Laboratory Safety
Revised August 2015
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THE CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
INCLUDES HAZARDS AND RISKS.
Scientists understand the risks involved in the
laboratory and have established a set of
laboratory safety practices. This presentation
summarizes some of the safety rules that
scientists follow in the laboratory.
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1.
Personal Protective Equipment:
What is required for you to wear
when you work in the laboratory.
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PPE – Personal Protective Equipment
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Eye Protection
• Contact lenses are OK if goggles or safety glasses are worn
• Prescription glasses – you must wear goggles over them
• Wish I'd Worn My Safety Glasses Video
• Eye wash station
Goggles: provide full
Coverage and seal to
your face
Safety glasses must have
side shields.
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UV Goggles Cabinet – in most labs
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Eye Protection, continued
• Many labs in SSMB have student seating areas.
Students must wear safety glasses when seated in
these areas if any chemistry or cleanup is going
on in the laboratory. You do not have to wear the
glasses in the seating area at the start of lab
during pre-lab lecture, provided there is no
equipment or active experiments running. Once
anyone starts an experiment everyone must
wear safety glasses and lab coats until they exit
the lab. This rule holds even when you are in
the seating area working on results
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Tie back long hair before entering the
laboratory, don’t wear dangling jewelry.
Yale physics
student Michele
Dufault was killed
in a shop accident
in April 2011 that
would have been
prevented had she
tied her hair back
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Foot Protection
• Sandals, flip-flops, Crocs, open-toe and opentop (i.e. ballet flat) shoes and canvas shoes
(i.e. Toms) are not appropriate. These will not
adequately protect your feet.
  
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Be Smart about the shoes you
elect to wear to lab
This person has on pants
and closed toed-shoes
but this would not be
allowed in lab due to the
exposed skin
This person added socks,
so this option covers
your skin but only offers
minimal protection
This option looks better,
but imagine chemicals
being spilled into the top
of these boots
Your best options are sturdy leather footwear that covers the entire top of the foot
or a sturdy running shoe.
Result of Improper Footwear in a Laboratory
Northwestern University, Evanston, IL July 2003
Your instructor will send you home to change if you do not
have appropriate shoes or other required PPE. There should be
no exposed skin on your feet.
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Hand Protection: Chemically resistant
Lab Gloves
✓ 
• Wear gloves of a material known to be resistant to
permeation by the substances in use – nitrile is good for most
of our laboratory classes. Latex gloves are not allowed.
• Inspect each glove for small holes or tears before use.
• When you spill on your glove or tear it, change it immediately.
Throw gloves away any time you take them off.
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Karen Wetterhahn
(October 16, 1948 – June 8, 1997)
Dartmouth College
The latex gloves she was wearing
were not resistant to methyl
mercury – it passed through the
glove, through her skin, entered
her blood system and resulted in
her death.
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Use of Gloves
Remove gloves before handling objects such as
doorknobs, telephones, pens, computer
keyboards, pH meter or other electronic
buttons, or phones while in lab. It might be
convenient to have one gloved hand and one
ungloved hand to do procedures where these
kinds of things are used.
• Throw away gloves anytime you take them
off.
• You should expect to use several pairs of
gloves in any given lab period.
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Wash your hands!
• Always, even after wearing gloves, wash your
hands with soap and water before leaving the
lab.
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Lab Coats and Long Pants
• All students in a Chemistry lab must
be wearing long pants that cover
your entire leg.
• All students must wear a kneelength lab coat. These are available
in the bookstores.
• No skin should be showing from
your waist down.
• Keep your lab coat in a plastic zip
lock bag to prevent contamination of
items in your book bag
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UCLA Lab Fire: December 29, 2008
Sheri Sangji was using this plastic syringe
to transfer tert-butyllithium. This was not
the correct procedure, because this
compound is well-known to ignite if it is
comes in contact with air. The syringe
plunger dropped out of the syringe and
the reagent ignited. Sheri died January 16,
2009 of severe burns. She was wearing
nitrile gloves but no lab coat. The students
assisting her did not remember to put her
under the safety shower.
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Lessons from UCLA accident
Lessons: know the proper procedures for
transferring dangerous reagents. Wear your lab
coat and safety glasses at all times in the lab.
Know where safety shower and other
emergency equipment is – you may need to be
the one who is ready to act when your lab mate
is unable to help themselves.
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2.
Eyewash and Safety Shower:
Know where these are in your lab.
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Eyewash / Safety Shower
The eyewash
is on the left.
Pull the
handle and a
fountain of
water will
appear that
you can use
to bathe your
eyes.
The safety shower is
on the right. Pull the
handle and water will
start spraying from the
shower head on the
ceiling. There’s no
drain in the floor – we
only do this in
emergencies, because
a flood of water will
have to be cleaned up.
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Eye Wash
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Safety Shower
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3.
Chemical Fume Hoods: You must do
your experiment in the hood if any
of your reagents are flammable,
have harmful fumes or present a
splash or explosion hazard.
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Using the Fume Hoods properly
This
window/bar
is called
the sash.
If this is not saying NORMAL, then the hood
is not protecting you. Keeping the sash
and sliding panels in proper position keeps this
NORMAL, otherwise the alarm goes off.
If the alarm goes off, you need to reposition
things to the correct positions, then press the
“mute” button to reset the controller.
The sash should never be raised above
the green “operation” level when you
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are working in the hood.
In use, side-to-side panel
used as shield
Closed, not in use
✓
In use, sash (window) raised
to less than 18 inches
✓
✓
Don’t open side shields
to make one big window.
×
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Fume Hood Use
• Video on use of Fume Hood
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• When using a laboratory hood, set the equipment
and chemicals back at least 6 inches.
• Never lean in and/or put your head in the hood
when you are working. This is worse than doing the
experiment with no hood at all.
• Keep liquid reagent containers in trays to catch all
spills and drips
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4.
Know the risks of the chemical
reagents you are working with
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Labels are important
Older NFPA labels
with hazard levels
identified on the
diamond
New GHS label
system with
pictogram hazards
Even if it seems obvious.
In the chemistry lab,
nothing is ever obvious.
Students may want to bring a sharpie to lab for writing labels on solutions that
they make. At a minimum, a student made solution should have the chemical
name, the date, and the student’s initials.
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Older: NFPA Diamond
(National Fire Protection Agency)
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New Standard: GHS
(Globally Harmonized System)
• Under GHS regulations, each chemical product label must
contain the following: Product Identifier, Signal Word,
Pictogram, Hazard Statement, and Supplier Information.
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GHS and NFPA Numbering Systems
• It is very important that you realize that the
number codes for NFPA and GHS HazCom are
not the same.
• For the NFPA diamond 4 is the most hazardous,
for GHS HazCom 1 is most hazardous.
• Since many chemicals have a long shelf life, you
may find many containers with the NFPA
diamond in the years ahead. The GHS HazCom
labeling began in 2014.
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MSDS (SDS)
• Provides procedures for handling or working with
that substance in a safe manner
• Includes physical data
melting point, boiling point, flash point, etc.
toxicity, health effects, first aid
reactivity, storage, disposal
protective equipment, & spill-handling
procedures.
• Many MSDS sheets can be easily found with a
google search.
• SDS has replaced the MSDS acronym
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5.
Fire Safety
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Fire Alarms –
know the location of one close to your lab
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Fire Extinguishers – we have several in
the labs and in the hallways.
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Types of Fire Extinguishers
This is a special
fire extinguisher
for combustible
metal fires. It is a
type D fire
extinguisher. You
won’t need to
use this unless
you work in a
research lab with
combustible
metals.
Most of our fire extinguishers are ABC.
It contains a dry powder to put out the
kinds of fires we might encounter in the
chemistry labs where we have class.
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Demonstration of PASS and Use of a Fire Extinguisher
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZCSms-jyOao
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Student Reaction in a Fire
Although we want you to be informed on the operation
of a fire extinguisher, we do not expect you to use it. If a
fire is ignited in your area, the proper STUDENT response
is to:
1) Notify everyone in the room
2) Proceed to the nearest exit and pull the nearest fire
alarm
3) Evacuate the building
4) Assemble in front of the library or in the YWCA
parking lot
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Working with flames
• Never leave experiments unattended unless
you take special precautions to avoid
accidents and you notify the responsible
individuals.
• Flames are never allowed when flammable
gases or liquids are in use.
• Always alert others before lighting a flame.
• Never leave a flame unattended under any
circumstances.
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6.
Gas Cylinder Safety
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Gas Cylinders
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mReuQCuJNQQ
• A gas cylinder will become a missile if the valve is broken or cracked.
• Gas cylinders must always be securely chained to a wall. The chain should not
be loose.
• If a cylinder is not in use or is going to be moved, it must be capped to protect
you and everyone else in the building.
• Do not attempt to move a gas cylinder or to adjust regulators attached to a
cylinder.
• Do not open a gas valve if it does not have a regulator attached to the valve
• Gas cylinders in general chemistry and organic labs are likely part of the
operation of instruments; students should not attempt to adjust the regulators
or move the cylinders.
Exposed valve
regulator
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Gas Cylinder Safety
×
✓
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7.
Disposal Procedures
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Broken Glassware
• Always check your glassware and discard any
with chips, breaks, or obvious flaws.
• Throw away broken glassware into special
glass waste containers
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Waste Disposal
• Waste containers are provided for chemical waste
generated in laboratories
• Some things can go down the sink, some can’t.
Always check with your instructor.
• Care must be used to avoid mixing incompatible
chemicals such as
– Acids with Bases
– Oxidizers and Flammables
– Water reactive and
aqueous solutions
– Cyanides and acids
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University of Maryland
September 26, 2011
• Students were conducting an
experiment with nitric acid and sulfuric
acid was added into a chemical waste
container, causing a violent chemical
reaction sparked a small fire in and
near the laboratory chemical
ventilation hood.
• Two female students were injured as a
result
• Sustained first- and second-degree
chemical burns and superficial cuts.
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8.
How to be a good lab citizen
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Must-have habits for good lab students
• Begin with a clean work surface with your
instructions clearly posted and available; have a
clear, clean work space and eliminate
unnecessary books, book bags, equipment, etc.
• Return all lab materials and equipment to their
proper places after use as instructed; clean your
lab space as instructed by your teacher or lab
instructor/supervisor leaving it in proper order
for the next person.
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Keep your lab area clean.
×
Throw away used
paper towels and
used gloves,
immediately.
×
Don’t block the floor
in front of the
eyewash/shower
station.
×
Don’t leave cords
dangling because
someone will trip
over them.
×
Don’t leave things in
the floor because
someone will trip
over it.
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Don’t put anything on your face or in
your mouth while you’re in lab.
• Take care not to ingest anything in the laboratory!
• Food, gum, beverages, candy, and tobacco products
are never allowed in the laboratory.
• Don’t apply makeup, chapstick, lotion, or anything to
your face or hands during lab. Wash your hands with
soap then leave the lab before touching your face or
other exposed skin.
• In the seating areas of labs, sealed water bottles or
beverages should be in and stay in a backpack for the
duration of the lab.
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Stay aware of what’s happening around
you while you’re working in the lab.
• Don’t use any distracting electronic devices
while in laboratory. If you touch your phone
during lab, you’re contaminating it with
whatever chemicals you’ve been working
with.
• Do not wear earbuds in the lab. You need to
be able to hear important announcements,
especially in an emergency or when a safety
concern is addressed.
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Chemical Spills
• Notify your instructor and your neighbors if you spill
chemicals on the floor or bench.
• Don’t try to clean it up yourself. Your instructor may
need to use a specially designed chemical spill kit.
• Each lab is equipped with a spill kit that contains
absorbent materials such as spill mats, snakes, and
vermiculite.
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Texas Tech January 7, 2010
• Conducting research funded by the U.S. Department
of Homeland Security on energetic / explosive
compounds
• Attempting to produce 100 times more of an
explosive compound than the informal lab limit
(100mg)
Lesson:
Follow instructions
in the lab.
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Students must report any injuries,
big or small.
• Report all injuries to the instructor. We will
not call emergency services unless the
instructor determines it is a serious injury.
• An incident report will be filled out whether it
is small or serious.
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Injury procedure, continued
• First Aid kits are available in the lab with
band aids and other items for treating small
cuts and burns.
• If it is a serious injury, your instructor will call
campus emergency services, 843-953-5611.
Our campus officers will work with the
instructor and/or injured student to
determine whether or not 911 EMS should
be called in.
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Once again, the number to call in an emergency is:
843-953-5611
Please take a moment now to program
this number into your cell phones
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• The number one responsibility of your lab
instructor is to monitor maintain a safe working
environment for everyone in the lab
• Your lab instructor will be in attendance during
your lab walking around to monitor PPE and
experiments. Everyone must wear the required
PPE at all times. There are no exceptions, so don’t
ask for one.
• Do not ask permission to attend lab without PPE.
It is your responsibility to be properly attired and
if you are not, you will be asked to leave.
• If your instructor asks you to cease a behavior or
activity that they deem unsafe and you do not
comply, your instructor will tell you to leave the
lab.
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Report any concerns
• If you have any safety concerns about the lab you
are working in or the people working around you,
you can contact:
– Your lab instructor
– Dr. Brooke Van Horn– Head of the departmental safety
committee
– Dr. Pamela Riggs-Gelasco – Department Chair for
Chemistry and Biochemistry
– Dr. Jim Deavor, Associate Dean of the School of
Science and Mathematics.
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Summary
• Know & follow the Safety Rules
• Look for & recognize safety hazards
• Take proactive steps to minimize the risk of
injury from the hazards.
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Chemical storage
•
•
•
•
Flammables/combustibles
Acids
Bases
Oxidizers
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Mineral Acids – inorganic acids
Mineral Acids can be stored together except for Nitric Acid, which
must be stored by itself because it is also strong oxidizer.
Strong Mineral Acids
• Hydrochloric Acid
• Hydrobromic Acid
• Hydroiodic Acid
• Nitric Acid
• Perchloric Acid
• Sulfuric Acid
Weak Mineral Acids
• Phosphoric Acid
• Boric Acid
• Hydrofluoric Acid
Organic Acids
• Organic Acids can be stored together, but they
must be stored separately from both mineral
acids and nitric acid.
- e.g., Formic acid, Acetic acid, Lactic acid,
Citric acid, Oxalic acid, etc.
Storing Acids and Bases
• Mineral Acids can be stored in the same cabinet
as Bases, as long as they are physically isolated
from each other.
• If your lab contains some of each of these
categories of acids, you should have the following
separate cabinets:
1. Mineral Acids + Bases
2. Organic Acids
3. Nitric Acid (Strong Oxidizer)
The color of the bottle cap has a
meaning
•
•
•
•
Cap color corresponds to
concentrated solution of:
Red: Nitric Acid
Blue: Hydrochloric Acid
Yellow: Sulfuric Acid
Brown: Acetic Acid
: Phosphoric Acid
Also one base:
• Green: Ammonium Hydroxide
Acid bottles (+ ammonium hydroxide)
• If you prepare an aqueous solution and store it in
a glass or plastic bottle, you shouldn’t use one of
these cap colors. Instead, try to use
clear, black, orange, or purple caps.
Nitric Acid
• If nitric acid is mixed with a flammable organic
compound, such as acetic acid, the heat from the
oxidation and neutralization reactions is enough
to ignite the flammable material.
• Nitric acid also slowly destroys its red plastic
bottle cap. Always replace with a new red cap.
• Nitric acid may turn yellow over time because of
the release of nitrogen dioxide on exposure to
light. The yellow color does not affect the
product’s usefulness in the school laboratory.
Sulfuric Acid
• Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong
dehydrating agent. Because of its strong
ability to remove water, it reacts violently with
many organic materials such as sugar, wood,
and paper.
• If sulfuric acid has turned brown, it has
probably been contaminated with an organic
material and its purity should be in question.
University of Maryland
September 26, 2011
• Students were conducting an experiment with
nitric acid and sulfuric acid was added into a
chemical waste container, causing a violent
chemical reaction sparked a small fire in and
near the laboratory chemical ventilation hood.
• Two students were injured as a result; they
sustained first- and second-degree chemical
burns and superficial cuts.
Hydrochloric Acid
• Concentrated hydrochloric acid fumes
continuously and cannot be stored without
releasing hydrochloric acid vapor. These fumes
are responsible for most of the corrosion damage
in your chemical storeroom. Storing hydrochloric
acid in a wood or plastic-lined acid cabinet is a
must. Hydrochloric acid fumes will quickly
corrode metal cabinets.
• Hydrochloric acid fumes mixed with ammonia
fumes will react to form ammonium chloride
clouds and possibly toxic chloramines. Open
containers of these two reagents should not be in
the same hood.
Report any concerns
• If you have any safety concerns about the lab you
are working in or the people working around you,
you can contact:
– Your lab instructor
– Dr. Neal Tonks– Head of the departmental safety
committee
– Dr. Pamela Riggs-Gelasco – Department Chair for
Chemistry and Biochemistry
– Dr. Jim Deavor, Associate Dean of the School of
Science and Mathematics.
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