Session 2: SET Workshop
Human-Systems Integration
Azad M. Madni
&
Colin J. Neill
SET Team
January 28, 2010
1
Research Area Objectives
■ Produce innovative HSI methods for integrating humans
with adaptable systems
■ Identify where and how HSI considerations need to be
introduced within the SE lifecycle
■ Maximize developer-tool compatibility in systems
architecting and design
■ Contribute to all SET Research Areas
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6/20
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What’s New in Proposed Approach
■ Explicitly takes into account
 human cognitive limitations
 human adaptively limitations
 task shedding behavior
■ Focuses on integrating humans with adaptable systems
 cognitive coupling during adaptation
■ Encompasses
 system developers’ skill set, capabilities, and limitations
 models of humans that interact with and are part of the
system
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Current Practice and Limitations
■ Designers continue to build systems that shore up/
compensate for human shortcomings because they view
humans as suboptimal job performers (Madni, COCOMO Workshop,
2008)
 this mindset fails to capitalize on human ingenuity and creativity
■ Current methods rely on HFE tools that do not span the SE life
cycle
■ Current methods do not address
 human adaptivity
 human interaction with adaptable systems
 where and how HSI considerations need to be introduced in SE
life cycle
■ Current methods are ill-suited to dealing with human-intensive
systems
 they tend to characterize human behaviors without taking into
account human variability
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Human-Systems Integration
■ Human-Systems Integration (HSI) is the study and design
of interactions between humans and the system(s) they
work (or interact) with in a manner that ensures safe,
consistent, and efficient operations with error avoidance
■ HSI is intended to optimize joint performance of humans
and systems in both normal and contingency operations
■ HSI considerations need to be addressed throughout the
SE life cycle to circumvent the likelihood of human-system
mismatches during actual task performance
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Key HSI Considerations
■
Development
 developer-tool
■
compatibility relative to development tasks
 end
user-system compatibility relative to operational tasks
 end
user-system coupling during system adaptation
Operation
 human
as operator (i.e., controller, manager, supervisor)
 human
as agent (i.e., teammate, backup, peer, subordinate)
6
Proposed R&D
■ Develop overall approach to identifying HSI concerns in
the systems engineering life cycle
■ Identify unique HSI concerns that need to be addressed
when building adaptable systems
 context-switching (e.g., adaptive multitasking)
 cognitive overload and task-shedding
■ Develop methodology and visualization formats that
allow non-programmer users to address HSI concerns
throughout SE life cycle
■ Demonstrate overall concept for adaptable system (e.g.,
adaptable netcentric services) with HSI as a central
concern
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Enhanced HSI Scope
…
SE Life Cycle
HSI
Considerations
HSI considerations before/
during adaptation
Dynamic System Adaptation Contexts
HSI methods need to address both the full SE life cycle and
dynamic system adaptation contexts.
8
Enhanced HSI Process
■ Specifically addresses HSI issues in integrating humans
with adaptable software/systems
■ Based on principles from cognitive psychology and social
science
■ HSI strategies take into account Technology Readiness
Levels and attendant uncertainties
■ Ensures human-machine system operates within
acceptable risk envelope
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Payoffs
■ General
 robust human-system performance under
routine and contingency operations
 exploitation of unique human capabilities
 reliable “cognitive coupling” during system
adaptation (e.g., while system undergoing updates)
 enhanced developer-tool compatibility through
“shared understanding” of development tasks
■ Project-specific
 provide value to existing MPTs and systems
 support SET Research Areas across SE life cycle
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References
• H.R. Booher, R, Beaton, and F. Greene, Human Systems Integration, in A. Sage and W.B.
Rouse (Editors), Handbook of Systems Engineering and Modeling, John Wiley and Sons,
Hoboken, NJ, 2009, pp. 1319-1356
• Defense Science Board, Defense Science Board Task Force on Patriot System
Performance, Report Summary DTIC No. ADA435837, January 2005
• Department of Defense Handbook, Human Engineering Program Process and Procedures,
MIL-HDBK-46855, January 31, 1996
• A.M. Madni, Integrating human factors, software and systems engineering: Challenges and
opportunities, Proc of the 23rd International Forum on COCOMO and Systems/Software
Cost Modeling and ICM Workshop 3, Davidson Conference Center, University of Southern
California, October 27-30, 2008
• A.M. Madni, HUMANE: A knowledge-based simulation environment for human-machine
function allocation, Proc of IEEE National Aerospace & Electronics Conference, Dayton,
Ohio, May, 1988c
• A.M. Madni, A. Sage, and C.C. Madni, Infusion of cognitive engineering into systems
engineering processes and practices, Proc. of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on
Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, October 10-12, 2005, Hawaii
• R.W. Pew and A.S. Mavor, Human–system integration in the system development
process: A New Look, National Academy Press, 2007
• T.B. Sheridan, Humans and automation: System design and research issues, John Wiley
12/1
Sons, 2002
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