4
51-100
300 KVA and above
33
5
14
43
27
3
Other
Products
(n=27)
33
15
4
15
0
14
6
5
26
4
• Average sanctioned load of electricity is at 168.38 KVA.
• Type H product CSs have the lowest sanctioned load, while that of M type has the highest
sanctioned load. It was already observed that M type use lower temperature levels to store
meat and fish products
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
1-50
12
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
300 KVA and above
DK/CS
North
(n=2142)
4
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
10
9
South
(n=1045)
33
27
26
23
19
19
14
16
12
9
4
17
30
37
20
24
9
12
11
9
5
3
3
7
4
2
11
5
2
1
24
0
15
2
9
3
• East zone has the highest sanctioned load compared to South which has the lowest sanctioned
load of electricity
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
275
16.1 SANCTIONED LOAD
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
1-50
12
11
1
10
41
5
29
-
51-100
27
54
13
70
23
18
27
67
101-150
19
8
21
10
26
23
19
33
151-200
17
6
39
-
3
14
15
-
201-250
9
2
16
-
2
14
7
-
251-300
3
2
4
10
1
9
1
-
300 KVA and above
11
14
5
0
3
18
2
0
DK/CS
2
3
1
-
2
-
-
-
MEAN
168.38
165.5
182.9
115.4
83.03
199.1
107.9
99.7
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
1-50
12
1
9
14
7
20
29
6
51-100
27
71
37
43
22
35
36
25
101-150
19
16
11
-
17
14
7
19
151-200
17
4
9
-
12
16
7
31
201-250
9
1
14
-
17
6
-
6
251-300
3
1
9
-
7
2
-
-
300 KVA and above
11
5
11
14
19
7
21
13
DK/CS
2
-
-
29
1
1
-
-
MEAN
168.38
120.4
168.8
157.4
206.04
132.5
172.9
168.4
• State wise analysis shows that sanctioned load is higher in Maharashtra, UP, Assam, Gujarat,
J&K, Kerala, Nagaland, Orissa, TN, Uttaranchal and WB.
• Sanctioned load are less than 100 KVA in HP, AP, Chandigarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka and Sikkim
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 276
16.1 SANCTIONED LOAD (Cont’d)
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry
(n=5003)
(n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
Punjab
(n=402)
1-50
12
26
50
3
6
-
16
-
3
51-100
27
63
15
12
26
-
34
-
68
101-150
19
11
12
17
40
-
8
50
11
151-200
17
-
4
10
12
-
8
-
10
201-250
9
-
10
11
7
100
5
-
3
251-300
3
-
1
5
2
-
5
-
1
300 KVA and above
11
0
7
29
7
0
24
50
3
DK/CS
2
-
2
12
-
-
-
-
1
MEAN
168.38
71.3
106.8
267.3
150.4
240.0
185.9
362.5
118.7
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
1-50
12
6
80
3
11
-
3
16
51-100
27
20
-
16
11
33
12
14
101-150
19
41
20
43
-
17
12
16
151-200
17
16
-
7
56
25
12
22
201-250
9
3
-
3
11
-
14
14
251-300
3
1
-
4
-
-
11
5
300 KVA and above
11
5
0
24
11
25
36
14
DK/CS
2
8
-
1
-
-
0
-
MEAN
168.38
151.93
40.4
224.8
202.1
205.8
287.8
179.51
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 277
16.2 DG SET IN CS
Mean number of DG set in CS’s
Mean number of DG set in CS’s
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
Other
Products
(n=27)
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.9
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
South
(n=1045)
1.8
2.0
2.5
1.2
1.7
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
Mean number of DG set in
CS’s
Mean number of DG set in
CS’s
1.8
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
1.9
2.1
1.3
2.2
1.0
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
1.8
1.1
1.5
1.1
1.2
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
2.5
1.0
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
1.7
1.4
1.3
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1) (n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Mean number of DG set in
CS’s
1.8
2.0
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Mean number of DG set in
CS’s
© COPYRIGHT 2014
1.8
2.4
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.0
1.3
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
1.0
1.5
1.7
1.7
All Respondents
1.0
1.4
WB
North East
(n=464)
(n=37)
2.8
1.8
All Figs in % 278
16.3 ENERGY USAGE & COST
All (n=5003)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for mean
capacity all India
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1899129
1670915
1521697
17
16
16
16473
17671
18002
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1877664
1629657
1475574
17
16
16
14788
16378
16453
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1730135
1538706
1432101
18
18
17
15346
22261
18212
Horticulture / Agriculture (n=4308)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity of segment
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Processed Food (n=516)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity of segment
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
• Average energy cost is at over Rs 19 lakhs overall. M type – Animal husbandry and Q type –
Pharmaceuticals spend more on energy cost.
• Animal husbandry stores also consume more diesel in a year compared to others
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 279
16.3 ENERGY USAGE & COST
Animal Husbandry (n=456)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity of segment
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
2662269
2490079
2242319
19
19
19
31279
30365
29195
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
2271436
2021987
2143071
20
20
20
9915
9177
7027
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1358462
869700
552903
18
17
17
15972
12163
12462
Pharmaceuticals (n=43)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity of segment
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Other products (n=27)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity of segment
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 280
16.3 ENERGY USAGE & COST
All (n=5003)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity all India
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1899129
1670915
1521697
17
16473
16
17671
16
18002
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1819212
1668768
1497308
16
16007
15
19423
15
20808
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
2836916
2251808
2013288
17
19604
16
19227
16
18999
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1689736
1609179
1501587
20
5163
20
7743
20
4645
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1585742
1306501
1226514
17
24609
17
20911
16
22319
North (n=2142)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity of zone
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
East (n=803)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity of zone
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
West (n=1013)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity of zone
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
South (n=1045)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity of zone
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
• Average energy cost is the highest in East
• The quantum of DG fuel used is highest in South.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 281
16.3 ENERGY USAGE & COST
All (n=5003)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity all India
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1899129
1670915
1521697
17
16473
16
17671
16
18002
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1144101
1073438
1008017
19
5969
19
8344
19
5104
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1979621
1803856
1647035
14
21990
13
26611
13
28558
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
691600
641000
580500
22
2299
22
70845
22
2282
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1634493
1432927
1284111
17
18326
16
14690
15
16475
Maharashrta (n=451)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
UP (n=1371)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Andaman and Nicobar Islands (n=10)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Andhra Pradesh (n=600)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 282
16.3 ENERGY USAGE & COST
Assam (n=22)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1385411
1183766
1400119
14
28919
13
30927
12
12254
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1791129
1633469
1435570
10
45907
9
44917
8
46336
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1366667
1133333
966667
19
2333
20
2167
20
1833
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1096306
901858
852457
20
4108
20
3017
20
3393
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
3026606
2414383
2174732
21
3759
20
4202
20
5261
Bihar (n=169)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Chandigarh (n=3)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Chhattisgarh (n=76)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Delhi (n=35)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
• The average energy cost for all India is at over Rs 19 lakhs
• However there are a few states where the average energy cost is much higher – Delhi Rs 30
lakhs, TN Rs 22 lakhs, and WB Rs 37 lakhs.
• In TN even the diesel consumption is higher more than 77000 liters while the all India average is
less than 17000 liters.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 283
16.3 ENERGY USAGE & COST
Goa (n=7)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
787143
2666857
1130014
17
1637
17
1478
17
370
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
2161948
2016666
1931419
22
4446
21
7875
21
3942
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1030986
704368
421225
16
3433
15
5577
13
3966
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
2132144
359263
325417
21
14250
16
101
19
101
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
947813
1270333
984286
17
4575
16
7241
14
5505
Gujarat (n=399)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Haryana (n=185)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Himachal Pradesh (n=14)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Jammu and Kashmir (n=16)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 284
16.3 ENERGY USAGE & COST
Jharkhand (n=19)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1404123
994570
975567
15
60649
15
51885
14
51084
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
550100
159609
408064
19
14100
19
9096
19
10554
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
2251105
1937378
1578767
17
20326
17
17767
17
12617
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
2110097
2102922
1870279
21
3337
20
4097
20
4991
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
25000
330000
420000
2
1800
2
14000
2
11000
Karnataka (n=188)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Kerala (n=143)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Madhya Pradesh (n=156)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Nagaland (n=1)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 285
16.3 ENERGY USAGE & COST
Orissa (n=38)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
855529
828240
778085
19
1424
17
1238
17
1192
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
5400000
5100000
4825000
1
12120
1
1120
1
1120
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1649196
1713796
1549663
19
3354
19
4460
19
3405
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1493288
1428837
1254800
21
6979
21
5329
21
15318
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
111500
93250
75500
13
850
12
1475
8
2500
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
2265717
1829358
1958413
14
77285
15
69159
16
86647
Pondicherry (n=2)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Punjab (n=402)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Rajasthan (n=104)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Sikkim (n=5)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Tamil Nadu (n=102)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 286
16.3 ENERGY USAGE & COST
Tripura (n=9)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1250445
917502
876876
16
14
14
21841
9739
10295
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1672745
1516683
1441683
16
15
15
6880
5753
5400
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
3751428
2867272
2521161
19
18
18
11618
11960
11843
Current Year
2012
Previous Year
2011
Previous Year
2010
1166247
954205
1083012
14
13
12
24596
23260
11364
Uttaranchal (n=12)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
West Bengal (n=464)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
North East (n=37)
Item
Average Energy Cost (INR) for
mean capacity for state
Grid Power (Hrs / day)
Diesel fuel(Liters)
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 287
16.4 GRID POWER QUALITY
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
44
43
52
5
Type P
(n=523)
51
Type M
(n=452)
45
52
5
Usable (Satisfactory)
41
33
64
52
2
2
Other
Products
(n=27)
Type Q
(n=44)
Voltage Fluctuating
7
44
56
Highly Irregular
• Only 52% get usable – satisfactory power to run their CSs.
• Highly irregular power supply is also reported to some extent for all type of storage CSs
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
41
6
Usable (Satisfactory)
5
Voltage Fluctuating
South
(n=1045)
44
27
67
5
West
(n=1013)
53
43
52
East
(n=803)
52
34
63
5
3
Highly Irregular
• The usable power quality is reported better in East and South compared to North and West
zones
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 288
16.4 GRID POWER QUALITY
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Usable (Satisfactory)
52
60
29
20
70
32
47
100
Voltage Fluctuating
43
38
62
50
27
45
45
-
Highly Irregular
5
2
8
30
3
23
8
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Usable (Satisfactory)
52
76
71
57
45
76
86
19
Voltage Fluctuating
43
13
29
14
47
23
14
81
Highly Irregular
5
11
-
29
8
2
-
-
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156)
(n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Usable (Satisfactory)
52
53
30
73
44
100
42
100
55
Voltage Fluctuating
43
47
69
27
55
-
34
-
42
Highly Irregular
5
-
1
-
1
-
24
-
3
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
North East
(n=464)
(n=37)
Usable (Satisfactory)
52
69
60
65
89
25
77
51
Voltage Fluctuating
43
29
40
24
11
75
21
35
Highly Irregular
5
2
-
12
-
-
2
14
• Though no difference was found in type wise or zone wise analysis, state wise analysis shows
wide variation.
• Voltage fluctuation was reported in UP, Assam, Gujarat, J&K, Karnataka, Sikkim and Uttaranchal.
• Irregular supply was reported in Andaman, TN and Orissa
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 289
16.5. AVAILABILITY OF ALTERNATE
POWER SOURCE
All
(n=5003)
95
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
4
Type Q
(n=44)
93
94
96
5
Type M
(n=452)
6
85
93
7
8
Yes
Other
Products
(n=27)
19
No
• Most of the CSs do not have alternate power option.
• The incidence of alternative power option is higher for type M storage units
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
95
North
(n=2142)
94
95
5
East
(n=803)
5
96
South
(n=1045)
96
4
6
Yes
West
(n=1013)
4
No
• Zone wise analysis also shows that most of the CSs do not have alternative power option
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 290
16.5 AVAILABILITY OF ALTERNATE POWER
SOURCE
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Yes
5
5
2
-
2
0
5
33
No
95
96
98
100
98
100
95
67
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Yes
5
4
3
0
5
0
0
6
No
95
96
97
100
95
100
100
94
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Yes
5
21
7
5
1
-
8
0
20
No
95
79
94
95
99
100
92
100
80
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
North East
(n=464)
(n=37)
Yes
5
2
60
12
-
-
1
8
No
95
98
40
88
100
100
99
92
• State wise analysis shows that to some extent, alternative power options are available in
Chandigarh, TN and Punjab where at least over 10% of CSs have alternate power source
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 291
16.6 ALTERNATE POWER SOURCE
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Other
Products
(n=27)
Type Q
(n=44)
Wind 2
2
1
1
2
0
Solar Thermal 1
1
2
1
0
7
Biomass Gasifier 1
0
1
3
0
4
Solar Photo Voltaic 1
1
2
2
5
7
Other 1
0
1
1
0
0
None
95
96
94
93
93
85
• Most of the CSs do not have alternate source of power option
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
Wind 2
2
3
0
1
Solar Thermal 1
1
1
0
2
Biomass Gasifier 1
0
0
2
1
Solar Photo Voltaic 1
1
1
1
1
Other 1
0
1
1
1
None
95
95
94
South
(n=1045)
96
96
• There is no difference in zone wise analysis
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 292
16.6 ALTERNATE POWER SOURCE
States
All
Maharashtra
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Wind
2
1
0
-
-
-
0
33
Solar Thermal
1
0
0
-
1
-
2
-
Biomass Gasifier
1
1
0
-
1
-
1
-
Solar Photo Voltaic
1
1
1
-
1
-
1
-
Other
1
2
0
-
-
-
1
-
None
95
96
98
100
98
100
95
67
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Wind
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Solar Thermal
1
1
-
-
0
-
-
-
Biomass Gasifier
1
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
Solar Photo Voltaic
1
3
-
-
1
-
-
-
Other
1
-
3
-
0
-
-
6
None
95
96
97
100
95
100
100
94
• State wise analysis shows that there are a few states where alternative power option is
available.
• Punjab, Sikkim and Chandigarh reports having wind energy.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 293
16.6 ALTERNATE POWER SOURCE
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP
Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156)
(n=1) (n=38)
(n=2)
Punjab
(n=402)
Wind
2
5
1
-
1
-
-
-
11
Solar Thermal
1
5
3
1
-
-
-
-
6
Biomass Gasifier
1
-
1
1
-
-
3
-
1
Solar Photo Voltaic
1
11
1
1
-
-
-
-
1
Other
1
-
2
2
-
-
5
-
1
None
95
79
94
95
99
100
92
100
80
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Wind
2
-
40
5
-
-
0
5
Solar Thermal
1
-
20
3
-
-
0
3
Biomass Gasifier
1
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
Solar Photo Voltaic
1
-
-
3
-
-
0
-
Other
1
1
-
-
-
-
0
-
None
95
98
40
88
100
100
99
92
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 294
CHAPTER 17
AUTOMATION IN MATERIAL
HANDLING
Page no 295 to 318
© COPYRIGHT 2014
17. AUTOMATION USED IN CARGO
HANDLING AND REMOTE MONITORING OF
CS’s

Cargo Handling and Automation tools
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
Conveyor Belt for loading unloading
24
25
Hand Pallet Lifters
22
20
Manual / worker / Labour
18
18
17
17
14
Humidity Sensors and Controls
10
10
13
13
9
22
22
34
16
34
Other
Products
(n=27)
0
23
44
22
7
Data Loggers (fixed or portable)
8
7
21
21
23
Fork Lift for Pallet handling (electric
or diesel)
8
7
19
19
20
11
Warehouse Management Software
6
6
5
5
18
7
Cargo Lift (for multi level stores)
6
6
6
7
23
15
Bar-code / RFID tags and readers 4
3
12
12
11
11
No Response
21
23
5
22
0
16
15

Hand pallet lifters & Conveyor belts for unloading / loading are the
automation tools used.

Only 8% of the cold stores (350 facilities) reported having mechanised forklifts for handling
loads. Almost 6% had cargo lifts installed for multi-level movement.

Specifically 23% of Type Q cold storages utilize data loggers and cargo lifts. Usage of these
automation tools among other product type cold storages is comparatively lower.

Mechanization in the North based cold storages is not as much since 27% of them still rely on
manual workers and laborers.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
2 are prominent
296
17. AUTOMATION USED IN CARGO
HANDLING AND REMOTE MONITORING OF
CS’s

Technology has penetrated in many areas of CS’s, but there are certain areas which still follow
the rudimentary way of doing things. Air ventilation is an area that still has great scope of
improvement with only 21% having Automatic ventilation. Similarly use of automation in
refrigeration too is limited with manual cut-offs and cut-ins across India.

Timely Air ventilation becomes an important activity in the CS’s. Automatic ventilation system
is adopted in 1 out of every 5 CS’s (21%). Automated ventilation is adopted most in 42% of cold
stores storing Animal Husbandry products. Overall in 35% of CSs in the West zone and 30% of
those in the South zone have automated ventilation systems.

More than 90% cold storages in the North and East make use of manual air replenishment
systems. This is primarily witnessed in the states of UP and WB.
Automated Ventilation
83%
Automatic
Ventilation system
Manual (Door
opened regularly)
21%
© COPYRIGHT 2014
297
17. AUTOMATION USED IN CARGO
HANDLING AND REMOTE MONITORING OF
CS’s

Automated Ventilation – Ageing Matrix
CS built before
2009
CS built After
2009
Automatic Ventilation system
19%
28%
Manual Air Replenishment
(Door opened regularly)
85%
77%

It is observed that automation in ventilation is higher amongst CS’s which were built after
2009.

Automated Ventilation – Ownership Type
Automated
Ventilation
Automatic
Ventilation system
Manual Air
Replenishment
ALL
(n=5003)
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Company (Public
Ltd.)
(n=174)
21
21
18
36
21
83
81
87
68
84
Association
Automated
Ventilation
Automatic
Ventilation system
Manual Air
Replenishment

(Public)
(n=5)
Association
(Private)
(n=12)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./
PSU)
(n=82)
Company
(Private Ltd.)
(n=1563)
Not classified
under any
Ownership
type
(n=24)
40
17
28
34
29
60
92
75
68
75
1 out of 3 government cold storages have automatic ventilation system, which is
as good as public limited companies
© COPYRIGHT 2014
298
17. AUTOMATION USED IN CARGO
HANDLING AND REMOTE MONITORING OF
CS’s

Sensors for Atmosphere
CO² air sensors (%)
14
26
Yes
No
60

Adoption of other automated technology like CO2 & Oxygen sensors and automated controllers
remain extremely segmented. Only bigger CS’s (in terms of storage capacity) of UP, Gujarat &
MP have adopted these automation to a higher extent. Manual cut-off / cut-in remains the
most preferred method of refrigeration control in CS’s across India.
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Company (Public
Ltd.)
(n=174)
Yes
23
24
30
31
60
No
60
63
55
56
-
Not Needed
17
13
16
CO2 sensors
CO2 sensors

Not needed
Association
(Private)
(n=12)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./
PSU)
(n=82)
Company
(Private Ltd.)
(n=1563)
14
Not classified
under any
Ownership
type
(n=24)
Yes
25
16
15
17
No
17
66
61
54
Not Needed
58
18
24
29
Association
(Public)
(n=5)
40
CO2 sensors are more prevalent in private and public limited companies
© COPYRIGHT 2014
299
17. AUTOMATION USED IN CARGO
HANDLING AND REMOTE MONITORING OF
CS’s

At an all India level, we see that 60% cold storages do not have sensors to measure the
proportion of CO2, O2 and humidity in the atmosphere. 1 out of 4 Type H and Type M cold
storages make use of such sensors.

In both North and West zones, close to 30% cold storages have automatic sensors fitted in the
facility.

CS built before
2009
CS built after
2009
In use
25%
28%
Not in use
61%
57%
Reported not needed
14%
15%
The number of cold storages using CO2 sensors are higher among those built after 2009.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
300
17. AUTOMATION USED IN CARGO
HANDLING AND REMOTE MONITORING OF
CS’s

Automated Ventilation – Ownership Type
Automated
Ventilation
Automatic
Ventilation system
Manual Air
Replenishment
Urban CS’s
(n=1481)
Rural CS’s
(n=3522)
NHB/NHM
(n=3061)
Others
(n=1942)
29
17
15
29
74
87
88
75

Automatic ventilation system is found in more percentage of urban CSs compared to rural CSs.

Like wise more no. of non NHB assisted CSs had automatic ventilation systems

Sensors for Atmosphere – Ownership Type
CO2 Censors

Urban CS’s
(n=1481)
Rural CS’s
(n=3522)
NHB/NHM
(n=3061)
Others
(n=1942)
Yes
21
28
28
23
No
61
59
59
60
Not Needed
19
13
13
17
More percentage of rural CSs and NHB assisted CSs have CO2 sensors.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
301
17. AUTOMATION USED IN CARGO
HANDLING AND REMOTE MONITORING OF
CS’s
Automation in drives
32
46
39
VFD

PLC
ERW
Only 23% of CSs had automation for drives. Of those who had, 46% had variable frequency
drives, 39% had programme logic control and 32% had energy recovery wheels. In the Western
zone usage of ERW’s is higher than in other zones. Over 55% of Type M and East based cold
storages have variable frequency drives.
CS built before
2009
CS built after
2009
VFD (Variable frequency drive)
43%
54%
ERW (Energy recovery wheel
31%
32%
PLC (Program logic control)
36%
45%

Automation for drives is more prevalent in cold storages built after 2009.

In monitoring gas leakage only 18% had automatic system to detect gas leakage while the rest
had only manual checking by technicians. In the Western zone more so in the states of
Maharashtra and Gujarat 1/3rd storages detect gas leakages with help of machines.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
302
17. AUTOMATION USED IN CARGO
HANDLING AND REMOTE MONITORING OF
CS’s
Urban CS’s
(n=398)
Automation in Cargo
Handling
Rural CS’s
(n=754)
NHB/NHM
(n=570)
Others
(n=582)
VFD (Variable frequency
drive)
60
38
42
49
ERW (Energy recovery
wheel)
28
33
35
29
PLC (Program logic
control)
35
41
37
41
Automation in
Cargo Handling
Proprietorship
(n=356)
Partnership
(n=341)
Company (Public
Ltd.)
(n=59)
VFD (Variable
frequency drive)
46
44
42
49
67
ERW (Energy
recovery wheel)
31
40
34
26
-
PLC (Program logic
control)
41
35
44
36
33
Automation in
Cargo Handling
Association
(Private)
(n=3)
Cooperative
(n=42)
Company
(Private Ltd.)
(n=309)
Government
(Co./Dept./ PSU)
(n=32)
Association
(Public)
(n=3)
Not classified
under any
Ownership type
(n=7)
VFD (Variable
frequency drive)
33
43
44
29
ERW (Energy recovery
wheel)
-
24
19
14
PLC (Program logic
control)
67
62
41
57
 Variable frequency drives are more prevalent among urban CSs.
 When analyzing the data by ownership, variable frequency drives used more in CSs owned by
public limited companies and government companies
 At the same time energy recovery wheel is used in a fewer installations in govt. owned CSs
© COPYRIGHT 2014
303
17.1 CARGO HANDLING & AUTOMATION
TOOLS
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
Conveyor Belt for loading unloading
24
25
23
Hand Pallet Lifters
22
20
29
Manual / worker / Labour
18
18
11
17
14
Humidity Sensors and Controls
10
10
13
13
9
22
Other
Products
(n=27)
16
34
0
23
44
22
7
Data Loggers (fixed or portable)
8
7
12
21
23
Fork Lift for Pallet handling (electric
or diesel)
8
7
13
19
20
11
Warehouse Management Software
6
6
10
5
18
7
Cargo Lift (for multi level stores)
6
6
9
6
23
15
Bar-code / RFID tags and readers 4
3
6
12
14
11
No Response
21
23
22
5
0
16
15
• 1/3rd of the Type M cold stores use hand pallet lifters for cargo handling.
• Close to 1/4th Type H, P & M cold stores also use belts for loading and unloading purposes.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
Conveyor Belt for loading unloading
24
18
Hand Pallet Lifters
22
15
Manual / worker / Labour
18
Humidity Sensors and Controls
10
27
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
47
South
(n=1045)
29
15
14
31
31
15
8
12
4
14
12
18
Data Loggers (fixed or portable)
8
5
5
10
15
Fork Lift for Pallet handling (electric
or diesel)
8
3
9
12
13
Warehouse Management Software
6
6
4
7
7
Cargo Lift (for multi level stores)
6
2
8
12
7
Bar-code / RFID tags and readers 4
1
2
8
6
No Response
21
30
14
11
17
• Almost half of the cold stores in the Eastern Zone utilize belts for loading and unloading.
• In the West and South, 31% CS’s use hand pallet lifters for cargo handling.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 304
17.1 CARGO HANDLING & AUTOMATION
TOOLS
States
Conveyor Belt for loading
unloading
Hand Pallet Lifters
Manual / worker / Labour
Humidity Sensors and
Controls
Data Loggers (fixed or
portable)
Fork Lift for Pallet handling
(electric or diesel)
Warehouse Management
Software
Cargo Lift (for multi level
stores)
Bar-code / RFID tags and
readers
No Response
Conveyor Belt for loading
unloading
Hand Pallet Lifters
Manual / worker / Labour
Humidity Sensors and
Controls
Data Loggers (fixed or
portable)
Fork Lift for Pallet handling
(electric or diesel)
Warehouse Management
Software
Cargo Lift (for multi level
stores)
Bar-code / RFID tags and
readers
No Response
All
(n=5003)
Maharashtra
(n=451)
UP
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
24
43
20
-
14
27
17
-
22
18
36
9
18
19
10
90
22
10
32
5
32
1
33
33
10
18
5
10
22
23
16
-
8
11
7
-
14
9
6
-
8
17
3
-
9
5
4
-
6
8
7
-
8
-
7
-
6
16
1
-
7
5
5
33
4
11
1
-
5
-
1
-
21
3
31
-
23
14
18
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
24
18
9
29
23
2
-
25
22
18
7
18
11
31
29
29
29
9
5
51
7
21
38
25
10
8
6
-
6
1
14
6
8
8
6
-
11
1
7
6
8
7
-
-
9
4
7
6
6
1
14
-
5
3
-
6
6
20
3
-
4
2
29
6
4
7
9
14
7
2
7
6
21
25
29
14
18
39
29
6
• 30% cold stores in Gujarat and Bihar make use of hand pallet lifters.
• A little over 40% storages in Maharashtra use conveyor belt for loading unloading cargo.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 305
17.1 CARGO HANDLING & AUTOMATION
TOOLS
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
Conveyor Belt for loading
unloading
Hand Pallet Lifters
Manual / worker / Labour
Humidity Sensors and
Controls
Data Loggers (fixed or
portable)
Fork Lift for Pallet handling
(electric or diesel)
Warehouse Management
Software
Cargo Lift (for multi level
stores)
Bar-code / RFID tags and
readers
No Response
Conveyor Belt for loading
unloading
Hand Pallet Lifters
Manual / worker / Labour
Humidity Sensors and
Controls
Data Loggers (fixed or
portable)
Fork Lift for Pallet
handling (electric or
diesel)
Warehouse Management
Software
Cargo Lift (for multi level
stores)
Bar-code / RFID tags and
readers
No Response
MP
(n=156)
Nagaland
(n=1)
Orissa
(n=38)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=2)
(n=402)
24
21
18
10
6
-
11
-
15
22
18
47
5
61
3
29
29
22
1
100
-
24
11
50
-
8
50
10
-
3
9
9
-
8
100
2
8
5
6
23
6
-
5
50
1
8
11
11
22
8
-
5
50
2
6
-
5
4
6
-
-
50
2
6
-
5
5
24
-
3
-
1
4
-
5
4
3
-
3
-
1
21
11
5
12
17
-
45
-
25
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
24
37
-
17
11
8
69
19
22
18
18
2
40
-
37
10
22
33
33
7
20
32
11
10
7
60
32
33
-
15
30
8
4
-
25
-
-
5
5
8
10
-
27
-
-
12
3
6
9
-
8
-
8
5
-
6
5
-
17
-
-
8
3
4
-
20
13
-
-
2
3
21
22
-
11
-
58
9
8
• 60% of cold stores in Karnataka make use of hand pallet lifters.
• Nearly 70% storages in WB use belts for loading and unloading.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 306
17.1 CARGO HANDLING & AUTOMATION
TOOLS – COMPARISON BEFORE AND
AFTER 2009
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
Other
Products
(n=27)
0
Conveyor Belt for loading
unloading
Hand Pallet Lifters
24
25
23
22
16
22
20
29
34
23
Manual / worker / Labour
18
18
11
17
14
Humidity Sensors and Controls
10
10
13
13
9
8
7
12
21
23
22
8
7
13
19
20
11
6
6
10
5
18
7
6
6
9
6
23
15
4
3
6
12
5
14
11
16
Data Loggers (fixed or portable)
Fork Lift for Pallet handling
(electric or diesel)
Warehouse Management
Software
Cargo Lift (for multi level
stores)
Bar-code / RFID tags and
readers
No Response
21
23
All
Type H
Type P
Type M
44
22
7
0
Type Q
15
Other Products
On/After Before On/After Before On/After Before On/After Before On/After Before On/After Before
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
(n=1183) (n=3691) (n=1034) (n=3187) (n=112) (n=400) (n=106) (n=335) (n=7)
(n=35)
(n=6)
(n=20)
Conveyor Belt for
loading
unloading
Hand Pallet
Lifters
Manual / worker
/ Labour
Humidity Sensors
and Controls
21
26
22
26
21
23
19
24
43
11
-
-
25
21
22
19
40
25
41
30
43
14
50
40
15
18
16
18
1
14
15
18
-
17
-
30
11
10
12
10
11
14
12
13
14
9
33
-
9
8
7
7
13
13
20
22
14
26
50
15
10
7
9
7
21
11
26
16
14
17
17
10
6
6
6
6
11
10
6
5
29
17
17
5
Cargo Lift
6
6
6
6
5
10
8
6
29
23
17
15
Bar-code / RFID
tags and readers
4
4
3
3
6
6
11
12
-
-
-
-
No Response
22
20
24
22
14
14
10
12
14
17
17
15
Data Loggers
Fork Lift for
Pallet handling
Warehouse
Management
Software
•
Across time periods, usage of hand pallet lifters have increased for all type of CSs
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 307
17.1 CARGO HANDLING & AUTOMATION
TOOLS – COMPARISON BASIS OWNERSHIP
TYPE
All
(n=5003)
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Company
Pub. Ltd.
(n=174)
Company
Pvt. Ltd.
(n=1563)
Conveyor Belt for loading
unloading
Hand Pallet Lifters
24
21
21
34
30
22
22
18
25
24
Manual / worker / Labour
18
21
21
Humidity Sensors and Controls
10
11
8
8
6
6
4
Data Loggers (fixed or portable)
Fork Lift for Pallet handling
(electric or diesel)
Warehouse Management
Software
Cargo Lift (for multi level
stores)
Bar-code / RFID tags and
readers
No Response
21
Association
Pvt.
(n=12)
Conveyor Belt for loading
unloading
Hand Pallet Lifters
Manual / worker / Labour
Humidity Sensors and Controls
Data Loggers (fixed or portable)
Fork Lift for Pallet handling
(electric or diesel)
Warehouse Management
Software
Cargo Lift (for multi level
stores)
Bar-code / RFID tags and
readers
No Response
•
•
20
12
8
13
11
6
7
13
10
6
6
14
9
3
6
11
8
5
4
13
8
20
3
3
8
4
20
23
24
Cooperative
(n=130)
13
Government
(Co./Dept./PSU)
(n=82)
18
17
29
27
23
21
18
24
13
17
10
21
21
8
8
7
8
17
8
17
17
17
2
4
0
9
6
0
5
11
13
15
25
20
0
40
20
0
0
Not Mentioned any
ownership type
(n=24)
25
17
40
12
8
0
Association
(n=5)
0
21
8
21
Almost 25% of the government owned cold storages still rely on laborers for cargo handling
purposes.
Conveyor belts are found in 1/3rd of the public limited cold storages.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 308
17.2 AIR VENTILATION
All
(n=5003)
83
21
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
86
Type M
(n=452)
74
Automatic Ventilation system
Other
Products
(n=27)
75
63
42
28
18
Type Q
(n=44)
25
Manual Air Replenishment (Door opened regularly)
78
26
Not needed
• Over 75% Type H & Q cold stores have manual air replenishment systems.
• Automatic ventilation systems are comparatively fewer in number, however over 40% of Type M
storages have such systems installed.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
83
21
North
(n=2142)
92
13
Automatic Ventilation system
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
South
(n=1045)
71
71
93
10
35
Manual Air Replenishment (Door opened regularly)
30
Not needed
• Over 90% cold stores in North and East use a manual air replenishment system.
• Close to 1/3rd storages in West and South have automated ventilation system.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 309
17.2 AIR VENTILATION
States
All
(n=5003)
Maharashtra
(n=451)
UP
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
Automatic Ventilation
system
21
45
11
80
13
18
12
67
Manual Air Replenishment
(Door opened regularly)
83
58
95
20
87
86
88
33
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Automatic Ventilation
system
21
12
17
43
31
12
50
19
Manual Air Replenishment
(Door opened regularly)
83
88
86
57
80
89
50
81
MP
(n=156)
Nagaland
(n=1)
Orissa
(n=38)
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=2)
(n=402)
Automatic Ventilation
system
21
11
67
52
16
-
24
50
14
Manual Air Replenishment
(Door opened regularly)
83
89
36
48
85
100
76
50
89
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Automatic Ventilation
system
21
30
40
27
11
17
7
19
Manual Air Replenishment
(Door opened regularly)
83
70
60
75
100
83
97
86
• More than 65% of the CS’s in Karnataka and over 50% in Kerala have automatic ventilation
systems. Most of the cold stores in other states have manual air replenishment systems.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 310
17.3 SENSORS FOR ATMOSPHERE
PARAMETERS
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
60
60
26
15
27
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
55
13
28
Yes
Type Q
(n=44)
60
52
34
25
17
16
No
Other
Products
(n=27)
63
26
11
14
Not needed
• Across all type of storages, no instruments are used to measure CO2 and oxygen levels in over
60% of CSs
Zone wise
All
(n=4981)
North
(n=2113)
62
60
26
East
(n=803)
14
29
West
(n=1027)
61
63
9
24
Yes
No
South
(n=1038)
53
30
13
29
11
17
Not needed
• Over 60% cold stores in the North, East and West do not use instruments to measure content of
CO2 and oxygen.
• In South, the percentage having the facility is less than 20%, which is much less compared to
other zones. In fact 30% say that the system is not required
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 311
17.3 SENSORS FOR ATMOSPHERE
PARAMETERS
States
All
(n=5003)
Maharashrta
(n=451)
UP
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
Yes
26
16
32
20
19
50
17
33
No
60
68
60
50
58
50
78
67
Not needed
14
16
8
30
24
-
5
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Yes
26
14
14
14
34
15
43
25
No
60
28
80
71
59
63
29
56
Not needed
14
58
6
14
7
22
29
19
MP
(n=156)
Nagaland
(n=1)
Orissa
(n=38)
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=2)
(n=402)
Yes
26
11
23
10
54
-
21
-
25
No
60
79
40
39
43
100
66
100
64
Not needed
14
11
37
50
3
-
13
-
11
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Yes
26
39
20
9
-
17
28
32
No
60
58
20
67
78
83
63
54
Not needed
14
3
60
25
22
-
9
14
• 1 out of every 2 cold stores in MP use sensors to measure atmosphere parameters.
• 33% CS’s in Gujarat and UP also use such instruments.
• In other states most of the CS’s do not use such sensors.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 312
17.4 USE OF AUTOMATION IN
REFRIGERATION VENTILATION
Use of Automation in Refrigeration
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
77
80
66
18
5
15 5
28
Automatic Controllers
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
Other
Products
(n=27)
59
52
56
35
6
8
25
Manual Cut-off and Cut-In
16
19
30
Both
• Majority of all type of CS’s use manual cut off and cut in systems.
• 1/3rd of Type M cold stores have automatic controllers.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
77
18
North
(n=2142)
81
5
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
70
88
13 6
Automatic Controllers
South
(n=1045)
9 3
26
Manual Cut-off and Cut-In
67
5
27
5
Both
• Across zones, utilization of manual systems in refrigeration ventilation is in a high proportion.
• Use of automatic controllers are higher in West and South zones.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 313
17.4 USE OF AUTOMATION IN
REFRIGERATION VENTILATION
States - Use of Automation in Refrigeration
All
(n=5003)
Maharashrta
(n=451)
UP
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
Automatic Controllers
18
46
11
80
14
14
12
67
Manual Cut-off and Cut-In
77
45
81
10
83
82
82
-
Both
5
8
8
10
3
5
6
33
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Automatic Controllers
18
13
34
57
10
12
57
19
Manual Cut-off and Cut-In
77
86
60
43
89
84
43
81
Both
5
1
6
-
2
4
-
-
MP
(n=156)
Nagaland
(n=1)
Orissa
(n=38)
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=2)
(n=402)
Automatic Controllers
18
5
45
56
8
-
32
100
11
Manual Cut-off and Cut-In
77
89
41
40
92
100
68
-
87
Both
5
5
14
4
1
-
-
-
1
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Automatic Controllers
18
26
40
27
-
17
5
14
Manual Cut-off and Cut-In
77
72
60
69
100
75
93
84
Both
5
2
-
4
-
8
2
3
• More percentage of cold stores in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala have automated systems
whereas in other states the manual system prevails.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 314
17.4 USE OF AUTOMATION IN REFRIGERATION
– DRIVES AND LOGIC CONTROLS
Type of Automation
All
(n=1152)
Type H
(n=869)
Type P
(n=179)
Type M
(n=197)
56
VFD (Variable frequency
drive)
46
43
46
PLC (Program logic
control)
39
37
50
ERW (Energy recovery
wheel
32
37
Type Q
(n=18)
44
40
24
Other
Products
(n=13)
44
13
22
54
15
31
• Only 1152 cold stores – 23% use VFD, PLC and ERWs.
• Among those using these, close to 2/3rds of Type M cold stores have variable frequency drives.
• Almost every alternate Type P CS’s use VFDs and/or ERWs.
Zone wise
All
(n=1152)
VFD (Variable frequency
drive)
46
PLC (Program logic
control)
39
ERW (Energy recovery
wheel
32
North
(n=408)
40
26
50
East
(n=93)
59
West
(n=308)
38
28
30
58
13
South
(n=343)
56
39
27
• Every alternate cold store in North use PLC.
• Usage of ERWs comparatively higher in the Northern zone cold stores – 50%
• Over 55% of CS’s in the East and South use variable frequency drives.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have automatic controllers
All Figs in % 315
17.4 USE OF AUTOMATION IN
REFRIGERATION
States - Type of Automation
All
(n=1152)
Maharashrta
(n=246)
UP
(n=266)
A&N
(n=9)
AP
(n=104)
Assam
(n=4)
Bihar
(n=30)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
VFD (Variable frequency
drive)
46
34
22
67
43
100
33
67
PLC (Program logic control)
39
63
24
-
44
-
33
33
ERW (Energy recovery
wheel)
32
12
67
33
18
-
33
-
All
(n=1152)
C’garh
(n=11)
Delhi
(n=14)
Goa
(n=4)
Gujarat
(n=45)
Haryana
(n=30)
HP
(n=8)
J&K
(n=3)
VFD (Variable frequency
drive)
46
55
57
75
53
56
80
100
PLC (Program logic control)
39
55
29
25
45
42
23
67
ERW (Energy recovery
wheel
32
36
29
-
13
13
7
33
All
Jharkhand Karnataka
(n=1152)
(n=2)
(n=110)
Kerala
(n=86)
MP
(n=13)
Nagaland
(n=-)
Orissa
(n=12)
Pondicherry
(n=2)
Punjab
(n=52)
VFD (Variable frequency
drive)
46
100
68
64
46
-
75
-
67
PLC (Program logic control)
39
-
35
35
38
-
17
100
44
ERW (Energy recovery
wheel
32
-
60
1
38
-
8
-
27
All
(n=1152)
Rajasthan
(n=29)
Sikkim
(n=2)
TN
(n=32)
Tripura
(n=-)
Uttaranchal
(n=3)
WB
(n=32)
North East
(n=6)
VFD (Variable frequency
drive)
46
90
100
38
-
33
69
100
PLC (Program logic control)
39
3
-
50
-
67
25
-
ERW (Energy recovery
wheel
32
10
-
13
-
-
41
-
• Over 60% of cold stores in UP and Karnataka use energy recovery wheels.
• 2 out of 3 storages in Maharashtra use program logic control.
• VFDs are used in majority cold stores in Kerala.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have automatic controllers
All Figs in % 316
17.5 MONITORING GAS LEAKAGE
87
86
80
80
78
77
Automatic
System
18
17
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
24
25
23
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
30
Manual by
technician
Other
products
(n=27)
• Across all type of cold stores, gas leakage is extensively detected manually by technicians.
Zone wise
93
91
86
83
70
Automatic
System
33
18
All
(n=5003)
14
10
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
19
West
(n=1013)
Manual by
technician
South
(n=1045)
• Close to 1/3rd of the cold stores in the Western zone utilize automatic systems to detect gas
leakage.
• In other zones, majority cold storages employ technicians who manually detect leakage.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 317
17.5 MONITORING GAS LEAKAGE
States
All
(n=5003)
Maharashrta
(n=451)
UP
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
Automatic System
18
35
12
-
20
9
14
33
Manual by technician
86
69
95
100
81
91
90
67
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Automatic System
18
5
40
43
37
16
14
19
Manual by technician
86
95
63
57
65
88
86
88
MP
(n=156)
Nagaland
(n=1)
Orissa
(n=38)
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=2)
(n=402)
Automatic System
18
32
21
17
17
-
45
-
12
Manual by technician
86
79
86
85
89
100
61
100
91
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Automatic System
18
32
20
16
11
33
6
11
Manual by technician
86
68
80
88
100
83
96
92
• More than 40% cold storages in Orissa have automatic systems to detect gas leakage.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 318
CHAPTER 18
BUSINESS PROCESS &
DOCUMENTATION
Page no 319 to 340
© COPYRIGHT 2014
18. BUSINESS PROCESS AND
DOCUMENTATION -HACCP, ISO FSSA ETC..
A meagre 17% of Cold storages have quality certifications like HACCP, ISO or FSSA.

All
(n=5003)
69
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
50
37
27
65
17
Other
Products
(n=27)
53
75
14
Type Q
(n=44)
10
14
13
34
Yes
7
No
34
16
26
37
DK/CS

65% of type M CSs has certification. This is highest among all types of products stored. In
contrast, Type H has the lowest certification which is driving the overall scores.

Talking about zones, North and East both have less than 10% of their cold storages with
certifications

There is higher incidences of CS’s having certification in the state of Maharashtra, Kerala and
Tamil Nadu.

FSSA certification is obtained by 42% of the cold storages. HACCP falls second in the line. Type
M has mainly HACCP certifications. More than half of Type P cold storages are ISO certified.

FSSA certification is acquired by more than 55% of cold stores in Maharashtra.

Most of the CSs have acquired these certificates in the last 10 years with 50% of them getting it
in the last 1 year.

Despite lower penetration of quality certifications, the future intentions of having a
certification is reported by among 53% of the CS’s. However more than half of North and South
zone cold storages are still reluctant to get certification.

The most sought after certificate is for ISO certificate, followed by FSSA certificate. In the
North, FSSA tops the intended certification list.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
320
18. BUSINESS PROCESS AND
DOCUMENTATION -HACCP, ISO FSSA ETC..
BUSINESS PROCESS AND QUALITY CERTIFICATION STATUS
All
(n=5003)
Have certification already
17%
Want Certification in Future
37%
Do not Want Certification in Future
47%
FUTURE INTENTION OF CERTIFICATION AMONG THOSE WHO HAVE
CERTIFICATION CURRENTLY
All
(n=841)
Want Certification in Future
60%
Do not Want Certification in Future
40%
FUTURE INTENTION OF CERTIFICATION AMONG THOSE WHO DO
NOT HAVE ANY CERTIFICATION CURRENTLY
All
(n=3453)
Want Certification in Future
54%
Do not Want Certification in Future
46%

37% of all respondents, do intend to acquire certification in the future., while 17% already have
certification of some kind

Of those who already have certificates, 60% want to have additional certificates in future

Of those who do not posses any certification currently, 54% intends to get their CS certified in
future.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
321
18.1 QUALITY / BUSINESS PROCESS USED
(ISO OR HACCP, FSSA, WDRA)
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
69
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
50
37
27
65
17
Other
Products
(n=27)
53
75
14
Type Q
(n=44)
10
14
13
34
Yes
7
No
16
34
26
37
DK/CS
• Overall only 17% have reported having quality certification of any kind.
• 65% Type M cold stores have certification for the facility.
• In contrast only 10% of Type H stores have quality certification
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
69
17
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
76
78
14
9
Yes
No
13
36
South
(n=1045)
64
54
19
6
West
(n=1013)
10
27
10
DK/CS
• 3 out of 4 storages in the North and East have no certification in place.
• 1/3rd storages in the West have certificates for the facility. And 1/4th reported having
certification in South.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 322
18.1 QUALITY / BUSINESS PROCESS USED
(ISO OR HACCP, FSSA, WDRA)
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Yes
17
51
3
-
13
23
4
33
No
69
39
78
60
82
68
86
67
Do not know
14
9
19
40
6
9
11
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Yes
17
17
17
43
30
6
7
19
No
69
55
71
43
58
75
71
81
Do not know
14
28
11
14
12
19
21
-
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1)
(n=38)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=2)
(n=402)
Yes
17
-
20
87
10
100
32
50
12
No
69
79
52
11
82
-
39
50
66
Do not know
14
21
28
1
8
-
29
-
22
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura Uttaranchal
(n=9)
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Yes
17
10
20
40
-
25
7
19
No
69
81
80
51
67
75
83
68
Do not know
14
10
-
9
33
-
10
14
• More than 85% cold stores in Kerala have certifications.
• MP, Rajasthan, WB, Bihar and AP have more than 80% storages which have no certifications.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 323
18.1 QUALITY / BUSINESS PROCESS USED
(ISO OR HACCP, FSSA, WDRA)
Urban CS’s
(n=398)
Rural CS’s
(n=754)
NHB/NHM
(n=570)
Others
(n=582)
Yes
23
14
10
27
No
66
70
76
58
Do not know
11
15
14
15
Company
(Public Ltd.)
(n=174)
Company
(Private Ltd.)
(n=1563)
All
(n=5003)
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Yes
17
15
14
34
17
No
69
68
72
55
72
Do not know
14
17
15
10
11
Association
(Public)
(n=5)
Association
(Private)
(n=12)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./
PSU)
(n=82)
Not classified
under any
Ownership
type
(n=24)
Yes
60
17
40
34
13
No
40
75
42
50
75
-
8
18
16
13
Do not know
• 40% of the cooperatives and 34% of government owned and public limited companies have a
quality certification.
• Close to 14% - 15% storages owned on proprietorship or partnership basis have a quality
certification.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 324
18.2 CERTIFICATION OR ACCREDITATION
All
(n=841)
Type H
(n=449)
FSSA (Food Safety Standard
Association of India )
42
HACCP
37
ISO
35
WDRA (Warehousing
Development and
Regulatory Authority)
Others Specify
4
Type P
(n=177)
43
53
18
33
Other
Products
(n=10)
27
30
33
40
74
56
27
5
25
Type Q
(n=15)
36
25
6
20
Type M
(n=295)
60
1
10
17
50
7
10
0
10
• Of the stores reported having certification – 841 CSs, more than half Type P cold storages have
FSSA and ISO certification.
• 3/4ths of Type M storages have HACCP certification.
Zone wise
All
(n=841)
FSSA (Food Safety Standard
Association of India )
42
HACCP
37
ISO
35
WDRA (Warehousing
Development and
Regulatory Authority)
Others Specify
4
20
North
(n=123)
East
(n=69)
32
38
15
29
12
27
West
(n=368)
32
32
33
58
41
3
3
25
35
52
22
1
South
(n=281)
23
11
• In the Western zone over 50% storages have FSSA certification. Similar proportion in the South
have HACCP certification.
• ISO certification is held in zones by around a third of the cold stores
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned having certification
All Figs in % 325
18.2 CERTIFICATION OR ACCREDITATION
States
All
Maharashrta
(n=841)
(n=231)
UP
(n=41)
A&N
(n=-)
AP
(n=76)
Assam
(n=5)
Bihar
(n=6)
Chandigarh
(n=1)
FSSA (Food Safety
Standard Association of
India )
42
57
32
-
28
-
50
-
HACCP
37
28
7
-
36
20
17
-
ISO
35
33
17
-
75
60
50
-
WDRA (Warehousing
Development and
Regulatory Authority)
4
4
10
-
5
-
-
-
Others Specify
20
27
34
-
11
20
-
100
All
(n=841)
C’garh
(n=13)
Delhi
(n=6)
Goa
(n=3)
Gujarat
(n=119)
Haryana
(n=11)
HP
(n=1)
J&K
(n=3)
FSSA (Food Safety
Standard Association of
India )
42
62
67
-
43
27
100
33
HACCP
37
23
67
33
41
27
100
-
ISO
35
31
33
33
30
27
100
67
WDRA (Warehousing
Development and
Regulatory Authority)
4
-
-
-
1
9
-
-
Others Specify
20
8
17
67
16
36
-
-
• Over 60% storages in Chhattisgarh, Delhi have FSSA certification.
• Like wise over 60% in Delhi have HACCP certification & over 60% in Rajasthan and Karnataka
have ISO certification
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned having certification
All Figs in % 326
18.2 CERTIFICATION OR ACCREDITATION
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry
(n=841)
(n=-)
(n=38) (n=125) (n=15)
(n=1)
(n=12)
(n=1)
Punjab
(n=47)
FSSA (Food Safety
Standard Association of
India )
42
-
32
36
47
100
50
100
23
HACCP
37
-
18
86
20
-
58
-
13
ISO
35
-
71
18
40
100
17
-
30
WDRA (Warehousing
Development and
Regulatory Authority)
4
-
3
1
7
-
-
-
21
Others Specify
20
-
8
14
7
-
17
-
23
All
(n=841)
Rajasthan
(n=10)
Sikkim
(n=1)
TN
(n=41)
Tripura Uttaranchal
(n=-)
(n=3)
WB
(n=31)
North East
(n=7)
FSSA (Food Safety
Standard Association of
India )
42
40
-
46
-
67
26
14
HACCP
37
10
100
54
-
-
6
29
ISO
35
70
-
20
-
-
29
57
WDRA (Warehousing
Development and
Regulatory Authority)
4
-
-
7
-
-
3
-
Others Specify
20
10
-
7
-
33
42
14
• 86% cold stores in Kerala have HACCP certification.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned having certification
All Figs in % 327
18.2 CERTIFICATION OR ACCREDITATION
Urban CS’s
(n=336)
Rural CS’s
(n=505)
NHB/NHM
(n=313)
Others
(n=528)
FSSA (Food Safety Standard
Association of India )
43
42
41
43
HACCP
42
34
31
41
ISO
39
32
34
35
WDRA (Warehousing
Development and Regulatory
Authority)
14
24
23
18
Others Specify
4
5
4
5
• Almost similar proportion of urban and rural cold storages have FSSA certification (42 – 43%).
• HACCP certification is available with 42% of urban cold storages as against 34% of rural cold
storages.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 328
18.2 CERTIFICATION OR ACCREDITATION
Ownership Type
Company
(Public Ltd.)
(n=60)
Company
(Private Ltd.)
(n=264)
All
(n=841)
Proprietorship
(n=197)
Partnership
(n=232)
FSSA (Food Safety
Standard Association of
India )
42
35
49
37
41
HACCP
37
33
38
43
44
ISO
35
23
26
63
38
WDRA (Warehousing
Development and
Regulatory Authority)
4
8
4
7
2
Others Specify
20
26
17
8
19
Association
(Public)
(n=3)
FSSA (Food Safety
Standard Association of
India )
Association
(Private)
(n=2)
Cooperative
(n=52)
Government
(Co./Dept./
PSU)
(n=28)
Not classified
under any
Ownership
type
(n=3)
-
100
48
46
33
HACCP
33
50
15
21
67
ISO
67
50
54
57
33
-
-
4
4
-
33
-
31
7
100
WDRA (Warehousing
Development and
Regulatory Authority)
Others Specify
• 49% cold storages run on partnership basis have a FSSA certification.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 329
18.3 YEAR OF ACQUIRING CERTIFICATION
All
(n=841)
Less than 1 yr
(2012 to 2013)
Type H
(n=449)
50
Type P
(n=177)
49
Type M
(n=295)
58
Type Q
(n=15)
51
Other
Products
(n=10)
33
50
2 to 5yrs
(2009 to 2011)
9
9
8
9
13
10
6 to 10yrs
(2004 to 2008)
13
12
6
17
20
10
11 to 15yrs
(1999 to 2003)
7
7
7
7
0
16 to 20yrs
(1994 to 1998)
4
4
0
6
0
21 to 25yrs
(1993 to 1989)
2
2
2
2
26 to 30yrs
(1984 to 1988)
1
1
0
1
0
0
More than 30 yrs
2
3
2
1
0
0
DK/CS
12
14
16
20
0
13
6
20
0
10
• Majority reported taking certification in all type of stores in the last 1 year.
• Type Q cold stores on an average acquired certification before 6.6 years, which is comparatively
the oldest.
• Type H storages have acquired certification before 5.6 years on an average.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned having certification
All Figs in % 330
18.3 YEAR OF ACQUIRING CERTIFICATION
Zone Wise
All
(n=841)
North
(n=123)
East
(n=69)
West
(n=368)
50
37
51
59
Less than 1 yr
(2012 to 2013)
South
(n=281)
46
2 to 5yrs
(2009 to 2011)
9
8
12
9
6 to 10yrs
(2004 to 2008)
13
9
14
10
19
11 to 15yrs
(1999 to 2003)
7
8
4
4
11
16 to 20yrs
(1994 to 1998)
4
6
0
3
6
21 to 25yrs
(1993 to 1989)
2
2
1
2
3
26 to 30yrs
(1984 to 1988)
1
1
3
0
1
More than 30 yrs
2
3
4
2
1
10
10
7
DK/CS
12
27
7
• Comparing the zones, Northern based cold stores were the one who acquired certification the
earliest – 6.7 years back.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned having certification
All Figs in % 331
18.3 YEAR OF ACQUIRING CERTIFICATION
States
All
Maharashrta
(n=841)
(n=231)
UP
(n=41)
A&N
(n=-)
AP
(n=76)
Assam
(n=5)
Bihar
(n=6)
Chandigarh
(n=1)
Less than 1 yr
(2012 to 2013)
50
61
29
-
39
20
50
-
2 to 5yrs (2009 to 2011)
9
6
12
-
12
20
-
-
6 to 10yrs (2004 to 2008)
13
10
5
-
18
-
-
-
11 to 15yrs (1999 to 2003)
7
5
12
-
11
-
-
-
16 to 20yrs (1994 to 1998)
4
3
7
-
4
-
-
-
21 to 25yrs (1993 to 1989)
2
2
2
-
1
-
-
-
26 to 30yrs (1984 to 1988)
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
More than 30 yrs
2
2
2
-
1
20
33
-
DK/CS
12
11
29
-
12
40
17
100
M E A N(in yrs)
5.3
4.1
7.4
0.0
6.0
12.0
13.1
-
All
(n=841)
C’garh
(n=13)
Delhi
(n=6)
Goa
(n=3)
Gujarat
(n=119)
Haryana
(n=11)
HP
(n=1)
J&K
(n=3)
Less than 1 yr
(2012 to 2013)
50
77
33
-
58
36
100
67
2 to 5yrs (2009 to 2011)
9
-
17
33
14
-
-
-
6 to 10yrs (2004 to 2008)
13
8
17
33
8
9
-
33
11 to 15yrs (1999 to 2003)
7
-
-
-
3
9
-
-
16 to 20yrs (1994 to 1998)
4
-
-
33
2
18
-
-
21 to 25yrs (1993 to 1989)
2
8
-
-
3
9
-
-
26 to 30yrs (1984 to 1988)
1
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
More than 30 yrs
2
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
DK/CS
12
-
33
-
9
18
-
-
M E A N(in yrs)
5.3
4.9
3.1
9.8
3.9
9.1
0.5
3.0
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned having certification
All Figs in % 332
18.3 YEAR OF ACQUIRING CERTIFICATION
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry
(n=841)
(n=-)
(n=38) (n=125) (n=15) (n=1)
(n=12)
(n=1)
Punjab
(n=47)
Less than 1 yr
(2012 to 2013)
50
-
37
49
47
100
50
100
36
2 to 5yrs (2009 to 2011)
9
-
8
4
7
-
8
-
6
6 to 10yrs (2004 to 2008)
13
-
13
22
13
-
17
-
11
11 to 15yrs (1999 to 2003)
7
-
21
8
7
-
17
-
4
16 to 20yrs (1994 to 1998)
4
-
3
8
7
-
-
-
4
21 to 25yrs (1993 to 1989)
2
-
5
3
-
-
-
-
-
26 to 30yrs (1984 to 1988)
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
More than 30 yrs
2
-
3
2
7
-
-
-
6
DK/CS
12
-
11
5
13
-
8
-
30
M E A N(in yrs)
5.3
-
7.6
6.1
6.6
0.5
4.4
0.5
7.4
All
(n=841)
Rajasthan
(n=10)
Sikkim
(n=1)
TN
(n=41)
Tripura Uttaranchal
(n=-)
(n=3)
WB
(n=31)
North East
(n=7)
Less than 1 yr
(2012 to 2013)
50
50
-
54
-
67
45
29
2 to 5yrs (2009 to 2011)
9
10
100
7
-
-
16
29
6 to 10yrs (2004 to 2008)
13
10
-
15
-
-
23
-
11 to 15yrs (1999 to 2003)
7
20
-
10
-
-
3
-
16 to 20yrs (1994 to 1998)
4
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
21 to 25yrs (1993 to 1989)
2
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
26 to 30yrs (1984 to 1988)
1
-
-
2
-
-
3
-
More than 30 yrs
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
14
DK/CS
12
10
-
5
-
33
10
29
M E A N(in yrs)
5.3
4.4
3.5
5.4
-
0.5
4.3
8.0
• Cold storages in Karnataka acquired certification over 7.6 years back, followed by Punjab 7.4
years back.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that mentioned having certification
All Figs in % 333
18.4 YEAR OF ACQUIRING CERTIFICATION
FOR THE VARIOUS ACCREDITATIONS
All
(n=841)
ISO
(n=293)
50
Less than 1 yr (2012 to 2013)
HACCP
(n=313)
43
FSSA
(n=353)
50
WDRA
(n=37)
92
Other
Specify
(n=167)
38
9
10
9
0
13
16
17
0
14
16
7
10
6
0
8
8
16 to 20yrs (1994 to 1998) 4
2
7
0
11
6
21 to 25yrs (1993 to 1989) 2
3
2
0
0
3
26 to 30yrs (1984 to 1988) 1
1
1
0
0
1
More than 30 yrs 2
3
1
0
3
2
12
6
8
2 to 5yrs (2009 to 2011)
6 to 10yrs (2004 to 2008)
11 to 15yrs (1999 to 2003)
DK/CS
•
12
3
32
14
24
19
92% of the CS have received FSSA certification in the year 2012-2013. This must have been
post FSSA act has been passed.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 334
18.5 FUTURE INTENTION TO GET
CERTIFICATION
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
47
47
53
Type P
(n=523)
63
53
Type M
(n=452)
37
Require Certification in Future
Type Q
(n=44)
39
61
Other
Products
(n=27)
70
30
67
33
Do Not Require Certification in Future
• Though only 17% had any kind of certification, 54% now intend to get a certificate for quality
business process.
• In Type P & Q storages the proportion of them intending for certification in the future are over
60%.
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
54
47
53
East
(n=803)
69
46
Require Certification in Future
West
(n=1013)
31
62
South
(n=1045)
50
38
50
Do Not Require Certification in Future
• Almost 2/3rds storages in the East and West intend to acquire certification.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 335
18.5 FUTURE CERTIFICATION INTENT
States
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Require Certification in
Future
53
71
50
90
38
86
56
100
Do Not Require
Certification in Future
47
29
50
10
62
14
44
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Require Certification in
Future
53
78
40
-
54
24
21
69
Do Not Require
Certification in Future
47
22
60
100
46
76
79
31
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Require Certification in
Future
53
58
80
54
58
100
71
50
39
Do Not Require
Certification in Future
47
42
20
46
42
-
29
50
61
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura Uttaranchal
(n=9)
(n=12)
Require Certification in
Future
53
51
100
56
78
Do Not Require
Certification in Future
47
49
-
44
22
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
33
71
86
67
29
14
• 80% storages in Karnataka intend to get certification in the near future.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 336
18.5 FUTURE CERTIFICATION INTENT
Urban CS’s
(n=1481)
Rural CS’s
(n=3522)
NHB/NHM
(n=3061)
Others
(n=1942)
Require Certification in
Future
52
54
54
53
Do Not Require Certification
in Future
48
46
46
47
Company
(Public Ltd.)
(n=174)
Company
(Private Ltd.)
(n=1563)
All
(n=5003)
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Require Certification in
Future
53
52
50
56
56
Do Not Require
Certification in Future
47
48
50
44
44
Association
(Public)
(n=5)
Association
(Private)
(n=12)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./
PSU)
(n=82)
Not
classified
under any
Ownership
type
(n=24)
Require Certification in
Future
60
58
75
65
38
Do Not Require
Certification in Future
40
42
25
35
63
• 3 out of 4 cooperatives wish to have certification in the future.
• More than half of the urban and rural cold storages intent to have a certification in the future.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 337
18.6 TYPE OF CERTIFICATE INTENDING TO
ACQUIRE
All
(n=2675)
ISO
Type H
(n=2282)
53
FSSA (Food Safety Standard
Association of India )
Type P
(n=327)
53
35
36
57
65
33
15
17
17
HACCP
15
14
19
None of the above
Type Q
(n=31)
50
WDRA (Warehousing
Development and
Regulatory Authority)
Other
Type M
(n=274)
30
8
Other
Products
(n=18)
44
23
33
13
33
20
16
2
2
4
8
0
10
10
11
10
3
11
0
17
• Overall 53% want to acquire ISO certification.
• 53 % Type H cold stores intend to acquire ISO certification and 1/3rd of them to get FSSA
certified. This trend is also witnessed in Type P and M storages.
Zone wise
All
(n=2675)
ISO
North
(n=975)
East
(n=553)
West
(n=625)
South
(n=522)
40
56
58
67
53
FSSA (Food Safety Standard
Association of India )
35
42
WDRA (Warehousing
Development and
Regulatory Authority)
15
14
HACCP
15
9
Other
None of the above
2
10
1
14
39
26
25
12
13
24
30
10
17
3
2
4
7
8
8
• Almost 70% Southern based storages wish for an ISO certificate.
• Around 40% storages in the North and East intend to get FSSA certification.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that intend to have certification in the future
All Figs in % 338
18.6 TYPE OF CERTIFICATE INTENDING TO
ACQUIRE
States
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=2675)
(n=320)
(n=687)
ISO
A&N
(n=9)
AP
(n=227)
Assam
(n=19)
Bihar
(n=94)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
53
58
38
-
73
42
41
67
35
21
45
33
14
37
36
33
15
16
17
-
8
37
18
-
HACCP
15
29
9
11
6
16
6
-
Other
2
2
1
56
0
5
-
-
None of the above
10
8
14
11
10
-
13
-
FSSA (Food Safety
Standard Association of
India )
WDRA (Warehousing
Development and
Regulatory Authority)
All
(n=2675)
C’garh
(n=59)
Delhi
(n=14)
Goa
(n=-)
Gujarat
(n=215)
Haryana
(n=45)
HP
(n=3)
J&K
(n=11)
53
39
50
-
58
33
100
45
35
47
43
-
35
40
-
18
15
22
7
-
1
7
-
-
HACCP
15
5
21
-
24
22
-
27
Other
2
2
-
-
3
2
-
-
None of the above
10
5
29
-
6
11
-
9
ISO
FSSA (Food Safety
Standard Association of
India )
WDRA (Warehousing
Development and
Regulatory Authority)
• 3 out of 4 storages in AP want to get an ISO certificate.
• More than 40% storages in UP & Chhattisgarh wish to get FSSA certified .
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that intend to have certification in the future
All Figs in % 339
18.6 TYPE OF CERTIFICATE INTENDING TO
ACQUIRE
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=2675) (n=11)
(n=151) (n=77) (n=90)
(n=1)
(n=27)
(n=1)
(n=155)
ISO
53
73
74
47
58
-
59
100
35
35
-
57
27
14
-
44
-
40
15
18
15
8
26
100
30
-
9
HACCP
15
9
36
12
6
-
15
-
5
Other
2
-
1
19
3
-
4
-
1
None of the above
10
-
5
13
11
-
4
-
14
FSSA (Food Safety
Standard Association of
India )
WDRA (Warehousing
Development and
Regulatory Authority)
All
(n=2675)
Rajasthan
(n=53)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=57)
53
70
60
65
71
35
17
-
28
15
8
20
HACCP
15
2
Other
2
None of the above
10
ISO
FSSA (Food Safety
Standard Association of
India )
WDRA (Warehousing
Development and
Regulatory Authority)
Tripura Uttaranchal
(n=7)
(n=4)
WB
(n=330)
North East
(n=32)
50
63
50
-
-
41
22
5
-
-
28
28
40
16
71
-
15
31
-
-
-
29
25
3
9
13
-
4
-
25
6
-
• Karnataka has 75% storages which intend to get ISO certification. There are also over 50%
storages here which wish to get FSSA certificates.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that intend to have certification in the future
All Figs in % 340
CHAPTER 19
SUBSIDIES & ASSISTANCE
Page no 341 to 366
© COPYRIGHT 2014
19. SUBSIDY SCHEMES UTILIZED
42% of Cold storages in India have reported using government subsidy or grant for their capital
investment. The remaining 58% of cold stores reported capital investment independent of
subsidy support.
1 out of 2 cold storages in the West have availed government subsidies.


All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
58
57
Type P
(n=523)
63
43
42
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
41
39
Yes
67
61
59
37
Other
Products
(n=27)
33
No
Only 35% of government cold storages have utilized a subsidy scheme. More than 40% of
cooperatives, partnership and public limited company type of cold storages have utilized
subsidy schemes.

Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Company (Public
Ltd.)
(n=174)
Yes
35
44
42
45
No
65
56
58
55
Subsidy Scheme Utilized
Subsidy Scheme Utilized
Association
(Public)
(n=5)
Association
(Private)
(n=12)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./
PSU)
(n=82)
Company
(Private Ltd.)
(n=1563)
Not classified
under any
Ownership
type
(n=24)
Yes
40
33
42
35
17
No
60
67
58
65
83
© COPYRIGHT 2014
342
19. SUBSIDY SCHEMES UTILIZED
1
Type of upgrade (%)
2
6
9
23
45


47
From those who used subsidies, the assistance was utilised for new capacity expansion,
technology up-gradation and modernisation.
As many as 40% of Type H and M cold storages have also used subsidies for training their
managers.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
343
19. SUBSIDY SCHEMES UTILIZED



Close to 47% of CS’s built after 2009 have availed of government subsidies.
Irrespective of the CS’s year of construction majority of them have taken the NHB
subsidy.
1 out of 4 cold storages have utilized the NABARD subsidy.
CS’s built after
2009
CS’s built before
2009
Yes
47
41
No
53
59
Subsidy Scheme Utilized
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s built after
2009
CS’s built before
2009
DIC
2
4
NABARD
17
25
National Horticulture Mission
19
7
NHB
39
35
Others
28
35
344
19. SUBSIDY SCHEMES UTILIZED

Of all the cold stores that upgraded their facility, 59% reported capacity expansion, with a
combined majority of 80% of these who resorted to modernisation through automation,
refrigeration and insulation upgrades. 31% undertook the task to modernise other aspects of
operations at their facility.

A high demand for technology induction and modernization is indicated through this survey.

Other government assistance utilised was in the form of manpower training. Despite having
the second largest number of cold storages, West Bengal reported among the lowest incident
with 87% claimed they had not availed of any government subsidy.

When we analyze the data by NHB database vs. others, 43% of NHB CSs confirm taking subsidy.
Even of this the percentage is higher at 56% among CSs installed post 2009 compared to 39%
among CSs installed before 2009

Almost 27% of the cold stores have undergone major overhaul, modernisation or expansion. Of
these, 77% have undertaken this exercise within the past 10 years.
Modernisation or Expansion (%)
Years since last Upgrade (%)
27
Yes
27
73
30
21
No
2
2
3
6
10

Of those taking subsidy among NHB database, more percentage have taken subidy for training
in financial management.

Of all CSs 3 out of 4 cold storages have expressed interest in availing subsidy in the future.
This is the trend across all zones except North.

More percentage – 85% - of CSs of NHB database have shown interest in taking subsidy in
future compared to others – 75%
© COPYRIGHT 2014
345
19. SUBSIDY SCHEMES UTILIZED

Type of upgrade made in the CS% (multiple responses)
All Cold stores
Capacity expansion
Modernisation
Insulation changed
Cooling system changed
Automation installed
Auxiliary equipment like Sorting & Grading,
Ripening chambers etc
Others
Not specified
© COPYRIGHT 2014
After
2009
Before
2009
53
33
18
26
16
60
34
24
29
30
17
16
6
4
4
2
346
19. SUBSIDY SCHEMES UTILIZED

Type of upgrade made in the CS% (multiple responses)
Urban CS’s
(n=368)
Rural CS
(n=972)
NHB/NHM
(n=849)
Others
(n=491)
Capacity expansion
54
61
58
61
Modernisation
35
30
30
34
Insulation changed
25
23
23
24
Cooling system
changed
30
27
26
31
Automation installed
32
28
29
28
Auxiliary equipment like
Sorting & Grading, Ripening
chambers etc
16
18
18
18
Others
3
5
4
4
Not specified
4
2
3
2
 Capacity expansion is the main use of subsidies for both urban and rural CSs as well as NHB
assisted CSs and other CSs
 A third of urban CSs have utilized the subsidy for modernization as well
© COPYRIGHT 2014
347
19. SUBSIDY SCHEMES UTILIZED
Ownership Type

Type of upgrade made in the CS% (multiple responses)
Proprietorship
(n=297)
Partnership
(n=407)
Company (Public
Ltd.)
(n=53)
Capacity expansion
55
58
55
63
Modernisation
31
30
34
32
Insulation changed
17
19
23
28
Cooling system
changed
23
23
23
32
Automation installed
25
23
26
35
Auxiliary equipment like
Sorting & Grading, Ripening
chambers etc
17
17
15
19
Others
4
4
2
5
Not specified
4
2
4
1
Association
(Public)
(n=4)
Association
(Private)
(n=3)
Cooperative
(n=58)
Government
(Co./Dept./
PSU)
(n=24)
Company
(Private Ltd.)
(n=487)
Not
classified
under any
Ownership
type
(n=7)
Capacity expansion
100
-
60
50
57
Modernisation
50
-
36
42
43
75
67
34
42
14
50
33
40
63
29
50
-
34
46
14
50
-
10
46
14
Others
-
33
3
-
-
Not specified
-
-
5
-
-
Insulation changed
Cooling system
changed
Automation
installed
Auxiliary equipment
like Sorting & Grading,
Ripening chambers etc
© COPYRIGHT 2014
348
19.1 AVAILED GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY OR
ASSISTANCE
All
(n=5003)
Type H
(n=4333)
58
57
Type P
(n=523)
63
43
42
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
41
Yes
Yes
67
61
59
37
Other
Products
(n=27)
39
33
No
No
• Only 42% of the CSs have taken subsidy for setting up CSs
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
58
57
42
43
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
73
63
45
55
27
Yes
South
(n=1045)
37
No
• Zone wise analysis shows that over 55% of West zone CSs have availed of subsidies while in East
zone only 27% have availed of subsidies
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 349
19.1 AVAILED GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY OR
ASSISTANCE
States
All
(n=5003)
Maharashrta
(n=451)
UP
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
Yes
42
53
47
10
38
36
42
33
No
58
47
53
90
62
64
58
67
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Yes
42
51
6
29
65
21
50
50
No
58
49
94
71
35
79
50
50
MP
(n=156)
Nagaland
(n=1)
Orissa
(n=38)
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=2)
(n=402)
Yes
42
53
23
30
38
-
68
50
37
No
58
47
77
70
62
100
32
50
63
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=3)
TN
(n=100)
Tripura
(n=7)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=435)
North East
(n=37)
Yes
42
52
20
70
22
33
13
30
No
58
48
80
30
78
67
87
70
• There is wide variation in state wise analysis.
• The incidence of taking subsidies is higher in Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand,
Orissa and TN
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 350
19.2 NUMBER OF TIMES SUBSIDY AVAILED
All
(n=2079)
1
Type H
(n=1850)
85
Type P
(n=194)
85
Type M
(n=184)
84
Type Q
(n=17)
89
Other
Products
(n=9)
82
2
7
6
7
6
12
Above 2
3
3
4
1
6
67
11
22
• On an average at overall level subsidies have been taken 1.2 times by CSs
Zone wise
All
(n=2079)
1
North
(n=916)
85
East
(n=219)
82
West
(n=557)
81
South
(n=387)
93
84
2
7
5
9
6
9
Above 2
3
4
1
1
4
• Zone wise analysis shows that West zone more CSs have taken subsidies and East zone has taken
the less number of CSs have taken subsidies. We have noted earlier that there are more CSs in
East zone than in West zone
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have availed subsidy
All Figs in % 351
19.2 NUMBER OF TIMES SUBSIDY AVAILED
All
(n=2079)
Maharashrta
(n=237)
UP
(n=651)
A&N
(n=1)
AP
(n=227)
Assam
(n=8)
Bihar
(n=71)
Chandigarh
(n=1)
1
85
90
82
100
85
75
83
100
2
7
8
5
-
9
25
14
-
Above 2
3
1
4
-
4
-
3
-
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.0
MEAN
All
(n=2079)
C’garh
(n=39)
Delhi
(n=2)
Goa
(n=2)
Gujarat
(n=258)
Haryana
(n=39)
HP
(n=7)
J&K
(n=8)
1
85
87
50
-
96
72
100
75
2
7
13
50
100
3
-
-
-
Above 2
3
-
-
-
1
0
-
25
1.2
1.1
1.5
2.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
2.0
MEAN
All
Jharkhand Karnataka
(n=2079) (n=10)
(n=44)
Kerala
(n=43)
MP
(n=60)
Nagaland
(n=-)
Orissa
(n=26)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=1)
(n=150)
1
85
70
64
88
95
-
100
100
84
2
7
-
16
2
5
-
-
-
9
Above 2
3
-
16
-
-
-
-
-
3
1.2
1.0
1.8
1.0
1.1
-
1.0
1.0
1.2
MEAN
All
(n=2079)
Rajasthan
(n=54)
Sikkim
(n=1)
TN
(n=71)
Tripura
(n=2)
Uttaranchal
(n=4)
WB
(n=62)
North East
(n=11)
1
85
85
100
87
50
100
71
73
2
7
2
-
6
-
-
5
18
Above 2
3
0
0
3
0
0
3
-
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
MEAN
• The average number of Karnataka cold stores is higher in number of subsidies taken compared
to other states.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have availed subsidy
All Figs in % 352
19.3 UTILIZATION OF GOVERNMENT
SUBSIDIES AND ASSISTANCE
All
(n=2079)
Type H
(n=1850)
Capacity Build
47
46
Training to Managers
45
46
Technology upgradation /
Modernization
Training to operators
Marketing Support
Reefer trucks
Auxiliary equipments
(S &G, Packaging, Ripening
chambers etc)
23
Type P
(n=194)
Type M
(n=184)
59
41
38
25
8
14
16
6
5
5
11
2
1
2
5
1
1
2
7
44
11
41
26
9
Other
Products
(n=9)
18
45
36
22
Type Q
(n=17)
18
12
0
12
56
11
0
0
11
• The purpose of taking subsidy related to cold storage is mainly for capacity expansion, training,
and technology up gradation
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have availed subsidy
All Figs in % 353
19.3 UTILIZATION OF GOVERNMENT
SUBSIDIES AND ASSISTANCE
Zone Wise
All
(n=2079)
Capacity Build
47
Training to Managers
45
Technology upgradation /
Modernization
Training to operators
North
(n=916)
East
(n=219)
34
53
28
46
26
23
South
(n=387)
54
44
38
23
West
(n=557)
59
27
15
21
7
9
3
7
6
5
6
5
11
2
1
0
1
4
Auxiliary equipments
(S &G, Packaging, Ripening
chambers etc) 1
1
0
2
1
Marketing Support
Reefer trucks
• The subsidies were taken to expand capacities, to get training on financial management and for
technology up gradation.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have availed subsidy
All Figs in % 354
19.3 UTILIZATION OF GOVERNMENT
SUBSIDIES AND ASSISTANCE
States
All
(n=2079)
Maharashrta
(n=237)
UP
(n=651)
A&N
(n=1)
AP
(n=227)
Assam
(n=8)
Bihar
(n=71)
Chandigarh
(n=1)
Capacity Build
47
50
52
-
16
13
48
100
Training to Managers
45
35
44
100
70
88
34
-
Technology upgradation /
Modernization
23
40
18
100
9
25
14
-
Training to operators
9
10
3
100
2
-
10
-
Marketing Support
6
5
6
100
11
25
10
-
Reefer trucks
2
0
1
100
1
-
-
-
Auxiliary equipments
(S &G, Packaging, Ripening
chambers etc)
1
1
1
100
1
-
-
-
All
(n=2079)
C’garh
(n=39)
Delhi
(n=2)
Goa
(n=2)
Gujarat
(n=258)
Haryana
(n=39)
HP
(n=7)
J&K
(n=8)
Capacity Build
47
26
-
50
63
56
71
13
Training to Managers
45
72
-
100
52
8
43
88
Technology upgradation /
Modernization
23
31
100
-
16
33
-
-
Training to operators
9
-
-
-
35
3
-
-
Marketing Support
6
-
-
-
4
3
-
-
Reefer trucks
2
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
Auxiliary equipments
(S &G, Packaging, Ripening
chambers etc)
1
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
• Maharashtra UP, Bihar, Chandigarh, Gujarat, Haryana have taken subsidies for capacity
expansion.
• UP, AP Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat have taken subsidy for training
• Maharashtra and Delhi have taken subsidy for up gradation of technology.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have availed subsidy
All Figs in % 355
19.3 UTILIZATION OF GOVERNMENT
SUBSIDIES AND ASSISTANCE
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka
(n=2079) (n=10)
(n=44)
Kerala
(n=43)
MP
(n=60)
Nagaland
(n=-)
Orissa
(n=26)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=1)
(n=150)
Capacity Build
47
40
36
40
28
-
15
100
57
Training to Managers
45
10
34
33
58
-
65
-
16
Technology upgradation /
Modernization
23
40
20
21
20
-
31
-
49
Training to operators
9
-
25
7
2
-
-
-
6
Marketing Support
6
-
5
21
5
-
4
-
6
Reefer trucks
2
-
7
-
-
-
-
-
3
Auxiliary equipments
(S &G, Packaging, Ripening
chambers etc)
1
-
-
2
3
-
-
-
1
All
(n=2079)
Rajasthan
(n=54)
Sikkim
(n=1)
TN
(n=71)
Tripura
(n=2)
Uttaranchal
(n=4)
WB
(n=62)
North East
(n=11)
Capacity Build
47
63
100
54
-
50
34
18
Training to Managers
45
35
-
56
50
25
31
73
Technology upgradation /
Modernization
23
9
-
24
-
75
32
18
Training to operators
9
-
-
13
-
-
15
-
Marketing Support
6
-
-
10
50
-
5
27
Reefer trucks
2
-
-
13
-
-
2
-
Auxiliary equipments
(S &G, Packaging, Ripening
chambers etc)
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
• Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Punjab, Rajasthan, TN and Uttaranchal have taken subsidies for
capacity expansion.
• Kerala, MP, Orissa, Rajasthan, TN and WB have taken subsidy for training
• Jharkhand and Punjab have also taken subsidy for up gradation of technology.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have availed subsidy
All Figs in % 356
19.3 UTILIZATION OF GOVERNMENT
SUBSIDIES AND ASSISTANCE
Urban CS’s
(n=511)
Rural CS
(n=1568)
NHB/NHM
(n=1324)
Others
(n=755)
Capacity Build
44
48
46
47
Training to Managers
38
47
45
44
Technology upgradation / Modernization
23
23
21
25
Training to operators
12
8
6
15
Marketing Support
9
5
6
6
Reefer trucks
2
1
2
2
Auxiliary equipments
(S &G, Packaging, Ripening chambers etc)
2
1
1
2
• In all – urban rural or NHB/non NHB CSs - cold storages, subsidies have mainly been availed to
built the capacity as well as train the managers.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have availed subsidy
All Figs in % 357
19.3 UTILIZATION OF GOVERNMENT
SUBSIDIES AND ASSISTANCE
Ownership Type
Company
(Public Ltd.)
(n=73)
Company
(Private Ltd.)
(n=709)
Association
(Public)
(n=2)
Proprietorship
(n=468)
Partnership
(n=735)
Capacity Build
46
49
55
45
-
Training to Managers
41
43
23
51
50
Technology upgradation / Modernization
26
22
33
18
50
Training to operators
6
9
11
10
-
Marketing Support
9
5
5
5
50
Reefer trucks
2
1
3
2
-
Auxiliary equipments
(S &G, Packaging, Ripening chambers
etc)
1
1
3
1
50
Association
(Private)
(n=4)
Cooperative
(n=55)
Government
(Co./Dept./
PSU)
(n=29)
Not classified
under any
Ownership
type
(n=4)
-
45
45
25
Training to Managers
25
27
48
75
Technology upgradation / Modernization
75
51
28
-
-
9
14
25
50
5
7
25
Reefer trucks
-
-
3
-
Auxiliary equipments
(S &G, Packaging, Ripening chambers etc)
-
2
-
-
Capacity Build
Training to operators
Marketing Support
• In government run cold storages, subsidies have mainly been availed to built the capacity as well
as train the managers.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have availed subsidy
All Figs in % 358
19.4 SOURCE OF GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES
AND ASSISTANCE
All
(n=2079)
Type H
(n=1850)
Type P
(n=194)
Type H
(n=184)
Type P
(n=17)
Other
Products
(n=9)
DIC
4
3
6
8
12
11
NABARD
23
24
21
5
29
-
National Horticulture Mission
10
11
5
1
-
22
NHB
36
39
36
21
29
11
Others
34
29
37
71
35
67
All
(n=2079)
North
(n=916)
East
(n=219)
West
(n=557)
South
(n=387)
DIC
4
1
7
7
3
NABARD
23
26
19
15
28
National Horticulture Mission
10
12
7
8
12
NHB
36
40
33
33
33
Others
34
27
38
44
32
• At an overall level, more than 1 out 3 cold storages have availed for a NHB subsidy.
• Number of cold storages availing NHB subsidies are higher in the northern zone.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have availed subsidy
All Figs in % 359
19.4 SOURCE OF GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES
AND ASSISTANCE
States
All
(n=2079)
Maharashrta
(n=237)
UP
(n=651)
A&N
(n=1)
AP
(n=227)
Assam
(n=8)
Bihar
(n=71)
Chandigarh
(n=1)
DIC
4
11
0
100
0
-
4
-
NABARD
23
17
33
-
35
13
23
100
National Horticulture
Mission
10
5
10
-
16
13
10
-
NHB
36
33
37
-
39
-
45
-
Others
34
44
25
-
17
-
25
-
All
(n=2079)
C’garh
(n=39)
Delhi
(n=2)
Goa
(n=2)
Gujarat
(n=258)
Haryana
(n=39)
HP
(n=7)
J&K
(n=8)
DIC
4
18
-
-
5
5
14
25
NABARD
23
33
-
-
7
3
14
-
National Horticulture
Mission
10
5
-
-
9
5
-
13
NHB
36
41
-
-
33
49
Others
34
13
-
100
49
41
14
13
• Maharashtra UP, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana have mainly taken subsidies from NHB.
• Almost 35% of cold storages in Andhra Pradesh have a NABARD scheme.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have availed subsidy
All Figs in % 360
19.4 SOURCE OF GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES
AND ASSISTANCE
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka
(n=2079) (n=10)
(n=44)
Kerala
(n=43)
MP
(n=60)
Nagaland
(n=-)
Orissa
(n=26)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=1)
(n=150)
DIC
4
-
9
2
-
-
12
-
1
NABARD
23
40
18
9
38
-
12
-
5
National Horticulture
Mission
10
-
23
-
13
-
15
-
23
NHB
36
-
45
7
-
-
-
-
47
Others
34
60
32
93
22
-
54
-
28
All
(n=2079)
Rajasthan
(n=54)
Sikkim
(n=1)
TN
(n=71)
Tripura
(n=2)
Uttaranchal
(n=4)
WB
(n=62)
North East
(n=11)
DIC
4
-
-
6
-
25
5
-
NABARD
23
24
-
24
50
25
5
18
National Horticulture
Mission
10
9
-
1
-
-
3
9
NHB
36
35
-
24
-
-
24
-
Others
34
33
100
46
-
25
65
9
• Karnataka and Punjab
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have availed subsidy
All Figs in % 361
19.4 SOURCE OF GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES
AND ASSISTANCE
Urban CS’s
(n=511)
Rural CS
(n=1568)
NHB/NHM
(n=1324)
Others
(n=755)
DIC
5
3
3
5
NABARD
20
23
26
16
National Horticulture Mission
10
10
12
7
NHB
32
37
40
29
Others
39
32
25
48
• In all – urban rural or NHB/non NHB CSs – predominantly have availed of NHB subsidies.
• Comparatively, higher proportion of NHB CS’s have availed of their subsidies – 40%
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have availed subsidy
All Figs in % 362
19.4 SOURCE OF GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES
AND ASSISTANCE
Ownership Type
Company
(Public Ltd.)
(n=73)
Company
(Private Ltd.)
(n=709)
Association
(Public)
(n=2)
Proprietorship
(n=468)
Partnership
(n=735)
DIC
4
4
1
3
-
NABARD
17
19
23
31
-
National Horticulture Mission
12
13
3
8
-
NHB
31
39
34
36
-
Others
39
30
45
30
100
Association
(Private)
(n=4)
DIC
Cooperative
(n=55)
Government
(Co./Dept./
PSU)
(n=29)
Not classified
under any
Ownership
type
(n=4)
-
4
-
-
NABARD
25
11
17
50
National Horticulture Mission
25
-
17
-
NHB
25
38
21
50
Others
25
56
52
-
• More than 30% of private companies (CS’s) have used the nabard subsidy.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
CS’s that have availed subsidy
All Figs in % 363
19.5 INTEREST IN AVAILING SUBSIDY IN
FUTURE
All
(n=5003)
75
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
76
25
72
24
Type M
(n=452)
28
Require More Subsidies
74
Other
Products
(n=27)
Type Q
(n=44)
68
26
32
81
19
Do Not Require More Subsidies
• Overall 75% of the CSs would like to avail subsidy in future.
• The trend is same across all types of cold stores
Zone wise
All
(n=5003)
75
North
(n=2142)
25
63
East
(n=803)
37
87
South
(n=1045)
85
81
13
Require More Subsidies
West
(n=1013)
19
15
Do Not Require More Subsidies
• Zone wise analysis shows that the inclination to avail a subsidy is lower in North zone compared
to other zones
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 364
19.5 INTEREST IN AVAILING SUBSIDY IN
FUTURE
States
All
(n=5003)
Maharashrta
(n=451)
UP
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
Require More Subsidies
75
79
67
80
86
91
72
33
Do Not Require More
Subsidy’s
25
21
33
20
14
9
28
67
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Require More Subsidies
75
78
63
29
87
49
79
94
Do Not Require More
Subsidy’s
25
22
37
71
13
51
21
6
MP
(n=156)
Nagaland
(n=1)
Orissa
(n=38)
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=2)
(n=402)
Require More Subsidies
75
58
85
73
72
100
97
100
54
Do Not Require More
Subsidy’s
25
42
15
27
28
-
3
-
46
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Require More Subsidies
75
66
100
93
78
42
93
89
Do Not Require More
Subsidy’s
25
34
-
7
22
58
7
11
• State wise, non inclination for availing subsidy is high in Chandigarh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Punjab
and Uttaranchal
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 365
19.5 INTEREST IN AVAILING SUBSIDY IN
FUTURE
Urban
(n=1481)
Rural
(n=3522)
NHB
(n=3061)
Others
(n=1942)
Require More Subsidies
77
74
77
72
Do Not Require More Subsidy’s
23
26
23
28
Company
(Public Ltd.)
(n=174)
Company
(Private Ltd.)
(n=1563)
Association
(Public)
(n=5)
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Require More Subsidies
70
74
70
81
80
Do Not Require More Subsidy’s
30
26
30
19
20
Association
(Private)
(n=12)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./
PSU)
(n=82)
Not classified
under any
Ownership
type
(n=24)
Require More Subsidies
92
79
70
54
Do Not Require More Subsidy’s
8
21
30
46
• 81% of the cold storages that are private companies want to avail more subsidies in the future.
• There are almost 30% government owned cold storages which refuse to avail any subsidies in
the future.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 366
CHAPTER 20
EMPLOYMENT OF
MANAGERIAL, SUPERVISORY,
TECHNICAL STAFF AND
LABOUR
Page no 367 to 383
© COPYRIGHT 2014
20. HUMAN RESOURCES DETAILS

It was apparent in the technology section of this report that dependency of the Indian CS’s is
very high on manual labor. Right from ventilation, evaporation, safety measure to reefer
technology, manpower plays a crucial role.

All India average of number of permanent employees in a cold storage is 20.7. This figure
increases when it comes to CS’s which store Animal husbandry and Processed foods.
Horticulture based CS’s have a modest 13.7 employees per CS.

Qualification level of all Employees in the Cold storage
7.0
3.9
2.7
1.3
1.4
1.3
Education Level
Post
Graduate SSC/HSc Technical Less than Unskilled
Graduate
Dilpoma
SSC

Out of these 20.7 (average score) employees in each CS, 1 is a post graduate, 3 are graduates
and the remaining are either 10th pass, diploma holders or unskilled people. Animal Husbandry
based CS’s have a higher number of employees who are graduates or post graduates.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
368
20. HUMAN RESOURCES DETAILS


Urban
(n=1481)
Rural
(n=3522)
NHB
(n=3061)
Others
(n=1942)
Total Number of EMPLOYEES
25.7
18.2
14.2
30.2
POST GRADUATES
1.5
1.2
0.9
1.8
GRADUATES
3.3
2.5
2.2
3.6
SSC/HSC
6.7
7.1
6.0
8.6
TECHINICAL / DIPLOMA
1.7
1.2
1.0
2.0
SSC
4.7
3.6
2.7
5.9
ILLITERATE
1.7
1.1
0.8
2.1
The average number of employees higher in urban CSs and non assisted CSs.
These type of CSs also have better educated – graduate and post graduate staff - compared to
rural and NHB assisted CSs
© COPYRIGHT 2014
369
20. HUMAN RESOURCES DETAILS
Company
(Private Ltd.)
(n=1563)
Association
(Public)
(n=5)
Partnership
(n=1677)
Total Number of EMPLOYEES
17.9
15.4
37.2
23.5
80.4
POST GRADUATES
1.1
1.1
2.5
1.4
3.6
GRADUATES
2.1
2.1
5.8
3.2
10.6
SSC/HSC
6.4
6.0
11.6
7.6
23.4
TECHINICAL / DIPLOMA
0.8
0.9
3.1
1.7
4.6
SSC
4.2
3.1
5.9
3.9
23.6
ILLITERATE
1.5
1.0
3.1
1.0
17.5
Association
(Private)
(n=12)

Company
(Public Ltd.)
(n=174)
Proprietorship
(n=1336)
Cooperative
(n=130)
Government
(Co./Dept./
PSU)
(n=82)
Not classified
under any
Ownership
type
(n=24)
Total Number of EMPLOYEES
22.7
31.5
48.2
15.6
POST GRADUATES
2.5
2.4
2.3
1.6
GRADUATES
4.9
5.5
7.2
2.8
SSC/HSC
7.7
8.7
10.5
4.5
TECHINICAL / DIPLOMA
3.8
4.1
4.4
1.6
SSC
6.0
6.7
4.4
7.9
ILLITERATE
2.3
2.3
1.9
0.8
The average number of employees are maximum among the government owned cold storages
– 48.2.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
370
20. HUMAN RESOURCES DETAILS

Thus the CS’s have a mix of employees with varied education background but 75% of them
either with a diploma or 10th standard & less. Thus, employability is more directed towards on
job skills in these CS’s.

Cold stores were unable to give any definitive response to number of contractual employees,
but the general consensus understood was that unskilled labour is hired depending on work
load and seasonality. The numbers can vary from 20 to 300 per cold store.

Cold Stores must have refrigeration engineers or technicians. All India, a mean of 2.5 reefer
technicians per cold storage facility is reported. There is a surge in these numbers for CS’s
storing processed foods and animal husbandry products. An average of 3.0 reefer technicians
have formal training - ITI / Diploma holders.

In terms of training, over 71% of employees have not attended a training program in the last
one year. Out of those who did, most of them have attended the company funded / organized
training program.

There is very high sensitization of employees towards skill up-gradation and 76% of the cold
stores reported that they intend to join training programs if organized by the government.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
371
20.1 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ON ROLL
ALL
(n=5003)
Total
Number of
employees
20.4
Post
graduates
1.3
Graduates
2.7
SSC /
HSC
7.0
Technical/
Diploma
1.4
Less than
SSC
3.9
Unskilled
1.3
• On an average, 20.7 persons were employed in each cold storage
• On an average there were at least 1 post graduate, over 2 graduate, 7 plus school educated, 1
plus diploma holders and another 4 who have done schooling to some extent.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents All Figs in Absolute 372
20.1 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ON ROLL
Type of Product Stored
Type H
(n=4333)
Type P
(n=523)
Type M
(n=452)
Type Q
(n=44)
other
products
(n=27)
102111
59145
15868
32205
1109
949
20.4
13.7
30.3
71.3
25.2
35.2
All
(n=5003)
Total Number of employees
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
POST GRADUATES
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
6454
3900
1308
1700
101
105
1.3
0.9
2.5
3.8
2.3
3.9
GRADUATES
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
13708
8666
2448
3485
129
122
2.7
2.0
4.7
7.7
2.9
4.5
SSC/HSC
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
34871
24611
4273
8276
338
359
7.0
5.7
8.2
18.3
7.7
13.3
TECHINICAL / DIPLOMA
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
6854
3683
1511
2066
89
78
1.4
0.9
2.9
4.6
2.0
2.9
Less than SSC
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
19512
12349
2850
5438
143
244
3.9
2.9
5.5
12.0
3.3
9.0
Unskilled Workers
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
6404
4116
957
1627
41
139
1.3
1.0
1.8
3.6
0.9
5.1
• Overall cold stores employed 20.6 employees on an average per store
• Type M stores – animal husbandry stores had the maximum number per store, followed by
Type P, Type Q and Type H in that order
• Drilling down to level of education like post graduates, graduates etc., also shows the same
trend where average employment at all levels is higher in Type M followed by Type P, type Q
and Type H in that order
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents All Figs in Absolutes 373
20.1 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ON ROLL
Zone wise
Type of Product Stored
All
(n=5003)
North
(n=2142)
East
(n=803)
West
(n=1013)
South
(n=1045)
102111
20992
10905
42333
27902
20.4
9.8
13.6
41.8
26.7
Total Number of employees
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
POST GRADUATES
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
6454
1949
369
2543
1578
1.3
0.9
0.5
2.5
1.5
GRADUATES
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
13708
3427
1855
4467
3908
2.7
1.6
2.3
4.4
3.7
SSC/HSC
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
34871
10410
5260
11629
7629
7.0
4.9
6.6
11.5
7.3
TECHINICAL / DIPLOMA
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
6854
1178
747
2026
2801
1.4
0.6
0.9
2.0
2.7
Less than SSC
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
19512
4241
1863
8793
4723
3.9
2.0
2.3
8.7
4.5
Unskilled Workers
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
6404
771
402
3515
1797
1.3
0.4
0.5
3.5
1.7
• Cold storages in the Western zone employ the highest number of workers with an average of
43.2, followed by South, East and North
• The average number of employees with a technical diploma in the South are higher than that in
the other zones.
• Western zone has an average of 2.4 employees working in cold stores who are unskilled.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents All Figs in Absolutes 374
20.1 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ON ROLL
States
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Total Number of employees
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
102111
23862
15012
201
10584
283
1751
23
20.4
52.9
11.0
20.1
17.6
12.9
10.4
7.7
POST GRADUATES
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
6454
1736
1549
-
636
21
78
4
1.3
3.9
1.1
-
1.1
1.0
0.5
1.3
GRADUATES
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
13708
2688
2495
9
1920
34
250
9
2.7
6.0
1.8
0.9
3.2
1.6
1.5
3.0
SSC/HSC
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
34871
7180
7952
46
3156
104
901
7
7.0
15.9
5.8
4.6
5.3
4.7
5.3
2.3
TECHINICAL / DIPLOMA
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
6854
1294
713
14
1236
41
64
1
1.4
2.9
0.5
1.4
2.1
1.9
0.4
0.3
Less than SSC
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
19512
4984
2673
31
1548
43
441
-
3.9
11.1
2.0
3.1
2.6
2.0
2.6
-
Unskilled Workers
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
6404
2260
521
9
1182
65
39
2
1.3
5.0
0.4
0.9
2.0
3.0
0.2
0.7
• State wise analysis shows that average employment in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Delhi, Kerala and
TN is higher compared to other states.
• On the other hand, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, HP, Haryana, MP, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tripura and
Uttaranchal deploy less than 10 employees in their cold stores on an average.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents All Figs in Absolutes 375
20.1 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ON ROLL
States
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
102111
706
1186
436
16942
1162
155
248
20.4
9.3
33.9
62.3
42.5
6.3
11.1
15.5
Total Number of employees
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
POST GRADUATES
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
6454
53
29
6
694
80
25
31
1.3
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.7
0.4
1.8
1.9
GRADUATES
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
13708
125
178
59
1532
241
51
50
2.7
1.6
5.1
8.4
3.8
1.3
3.6
3.1
SSC/HSC
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
34871
335
276
157
3822
686
45
72
7.0
4.4
7.9
22.4
9.6
3.7
3.2
4.5
TECHINICAL / DIPLOMA
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
6854
34
51
12
658
80
49
18
1.4
0.5
1.5
1.7
1.7
0.4
3.5
1.1
Less than SSC
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
19512
173
196
114
3559
337
22
64
3.9
2.3
5.6
16.3
8.9
1.8
1.6
4.0
Unskilled Workers
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
© COPYRIGHT 2014
6404
11
17
5
1273
41
-
28
1.3
0.2
0.5
0.7
3.2
0.2
-
1.8
All Respondents All Figs in Absolutes 376
20.1 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ON ROLL
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1) (n=38)
(n=2)
Punjab
(n=402)
Total Number of employees
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
102111
210
4194
6615
1092
10
727
478
2255
20.4
11.1
22.3
46.3
7.0
10.0
19.1
239.0
5.6
POST GRADUATES
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
6454
3
197
482
120
-
77
18
149
1.3
0.2
1.1
3.4
0.8
-
2.0
9.0
0.4
GRADUATES
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
13708
20
564
898
198
1
76
60
237
2.7
1.1
3.0
6.3
1.3
1.0
2.0
30.0
0.6
SSC/HSC
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
34871
70
985
2696
526
2
290
40
985
7.0
3.7
5.2
18.9
3.4
2.0
7.6
20.0
2.5
TECHINICAL / DIPLOMA
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
6854
5
432
576
73
1
51
54
145
1.4
0.3
2.3
4.0
0.5
1.0
1.3
27.0
0.4
Less than SSC
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
19512
96
914
1360
207
-
261
72
764
3.9
5.1
4.9
9.5
1.3
-
6.9
36.0
1.9
Unskilled Workers
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
© COPYRIGHT 2014
6404
3
494
14
27
4
26
-
117
1.3
0.2
2.6
0.1
0.2
4.0
0.7
-
0.3
All Respondents All Figs in Absolute 377
20.1 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ON ROLL
States
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Total Number of employees
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
102111
861
37
5889
85
90
7099
415
20.4
8.3
7.4
57.7
9.4
7.5
15.3
11.2
POST GRADUATES
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
6454
70
1
245
8
16
130
30
1.3
0.7
0.2
2.4
0.9
1.3
0.3
0.8
GRADUATES
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
13708
164
2
464
15
13
1332
52
2.7
1.6
0.4
4.6
1.7
1.1
2.9
1.4
SSC/HSC
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
34871
356
28
778
48
27
3485
182
7.0
3.4
5.6
7.6
5.3
2.3
7.5
4.9
TECHINICAL / DIPLOMA
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
6854
103
1
497
13
4
529
56
1.4
1.0
0.2
4.9
1.4
0.3
1.1
1.5
Less than SSC
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
19512
164
6
925
11
22
831
60
3.9
1.6
1.2
9.1
1.2
1.8
1.8
1.6
Unskilled Workers
Estimated Number of
Employees
Mean
© COPYRIGHT 2014
6404
35
1
78
-
10
246
70
1.3
0.3
0.2
0.8
-
0.8
0.5
1.9
All Respondents All Figs in Absolute 378
20.2 NUMBER OF REEFER TECHNICIANS ON
ROLL
States
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
1
22
44
19
40
9
36
12
-
2
21
20
9
20
42
36
7
-
3
17
8
27
10
14
14
22
-
4
9
5
20
-
4
-
14
33
5
4
3
7
-
1
-
4
-
More than 5
10
4
6
-
5
-
9
-
DKCS
1
2
1
-
1
-
-
-
2.5
1.9
2.8
1.1
2.1
1.5
2.3
1.3
MEAN
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
1
22
9
26
43
47
17
14
25
2
21
33
11
14
29
43
43
13
3
17
32
9
14
4
29
-
19
4
9
5
6
-
2
2
7
6
5
4
3
6
-
2
1
7
13
More than 5
10
1
9
-
3
3
29
19
DKCS
1
7
-
-
1
-
-
-
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.1
1.6
2.2
4.0
3.1
MEAN
• Close to 1/3rd storages in Delhi and Bihar have employed no reefer technicians.
• Majority of other states have 1-5 reefer technicians.
• Across states, WB has the highest number of average reefer technicians employed in its cold
stores.
• In Karnataka there are 45% cold stores which have employed not a single reefer technician.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 379
20.2 NUMBER OF REEFER TECHNICIANS ON
ROLL
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
Punjab
(n=402)
1
22
21
23
10
15
100
32
-
29
2
21
11
13
28
24
-
18
-
36
3
17
21
8
8
26
-
26
-
11
4
9
5
3
13
6
-
5
50
1
5
4
-
3
6
1
-
3
-
-
More than 5
10
-
4
22
1
-
5
-
1
DKCS
1
-
1
3
-
-
-
50
1
2.5
1.3
1.4
3.7
1.8
1.0
2.2
4.0
1.5
MEAN
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
1
22
27
-
20
33
58
5
32
2
21
26
20
19
33
8
5
32
3
17
10
-
15
11
17
9
11
4
9
2
20
10
22
-
11
8
5
4
2
-
6
-
-
5
-
More than 5
10
3
-
17
-
-
59
-
DKCS
1
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
2.5
1.6
1.2
3.8
2.2
1.3
5.4
1.6
MEAN
• Close to 1/3rd storages in Delhi and Bihar have employed no reefer technicians.
• Majority of other states have 1-5 reefer technicians.
• Across states, WB has the highest number of average reefer technicians employed in its cold
stores.
• In Karnataka there are 45% cold stores which have employed not a single reefer technician.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 380
20.3 NUMBER OF REEFER TECHNICIANS ON
ROLL WITH ITI/DIPLOMA
States
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=1607)
(n=280)
(n=285)
A&N
(n=7)
AP
(n=279)
Assam
(n=13)
Bihar
(n=19)
Chandigarh
(n=1)
1-10
85
97
54
100
94
100
89
100
11-20
2
1
-
-
4
-
5
-
More than 20
1
-
2
-
2
-
-
-
DK/CS
12
2
44
-
-
-
5
-
MEAN
3.3
2.1
3.7
1.3
3.7
1.5
2.1
1.0
All
(n=1607)
C’garh
(n=14)
Delhi
(n=15)
Goa
(n=3)
Gujarat
(n=202)
Haryana
(n=37)
HP
(n=10)
J&K
(n=5)
1-10
85
93
93
100
98
65
60
100
11-20
2
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
More than 20
1
-
-
-
-
14
-
-
DK/CS
12
7
7
-
-
22
40
-
MEAN
3.3
2.3
3.4
1.7
2.1
21.1
2.0
4.2
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry
(n=1607) (n=3)
(n=84) (n=115) (n=32)
(n=1)
(n=15)
(n=2)
Punjab
(n=43)
1-10
85
-
96
95
81
100
100
50
40
11-20
2
-
2
3
-
-
-
-
-
More than 20
1
-
-
2
3
-
-
50
-
DK/CS
12
100
1
1
16
-
-
-
60
MEAN
3.3
-
2.4
4.3
2.3
1.0
1.6
19.5
2.2
All
Rajasthan
(n=1607)
(n=23)
Sikkim
(n=1)
TN
(n=79)
Tripura
(n=5)
Uttaranchal
(n=1)
WB
(n=33)
North East
(n=20)
1-10
85
78
100
86
100
-
100
100
11-20
2
-
-
11
-
-
-
-
More than 20
1
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
DK/CS
12
22
-
-
-
100
-
-
MEAN
3.3
1.3
4.0
4.9
1.6
-
1.7
1.7
• Over 95% cold stores in Maharashtra, AP and Gujarat have 1-10 reefer technicians with
ITI/diploma.
• Karnataka and Kerala have around 90% storages which have 1-10 reefer technician employees
with ITI/diploma.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
Technicians who have acquired ITI/Diploma
All Figs in % 381
20.4 TRAINING PROGRAMS ATTENDED –
PREVIOUS 1 YEAR
States
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Training program attended
23
40
6
10
39
41
4
-
Training program not
attended
77
60
94
90
61
59
96
100
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Training program attended
23
7
9
29
29
10
36
19
Training program not
attended
77
93
91
71
71
90
64
81
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
Punjab
(n=402)
Training program
attended
23
-
30
77
10
-
21
50
6
Training program not
attended
77
100
70
23
90
100
79
50
94
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Training program
attended
23
13
40
38
33
-
43
38
Training program not
attended
77
87
60
62
67
100
57
62
• Over 90% cold stores in Haryana, Bihar and MP haven't sent their employees for any of the
training programs.
Of the cold stores in different states, who sent their employees to training programs,
• 1/5th of the storages in AP have sent their employees for the private training modules.
• 2/3rd of such Kerala based storages have sent their employees for government training as well.
• 26% storages in WB have sent their workers for government training programs in the last 1
year.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 382
20.5 INTEREST IN GOVERNMENT TRAINING
PROGRAM
States
All
Maharashrta
UP
(n=5003)
(n=451)
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar Chandigarh
(n=169)
(n=3)
Yes
76
86
77
90
59
86
88
100
No
24
14
23
10
41
14
12
-
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Yes
76
87
66
71
87
77
86
94
No
24
13
34
29
13
23
14
6
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
MP Nagaland Orissa Pondicherry Punjab
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143) (n=156) (n=1)
(n=38)
(n=2)
(n=402)
Yes
76
84
77
91
83
100
87
100
65
No
24
16
23
9
17
-
13
-
35
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
All
Rajasthan
(n=5003) (n=104)
Yes
76
71
100
93
78
50
67
86
No
24
29
-
7
22
50
33
14
• Across all states majority of cold storages are willing to attend training programs organized by
the government in the future.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 383
AFFILIATION
DETAILS
© COPYRIGHT 2014
AFFILIATION OR MEMBER OF
States
All
(n=5003)
Maharashrta
(n=451)
UP
(n=1371)
A&N
(n=10)
AP
(n=600)
Assam
(n=22)
Bihar
(n=169)
Chandigarh
(n=3)
Cold Storage Association
55
31
79
-
54
36
31
33
Farmer Producer
Organization
3
4
1
-
1
5
1
-
Society or Cooperative
2
6
-
-
1
5
3
-
Part of APMC (Mandi)
1
6
-
-
-
5
2
-
NCCD (National Centre for
Cold-chain Development)
1
2
-
-
0
-
-
-
None
33
44
20
70
42
50
60
33
Export Associations Like
MPEDA, APEDA
6
16
-
30
3
5
3
33
All
(n=5003)
C’garh
(n=76)
Delhi
(n=35)
Goa
(n=7)
Gujarat
(n=399)
Haryana
(n=185)
HP
(n=14)
J&K
(n=16)
Cold Storage Association
55
70
74
-
73
56
-
19
Farmer Producer
Organization
3
4
-
-
1
-
-
6
Society or Cooperative
2
3
3
-
2
1
-
6
Part of APMC (Mandi)
1
26
3
-
1
-
-
-
NCCD (National Centre for
Cold-chain Development)
1
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
None
33
13
17
86
15
43
100
69
Export Associations Like
MPEDA, APEDA
6
12
3
14
9
1
-
-
• More than 3/4ths of the storages in UP are affiliated to Cold Storage Association. Quiet similar
proportions in Chhattisgarh, Delhi and Gujarat are also members of the mentioned association.
• In AP and Haryana too there over 50% storages which are members of Cold Storage
Association.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 385
AFFILIATION OR MEMBER OF
States
All
Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala
(n=5003) (n=19)
(n=188) (n=143)
MP
(n=156)
Nagaland
(n=1)
Orissa
(n=38)
Pondicherry Punjab
(n=2)
(n=402)
Cold Storage Association
55
26
10
2
64
-
34
-
13
Farmer Producer
Organization
3
11
6
1
1
-
-
-
23
Society or Cooperative
2
-
14
1
3
-
13
-
1
Part of APMC (Mandi)
1
-
3
-
-
100
3
-
1
NCCD (National Centre for
Cold-chain Development)
1
5
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
None
33
53
71
27
29
-
34
100
62
Export Associations Like
MPEDA, APEDA
6
5
1
70
4
-
16
-
2
All
(n=5003)
Rajasthan
(n=104)
Sikkim
(n=5)
TN
(n=102)
Tripura
(n=9)
Uttaranchal
(n=12)
WB
(n=464)
North East
(n=37)
Cold Storage Association
55
81
-
44
22
-
75
27
Farmer Producer
Organization
3
-
-
3
-
-
1
3
Society or Cooperative
2
2
40
2
-
-
5
8
Part of APMC (Mandi)
1
-
-
-
-
-
0
5
NCCD (National Centre for
Cold-chain Development)
1
1
-
1
-
-
2
-
None
33
15
60
33
78
67
17
57
Export Associations Like
MPEDA, APEDA
6
1
-
19
-
33
2
3
• 81% cold stores in Rajasthan and 75% in WB are members of Cold Storage Association.
• 71% CS’s in Karnataka are not affiliated to any association.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
All Respondents
All Figs in % 386
ANNEXURE
© COPYRIGHT 2014
ALL INDIA SUMMARY STATUS
Cold Storage All India
2226.3
3384.5
J&K
48.7
114.3
7610.0
Punjab
Chandigarh
2401
159.0
2969.1
130.5
1195.8
HP
12.0
98.9
Uttaranchal
Haryana
Delhi
Rajasthan
5777.6
171.8
Sikkim
Assam
-
Jharkhand
Tripura
West Bengal
5447.6
83.7
Nagaland
Bihar
291.0
MP
409.6
-
6558.7
173.0
3706
1007.5
245.4
UP
3482
Gujarat
5329.7
7790.9
465.5
4511.8
Chhattisgarh
116.9
Orissa
Maharashtra
4136.8
129.1
1706.1
11113.2
293.7
AP
534.4
3929
3094.8
113.0
136.2
5698.6
Mean Storage Capacity in MT
169.4
Mean Cooling capacity (in KW) Goa
1168.3
Karnataka
78.2
1439.6
Pondicherry
10.0
26.7
274.6
20.2
Tamil nadu
125.9
1544.3
68.8
© COPYRIGHT 2014
2068.3
144.4
388
ALL INDIA SUMMARY
India Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
5367
Storage Capacity in Million Metric Tonnes
26.85
Capacity Utilization percentage
75%
Total Man power (on rolls)
109540
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
76%
Average Age of Cold Stores
15 years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
4%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
72%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
8%
DK / CS
16%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
87%
Type P (Processed Food)
10%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
9%
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
1%
Type O (Other products)
1%
Product type stored in the cold storage
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in All India is 26.85 Million MT.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
389
STATE – ANDAMAN& NICOBAR
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
11
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
3020
Capacity Utilization percentage
70%
Total Man power (on rolls)
221
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
90%
Average Age of Cold Stores
17Yyears
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
24%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
12%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
41%
DK / CS
24%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
20%
Product type stored in the cold storage
Type P (Processed Food)
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
90%
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
-
Type O (Other products)
-
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Andaman is 3020 MT.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
390
STATE – ANDHRA PRADESH
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
645
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
2533966
Capacity Utilization percentage
77%
Total Man power (on rolls)
11378
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
59%
Average Age of Cold Stores
8 years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
12%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
29%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
9%
DK / CS
51%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
89%
Type P (Processed Food)
10%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
6%
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
0%
Type O (Other products)
1%
Product type stored in the cold storage
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Andhra Pradesh is 25,33,966 MT.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
391
STATE – ASSAM
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
24
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
186984
Capacity Utilization percentage
65%
Total Man power (on rolls)
310
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
86%
Average Age of Cold Stores
9 years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
-
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
89%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
4%
DK / CS
7%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
91%
Type P (Processed Food)
9%
Product type stored in the cold storage
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
-
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
-
Type O (Other products)
-
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Assam is 186984 MT.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
392
STATE – BIHAR
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
170
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
906054
Capacity Utilization percentage
69%
Total Man power (on rolls)
1761
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
88%
Average Age of Cold Stores
17years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
2%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
88%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
-
DK / CS
10%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
91%
Type P (Processed Food)
15%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
5%
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
1%
Type O (Other products)
-
Product type stored in the cold storage
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Bihar 9,06,054 MT.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
393
STATE – CHANDIGARH
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
5
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
38050
Capacity Utilization percentage
92%
Total Man power (on rolls)
38
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
100%
Average Age of Cold Stores
18years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
-
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
67%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
33%
DK / CS
-
Product type stored in the cold storage
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
100%
Type P (Processed Food)
33%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
33%
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
-
Type O (Other products)
-
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Chandigarh 38050 MT.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
394
STATE – CHHATTISGARH
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
82
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
467288
Capacity Utilization percentage
76%
Total Man power (on rolls)
762
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
87%
Average Age of Cold Stores
14years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
5%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
70%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
9%
DK / CS
15%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
93%
Type P (Processed Food)
24%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
4%
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
7%
Type O (Other products)
1%
Product type stored in the cold storage
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Chhattisgarh
4,67,288 MT.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
395
STATE – DELHI
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
45
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
133611
Capacity Utilization percentage
80%
Total Man power (on rolls)
1525
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
66%
Average Age of Cold Stores
27years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
18%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
36%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
24%
DK / CS
22%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
83%
Type P (Processed Food)
29%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
9%
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
9%
Type O (Other products)
-
Product type stored in the cold storage
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Delhi 1,33,611 MT.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
396
STATE – GOA
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
16
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
18693
Capacity Utilization percentage
90%
Total Man power (on rolls)
997
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
71%
Average Age of Cold Stores
15years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
-
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
14%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
36%
DK / CS
50%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
29%
Type P (Processed Food)
43%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
57%
Product type stored in the cold storage
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
-
Type O (Other products)
-
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Goa 18693.
© COPYRIGHT 2014
397
STATE – GUJARAT
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
432
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
1600906
Capacity Utilization percentage
62%
Total Man power (on rolls)
18343
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
87%
Average Age of Cold Stores
12y ears
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
2%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
64%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
18%
DK / CS
16%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
68%
Type P (Processed Food)
10%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
25%
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
0%
Type O (Other products)
0%
Product type stored in the cold storage
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Gujarat 16,00,906 MT.
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398
STATE – HARYANA
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
206
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
494538
Capacity Utilization percentage
71%
Total Man power (on rolls)
1294
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
77%
Average Age of Cold Stores
18 years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
10%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
68%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
8%
DK / CS
14%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
99%
Type P (Processed Food)
4%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
2%
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
1%
Type O (Other products)
-
Product type stored in the cold storage
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Haryana 4,94,538 MT.
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399
STATE – HIMACHAL PRADESH
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
17
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
20328
Capacity Utilization percentage
69%
Total Man power (on rolls)
188
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
86%
Average Age of Cold Stores
15years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
65%
-
DK / CS
35%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
86%
Type P (Processed Food)
21%
Product type stored in the cold storage
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
-
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
7%
Type O (Other products)
-
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Himachal Pradesh is 20328 MT.
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400
STATE – JAMMU & KASHMIR
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
18
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
40073
Capacity Utilization percentage
62%
Total Man power (on rolls)
279
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
94%
Average Age of Cold Stores
23years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
2%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
40%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
-
DK / CS
58%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
56%
Type P (Processed Food)
13%
Product type stored in the cold storage
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
-
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
6%
Type O (Other products)
6%
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Jammu & Kashmir is 40,073 MT.
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401
STATE – JHARKHAND
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
20
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
82736
Capacity Utilization percentage
65%
Total Man power (on rolls)
221
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
84%
Average Age of Cold Stores
18years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
100%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
-
DK / CS
-
Product type stored in the cold storage
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
100%
Type P (Processed Food)
37%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
5%
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
-
Type O (Other products)
-
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Jharkhand is 82,736 MT.
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402
STATE – KARNATAKA
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
205
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
295114
Capacity Utilization percentage
70%
Total Man power (on rolls)
4574
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
77%
Average Age of Cold Stores
9years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
13%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
35%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
13%
DK / CS
39%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
66%
Type P (Processed Food)
24%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
7%
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
1%
Type O (Other products)
2%
Product type stored in the cold storage
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Karnataka is 2,95,114 MT.
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403
STATE – KERALA
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
158
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
243996
Capacity Utilization percentage
76%
Total Man power (on rolls)
7309
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
91%
Average Age of Cold Stores
15years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
-
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
13%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
68%
DK / CS
18%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
7%
Type P (Processed Food)
13%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
86%
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
1%
Type O (Other products)
2%
Product type stored in the cold storage
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Kerala is 243996 MT.
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404
STATE – MADHYA PRADESH
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
164
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
893411
Capacity Utilization percentage
83%
Total Man power (on rolls)
1148
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
83%
Average Age of Cold Stores
17years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
4%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
85%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
1%
DK / CS
10%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
95%
Type P (Processed Food)
8%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
1%
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
1%
Type O (Other products)
-
Product type stored in the cold storage
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Madhya Pradesh is 8,93411MT.
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405
STATE – MAHARASHTRA
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
532
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
907645
Capacity Utilization percentage
74%
Total Man power (on rolls)
28148
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
86%
Average Age of Cold Stores
14years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
3%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
58%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
15%
DK / CS
25%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
76%
Type P (Processed Food)
27%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
14%
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
2%
Type O (Other products)
1%
Product type stored in the cold storage
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Maharashtra is 907645 MT.
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STATE – ORISSA
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
45
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
139264
Capacity Utilization percentage
69%
Total Man power (on rolls)
861
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
87%
Average Age of Cold Stores
16years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
1%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
47%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
22%
DK / CS
29%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
63%
Type P (Processed Food)
5%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
29%
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
3%
Type O (Other products)
11%
Product type stored in the cold storage
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Orissa is 1,39,264 MT.
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407
STATE – PONDICHERRY
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
9
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
90
Capacity Utilization percentage
80%
Total Man power (on rolls)
2151
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
100%
Average Age of Cold Stores
25years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
100%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
-
DK / CS
-
Product type stored in the cold storage
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
50%
Type P (Processed Food)
50%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
-
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
-
Type O (Other products)
-
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Pondicherry is 90 MT.
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408
STATE – PUNJAB
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
425
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
1438404
Capacity Utilization percentage
68%
Total Man power (on rolls)
2384
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
65%
Average Age of Cold Stores
17years
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
1%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
96%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
1%
DK / CS
1%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
95%
Type P (Processed Food)
4%
Product type stored in the cold storage
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
-
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
-
Type O (Other products)
1%
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Punjab is 14,38,404 MT.
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409
STATE – UTTARANCHAL
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
14
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
80886
Capacity Utilization percentage
56
Total Man power (on rolls)
105
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
50
Average Age of Cold Stores
17
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
6%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
88%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
DK / CS
6%
Product type stored in the cold storage
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
100%
Type P (Processed Food)
17%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
-
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
Type O (Other products)
-
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Uttaranchal is 80886MT.
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STATE – UTTAR PRADESH
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
1385
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
9083758
Capacity Utilization percentage
78%
Total Man power (on rolls)
15166
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
77%
Average Age of Cold Stores
16
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
1%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
97%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
0
DK / CS
1%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
99%
Type P (Processed Food)
4%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
1%
Product type stored in the cold storage
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
0
Type O (Other products)
-
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Uttar Pradesh is 90,83,758 MT.
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411
STATE – WEST BENGAL
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
498
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
5534394
Capacity Utilization percentage
83%
Total Man power (on rolls)
7619
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
67%
Average Age of Cold Stores
20
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
1%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
94%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
3%
DK / CS
3%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
98%
Type P (Processed Food)
6%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
7%
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
1%
Type O (Other products)
-
Product type stored in the cold storage
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in West Bengal is 5534394 MT.
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STATE – TAMIL NADU
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
115
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
237857
Capacity Utilization percentage
77%
Total Man power (on rolls)
6640
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
93%
Average Age of Cold Stores
13
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
7%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
44%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
26%
DK / CS
23%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
63%
Type P (Processed Food)
25%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
26%
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
6%
Type O (Other products)
-
Product type stored in the cold storage
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Tamil Nadu is 237857 MT.
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STATE – RAJASTHAN
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
109
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
379509
Capacity Utilization percentage
78%
Total Man power (on rolls)
903
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
70%
Average Age of Cold Stores
16
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
3%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
57%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
3%
DK / CS
37%
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
95%
Type P (Processed Food)
11%
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
3%
Product type stored in the cold storage
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
-
Type O (Other products)
1%
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in Rajasthan is 379509 MT.
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STATE – OTHER NORTH EASTERN STATES
State Cold Storage Details
Number of Operating Cold Stores
17
Storage Capacity in Metric Tonnes
65869
Capacity Utilization percentage
53%
Total Man power (on rolls)
80
Cold Stores reporting continued interest for skill development
87%
Average Age of Cold Stores
11
Temperature Zone in cold storage
Mild Chill (Greater than 10 °C)
2%
Chill (0 to 10 °C)
93%
Frozen (Less than -18°C)
-
DK / CS
5%
Product type stored in the cold storage
Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
100%
Type P (Processed Food)
Type M (Animal Husbandry)
-
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
-
Type O (Other products)
-
• This survey indicates that total usable capacity of cold stores in other NE states is
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7%
MT.
415
6 DEFINITIONS & DESCRIPTIONS
Item
Description
AMC
Annual Maintenance Contract. System where the vendor / supplier agree
to maintain the equipments installed by periodic checkups & replace
parts whenever needed. Can be signed with many vendors for different
equipments
APMC
Agricultural Produce Market Committee Act. Except for 7 states, all
others have APMC to regulate sales and levy taxes on agri-produce.
Automatic
Controller
Automatic control is the application of control theory for regulation of
operating machines without direct human intervention. These controllers
are linked to sensors to regulate energy usage and running hours
depending on various trigger points (temperature, CO², Humidity,
product stored, etc).
Alternate Power
sources

Biomass

Solar
PhotoVoltaic

Solar Thermal

Wind Energy
Used by the facility over and above grid & DG set power
o
Biogas, also known as ‘Gobar gas’
o
Biomass, agri-waste fueled electric turbines, boilers.
o
Capture the Sun’s energy thru PV cells & generate electricity
o
Capture the Sun’s energy into heat absorbing medium. Captured heat
is applied directly or used to produce power.
o
Harness the energy of wind thru windmills & produce power
Bar code/Coding
An optical machine-readable representation of data, showing data about
the object to which it attaches. Can be used for traceability
Bins stacking
system
Plastic / wooden bins to store the produce. These are stackable (one on
top of other). No half floors for storage are thereby needed.
Blast Freezer
A special freezer room in which very cold air circulated by blowers is used
for rapid freezing of produce like fish, meat, ice cream (< -18 °C
products). In fresh farm produce, this is called pre-cooler(for chilled, mild
chilled range).
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6 DEFINITIONS & DESCRIPTIONS
Item
Description
BTU
British Thermal Unit, a unit to measure energy. BTU is often used as
measure of power (as BTU/h) in heating and air conditioning industries
(12000BTU/h = 1 ton cooling = 3.517 kilowatts)
Bunker Coil
(open tube)
Open Pipes (single or layered) are used as the prime medium of heat
exchange – these are metal surface tubes with no additional fins. Usually
suspended from ceiling with normal ceiling fans and occupy entire top
floor of cooling chamber.
CA Store
Controlled Atmosphere cold store – a special category cold store where
the chambers are sealed airtight & oxygen level controlled at very low
level. Besides cooling, special CA equipment is also installed. Used in
India mainly for long term storage of Apples.
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6 DEFINITIONS & DESCRIPTIONS
Item
Description
Compressors
The heart or "pump" within an air conditioning system. Various types are
used to compress refrigerant gas. The onsite engineer shall advise you on
what type of compressors are in use.
Reciprocating, Rotary, Screw, Centrifugal(mechanical compression of
gases and depend on electricity as motive power).
Absorption type: very rare and creates compression like pressure by
heating the refrigerant gas or other chemical process. Depends on solar
thermal or other heating source for energy.
Cargo Material
Handling
equipments

Conveyor belt

FLT / CBT

Hand Pallet

Cargo lift / VRC

Chain Lift
EquipmenWesternts used for easy handling, loading / unloading &
moving of various items
o
Long moving belt carrying items on top of them.
o
Fork Lift or Counter Balance Truck (Diesel or Battery powered)
o
Direct Expansion
System
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Closed loop lift with repeating platforms usually used to move
bagged cargo to upper floors.
Wherein the compressed refrigeration undergoes volume expansion
through an orifice or expansion valve, creating a cooling effect. Egdeodorant aerosol spray. Is used in all domestic air conditioners, fridges,
etc.
418
6 DEFINITIONS & DESCRIPTIONS
Item
Description
Data Logger
Portable instruments used to record temperature and humidity duringthe
transport & storage period.
DG Set
Diesel Generating set for alternate power. Capacity measured in KVA or
KW, each cold store must have at least one.
Evaporator
Indoor Unit where cooling process or heat exchange takes place.
Fire Detection &
Fighting System

Smoke
detectors

Heat sensors

Hose / Hydrant

Extinguishers

Sprinkler

Gas based

Sand box /
bucket
Devices for detection of smoke & heat
Pic. of a smoke detector
Heat Recovery
Used in ventilation systems to recover energy from vented air.
kVA
Kilo Volt Ampere used to measure source power like for DG sets or grid
power (kVA x power Factor = kW)
kW
Kilo Watt to measure electrical load (100KVA = 80 KW, output is 80% of
electric input)
Indoor Unit
Evaporator types

Open tube

Finned tube

Plate

Diffuser
The indoor cooling unit (usually suspended from ceiling or wall) where
the cooling effect takes place, usually installed with inbuilt fans. Modern
systems are tubes with fins (like in home AC), older types are open tube
(bunker coil type). For cooling fluids like milk a cold plate is used as
primary heat exchange. Diffuser types use ducts to throw cool air across
floors.
NCCD
National Centre for Cold chain Development. A Govt. of India
organization under the Ministry of Agriculture. Incorporated by sanction
of cabinet in Feb 2012 as a think tank for cold-chain.
Pack House
A working area for accumulating, sorting, washing, grading of agricultural
produce. Can have a staging cold room with pre-coolers.
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6 DEFINITIONS & DESCRIPTIONS



Item
Description
PEB
Pre-Engineered Building. Metal frame with pre-fab paneled walls.
PUF Panel
Poly Urethane Foam Panel; for insulation of modern cold rooms.
Pre-Cooler
A special chamber where the warm fresh produce (fruits, vegetables,
items above 0 °C) is rapidly cooled down (within hours) to prepare for
transport or storage (Blast freezer for frozen items). Usual cooling ranges
are 4, 7, 10, 15 °C.
RCC
Reinforced Cement Concrete, used to segregate floors in old stores.
Refrigerant Gas
Ammonia
Freon
CO2
A gas that produces cooling (heat absorbing)effect while expanding or
vaporizing. Different types of gas used in compression based technology.
Ammonia is most common in industrial refrigeration. Freon (CFC) is
common primarily in domestic refrigeration. Record type of refrigerant in
use as informed by engineer.
Ripening Chamber
A chamber or room in which unripened / green fruits are ripened in a
controlled process. Mostly used for green bananas, mangoes, papaya.
RFID
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) -a technology that uses radio waves
to transfer data from an electronic tag, called RFID tag / label, attached to
an object, through a reader for the purpose of identifying and tracking
the object.
Racking system
A storage system made of metal and designed to over-stack boxes or
pallets of cargo. This allows for vertical space utilization and hence
improved capacity utilization. Goods are placed on each shelf space
(rack). Usually such stores are single floor but very tall.
Steel mezzanine
platform
A half floor (not made of concrete) on which people can walk. Unlike
metal racking which is a like a large shelf or rack system.
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6 DEFINITIONS & DESCRIPTIONS
Item
Description
Secondary Cooling
system
Where the primary expansion based cooling is used to cool a second
medium (usually brine water or air), which in turn is circulated to give
cooling effect in the target area.
In normal home AC’s you witness primary cooling system as the primary
evaporator (or cooling unit) is inside the space to be cooled indoor unit.
But in large hotels and shopping malls, the primary cooling unit is outside,
where it first is used to cool the air. This cold air is blown through AC
ducts to individual rooms or the target areas – this is example of
secondary cooling system. In commercial refrigeration systems, high
density fluid (brine water) is first cooled and this is circulated through
pipes inside the chamber to perform the cooling in the chambers
(secondary cooling).
Sorting / Grading
Sorting and grading for fresh agri produce. Can be done manually or by
using specialized equipment& technology (conveyor belts, optical
graders, size matching, etc).
Sensors /
Instruments

Temperature

Humidity

CO2
Special sensing instruments to automatically check the room
temperature, moisture level and carbon dioxide level in the air. Is used by
many modern cold storages.
Ventilation
Fresh produce needs oxygen to survive. Vents to refresh air are provided,
these can be manual or automated (automatic controller)
Wooden mezzanine
platform
Half height floor, similar as steel mezzanine except that wood planks are
used to make each floor instead of steel.
• Above is indicative information on the type of technology aspects in cold stores
and in relation to the scope and limitations of this baseline survey.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We sincerely thank representatives of all cold storage facilities, the companies, industry
associations, independent bodies and advisors, who provided their inputs, on the basis of which
this report has been prepared. While some cold storage owners were reticent to participate in
this information gathering exercise, the enthusiasm and participation of many others was very
invigorating.

Our sincere thanks go to Shri Anup K. Thakur (Special Secretary, DAC), Shri Sanjeev Chopra (Joint
Secretary, DAC) and Shri R. K. Tiwari (Managing Director, NHB) for motivating the team and
constant support for this first ever primary baseline study. The task was enormous, the timelines
minimal and the result was possible due to the backing provided by these senior officers.

The final outcome of this project required coordination and assistance from many people. We
express our sincere gratitude to Dr. R.K Sharma for his time and communication in supporting
this study. His keen enthusiasm and guidance helped us reach this milestone.

We express deepest thanks to Mr. Pawanexh Kohli and Mr. Sugato Chandra for knowledge
sharing and taking part in insightful discussions and providing advice and training basis which the
project and report was designed and executed.
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422
GOODS STORED BY EACH COLD STORAGE
TYPE
List of Type H (Horticulture / Agriculture)
goods stored:
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
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Type H (Horticulture /
Agriculture)goods stored
Potato (raw)
Spices
Apple
Grapes
Oranges
Banana
Pulses
Seeds
Carrot
Mango
Flowers
Onion
Peas
Litchi
Pomegranate
Kiwi
Cabbage
Pineapple
Guava
Cauliflower
Chillies
Tamarind
Kirana products
Dry Fruits
Garlic
Turmeric
Dates (fruit)
Mahua (fruit)
Amchur (fruit)
423
GOODS STORED BY EACH COLD STORAGE
TYPE
List of Type P (Processed foods) goods
stored:
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Type P (Processed food)
goods stored
Butter
Potato Processed
Milk
Cheese
Fruit Pulp
Chocolate
Ready to eat / cook
Wine
Jaggery
Ice-cream
Curd
Milk Products
Mango Pulp
Fruit Juice
Paneer
Milk based sweets
List of Type M (Animal Husbandry) goods
stored:
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
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Type M (Animal Husbandry)
goods stored
Seafood
Fresh water fish
Poultry
Meats (Beef, Lamb, Mutton, Pork)
Eggs
Shrimp
424
GOODS STORED BY EACH COLD STORAGE
TYPE
List of Type Q (Pharmaceutical) goods
stored:
Sr. No.
Type Q (Pharmaceutical)
goods stored
1
Vaccine
2
Medicine
3
Active product ingredients
4
Ayurvedic produce
List of Type O (other) goods stored:
Sr. No.
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Type O (Other) goods stored
1
Cell Batteries
2
Chemicals
3
X-Ray films
425
THANK
YOU
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