Electric Baseload Basics
ACI 09 FUND 8: Wednesday, April 29, 2009
2:00 pm to 3:40 pm
Kansas City, Missouri
Rana Belshe
Conservation Connection
Consulting
Fairchild, Wisconsin
715-334-2707
A. Tamasin Sterner
Pure Energy
Lancaster, Pennsylvania
717-293-8990
Session Objectives
• Learn how to separate electric baseload
from whole house electric use
• Explore how occupants, equipment, and
use patterns affect electricity consumption
• Evaluate options and actions to reduce
use
Today’s Topics
The equipment we will talk about today:
–
–
–
–
–
Electronics
Lighting
Refrigeration
Water Heating
And a few other things
• What they use
• How they work
• What can be done – in terms of measures and
behaviors
Weatherization Core Competencies
Baseload + Seasonal = Total
Household Electric Use
• Baseload: Electricity that power things—
lights and appliances--used year round
• Seasonal use: Electricity used to provide
heating, cooling, often dehumidification
The goal is to understand how a particular
household uses electricity, identify the
possibilities for reducing that use and
dialogue with the occupant for the best
possible outcomes.
Holiday Hell-o
Photo: A. Tamasin Sterner, Pure Energy
Example of lighting as a seasonal load
Houses don’t use energy. People do.
Reasons to Address Baseload
• Sometimes, reducing electric baseload
can guarantee better savings than
measures geared toward reducing the cost
of heating and/or cooling: Savings Follows
Use.
• Plug loads are increasing.
• Electric energy waste (energized
equipment not in active use) is increasing.
“ Electricity originates inside clouds. There it forms
lightning, which is attracted to the earth by golfers.
After entering the ground, the electricity hardens into
coal, which, when dug up by power companies and
burned in big ovens called “generators,” turns back
into electricity, which is sent in the form of “volts”
(also known as “watts” or “rpm” for short) through
special wires with birds sitting on them to consumers’
homes, where it is transformed by TV sets into
commercials for beer, which passes through the
consumer and back into the ground, thus completing
what is known as a “circuit.”
Dave Barry, Funny Times, 2002
Electricity: Energy & Power
Energy
Power
From meter to utility bill
power over time
Nameplate – potential –
instantaneous demand
• Watt - W
• kiloWatt (1,000 W) – kW
• Watt - is one joule per second or
• Watt hour - Wh
• kiloWatt hour - kWh
(1,000 Wh)
the power supplied when a current
of one ampere is driven by a
potential difference of one volt
Energy Cost & Value
February 4, 2009
Fuel
Source
Crude Oil
Coal
Mixed Wood
Gasoline
Corn Kernels
Natural Gas
Wood Pellets
Unit
Btu/
Unit
Unit/
Mbtu
Cost/
Unit
Cost/
Mbtu
Barrel
6,300,000
0.16
$45.00
$7.20
Ton
24,916,000
0.04
$240.00
$9.63
Cord
22,000,000
0.05
$200.00
$10.00
$1.86
$14.88
$250.00
$15.15
$1.55
$15.50
Gallon
Ton
Therm
Ton
125,000
16,500,000
100,000
8
0.06
10
16,500,000
0.06
$259.00
$15.70
Heating Oil
Gallon
138,690
7.14
$3.18
$22.71
Propane
Gallon
92,000
10.87
$2.48
$26.96
kWh
3,412
293
$0.10
$29.31
135,000
7.4
$4.10
$30.37
Electricity
Kerosene
Gallon
Cost/Unit x Unit/MBtu = Cost/Mbtu
Pricing Source: ww.eia.doe.gov.neic/experts/heatcalc.xls
General Baseload Analysis
Review bill and consumption history
Interview occupant(s)
Tour house, Survey lights and appliances
Meter if appropriate
Identify options
Determine measures and actions
Tools of the Trade
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Consumption history
Calculator
Camera
Clipboard & pen
Tape measure
kWh meter
Ground tester
Thermometers
Flashlight
Ladder
Gloves (to remove hot
bulbs)
• Extension cord
• 2-3 prong adapter
• MicroWeir or stop watch
and container
• Drip gauge
• Lamp harp and diffuser
extenders
• Product sheet showing
replacement light fixtures
• Screwdrivers, pliers, or a
multipurpose tool like a
Leatherman™
• Laptop computer with
appliance use software
Establish Baseload Use
• Obtain (a printout of) the customer’s electricity use
for at least one year prior to the site visit.
• Separate the baseload use from the total use by:
1. adding together the three lowest months (not weird
numbers)
2. dividing the sum by 3 to get an average baseload
month’s use
3. multiplying that number by 12 months
• This can easily be done visually from a bar chart.
• There are lots of ways to do this. They all work.
Annual Customer Usage Printout
LAN
Active
Bill Date
Billing
(not use date) Days
Tariff
Schedule
LANCASTER
40256S25894
PA
17603
Non Ele Ht Cool
Reading Source
KWH
KWH/
Day
Bill
Amount
7/10/2007
32
RSO
Regular Company
2,043
64
$181.45
6/8/2007
30
RSO
Regular Company
1,134
38
$107.44
5/9/2007
29
RSO
Estimate
1,056
36
$101.09
4/10/2007
32
RSO
Regular Company
1,492
47
$136.59
3/9/2007
30
RSO
Regular Company
1,972
66
$175.67
2/7/2007
28
RSO
Regular Company
1,599
57
$145.30
1/10/2007
33
RSO
Regular Company
1,396
42
$128.74
12/8/2006
29
RSO
Regular Company
1,194
41
$112.28
11/9/2006
30
RSO
Regular Company
1,314
44
$122.05
10/10/2006
29
RSO
Regular Company
892
31
$87.69
9/11/2006
33
RSO
Regular Company
1,740
53
$156.71
8/9/2006
29
RSO
Regular Company
2,386
82
$209.33
$ 1,664.34
Total 18,218
$ 1,126.25
Total Baseload 12,328
1. Three lowest months = 892+ 1,056+ 1,134 = 3,082 ÷ 3 months
2. Average monthly use = 1,027 kWh/mo
3. 1,027 kWh/mo x 12 mo = 12,328 kWh/yr baseload
Consumption History
Approximate monthly baseload use ~ 600 kWh or about 7,200 kWh/year
Annual End Use Consumption Ranges
(kWh)
Electricity Use
Baseload
LOW
MID
HIGH
2250
5000
8000
2500
4000
4500
6000
6000
8000
750
1500
2500
2000
5000
8500
Domestic Hot Water
Hot water use, 1-3 people
Hot water use, 3-6 people
Cooling
Cooling load (total household)
Heating
Electric heat load
National averages trued up to PA utility program experience
Assess the Opportunity for Energy Savings
• Determine if the customer’s use is in the low, mid
range, or high range using their consumption
history or data on their utility bills.
• Focus your efforts in the home based on your
determination.
• Since savings follows use, you will likely find
more opportunities to save energy where the use
is high.
• If any category of use is low, then save time and
focus where the use is medium or high
Savings Follows Use / Waste
Total electricity use relates directly
to potential electricity savings
Reasons for High Baseload
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Time on – 24/7 adds up quickly
High demand / power (kW)
Poor control strategies
Not known to be operating
Faulty equipment
Intermittent use
Hidden loads
Lots of people in the household
PPL Managing CAP Credits Pilot Program, 2006
What Does My Bill Pay For
Source: 2007 Buildings Energy Data Book
Why Address Baseload?
Electricity Use is Rising
Mark Fortney, 2007, PHRC, PA Home Energy Forum
Plug Load Energy Use is Increasing
U.S. delivered residential energy consumption by end use,
2001, 2004, 2015, and 2030 (million Btu per household)
Source: Energy Information Administration 2006
@ $.09/kWh
“NRDC Study of Set Top Box and Game Console Power Use”, Peter Ostendorp, Ecos Consulting, May 2007
Energy Use by Product Cat egory
Plug Load Baseload Energy Use by Product
Category
Informat ion
t echnology
31%
Ot her
9%
Ent ert ainment
60%
Small
appliances
5%
Telephony
2%
Lighting
1%
Power
1%
Personal
hygiene
0.4%
2007 Ecos Consulting, “Final Field Research Report”: Share of Plug Load Energy Use by Product Category27
Power Settings & Mode
“OFF”
ON
• Active power
• Low power
mode
• Indeterminate
power
• Sleep/hibernate




Standby
power
Phantom
load
Vampire
power
Idle power
REALLY OFF
• No power
• Unplugged
• Power switched
off with strip or
other control
device
Anything with a remote, display, touchpad, or light is
using power even when turned “off”
Game Console Power Use
NRDC Study of Set Top Box and Game Console Power Use, May 2007, Peter Ostendorp, Ecos Consulting
Power Supplies: A Growing Component
• Function: convert wall
voltage ac to low voltage dc
needed to operate today’s
digital chips, LED indicators,
displays, etc.
• 6% to 10% of U.S. electricity
flows through the nation’s
3.6 billion power supplies
Roughly 1 to 2% of U.S. electricity could be saved by improving
power supply efficiency
•$2.1 to 4.2 billion saved by consumers on their electricity bills
•Prevent release of 40 to 80 million tons of CO2 into the atmosphere
•Equivalent of taking 2.3 to 4.6 million cars off the road
•Equivalent of building roughly 4.5 to 9 average sized power plants
2007 Ecos Consulting, “Final Field Research Report”
Sample Annual kWh of TVs by Mode
• Standby power is similar
regardless of TV type or
size.
• Newer TVs use a lot
more energy than older
ones.
• Larger and newer
technologies (plasma &
rear projection) tend to
be used more and are
frequently part of a
larger entertainment set
up.
Source: Ecos Consulting, “Final Field Research Report”, 2007
Managing Computer Power Use
• Teach everyone that it makes sense to Turn off
monitor if not using for > 5-20 min. and both
CPU and monitor if not using for > 30-60 min.
• Use power strips for positive “off” and control of
peripherals
• Learn about and teach others about how to Activate
Power Management Functions
• Maximize sleep features in the operating system
Battery Charging Strategies
• Chargers can draw 5 to
20 times more power
than they can store so...
– Unplug chargers
once battery is
charged
– Use timer to control
charge cycle
• Choose equipment
based on charging
performance
• Buy efficient chargers
• Use rechargeable
batteries
• Use power strips to
simplify disconnecting
chargers
Advanced Power Strip Options
http://www.p3international.com
http://wattstopper.com
http://www.smarthomeusa.com/Shop/Smart-Energy/Smart-Strip
Strategies to Control Home
Electronic Energy Use
• Unplug stuff you don’t use
• Manage control settings for maximum efficiency
• Turn equipment off when not actively using
• Minimize standby use with power strips, switched
outlets, unplugging, etc.
• Purchase less stuff
• Buy the most efficient products possible
Nighttime from the Space Shuttle
What Affects Lighting Use?
• Number of
sockets/bulbs
• Hours of use
• Wattage
• Lumens (brightness)
• Restrictive fixtures /
colors
• Task vs general
lighting
For each bulb:
• Watts x hours = Wh
• Wh x .001 = kWh
• kWh x $/kWh = Cost
Incandescent vs. CFLs
Lumen Comparison
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=cfls.pr_cfls
Lighting
• Lighting can be a surprising share of baseload-15-20%
• Average home has 25 - 43 sockets/bulbs
• CFLs can typically reduce use electricity use by
two-thirds or more
• Reduced waste heat saves on air conditioning
and improves comfort
Choosing Bulbs
• Look for Energy Star logo
• Select the best bulb for the fixture
–
–
–
–
–
Shape
Location
Color quality
Dimmability
Highest lumens per Watt
• Be aware of weight and overheating
• Mercury content/disposal
• Lumen equivalency, not Watts
• Electronic interference
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=cfls.pr_cfls
3 Valuable Pieces of Information
Lumens
Watts
Life
Use the box as a
teaching aid with
customers
EFI Bulb Finder
www.energyfederation.org
LED Lighting
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=fixtures.pr_light_fixtures
Hard-wired Fixtures
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=fixtures.pr_light_fixtures
Feedback From the Field
• Issues:
– The light is not bright enough
– The bulb doesn’t fit within fixture
– The bulb takes too long to brighten
– The bulb looks weird
– The bulb was installed without customer acceptance
– Too few were installed
– Disposal and mercury concerns
• So, to assure client satisfaction, choose carefully.
There are plenty of excellent CFL’s available.
Baseload and Building Science
One example:
 Recessed lights are holes in the
envelope, most of which leak air
 Local hot spot enhances
exfiltration forces
 A 13 watt bulb increases air flow
through a leaky can by 60% when
it’s on, a 50 watt bulb by 170% and
a 100 watt bulb by 400%!
Larry Kinney, Synertech Systems Inc
Telltale Signs in the Snow
Larry Kinney, Synertech Systems Inc
Can Light Above Bed in MBR
• Customer complained
about cold air in bedroom
• IR spot radiometer has
laser pointer, costs $120
• Reveals non-trivial
problem that’s clear to all
(including customer)
• IAT = 70F; OAT = 25F;
Can = 43F
• Warm air rises, cold air
descends!
Larry Kinney, Synertech Systems Inc
Ceiling Fixture
• Includes hard wired CFL, electronic ballast
• Can cover “can” lights; providing better, diffuse light and
allows the cans to be air sealed and insulated
• Saves electricity and gas!
Larry Kinney, Synertech Systems Inc
Ceiling Fixture
This Instant Pendant Light screws into the recessed light fixture
PowerLux Solution—No Leaks
• Ballast is outside of hot can in rim where it stays cool
• CFLs that fit the system are available in 18, 26, 32, and 42
watts, and in color temperatures from 2700 to 4100K
• All have a color rendering index of 82 and 12,000 hour
lifetimes
• Initial luminous efficacy ranges from 67 to 76 lm/W
Larry Kinney, Synertech Systems Inc
Outcome of Dirty Photocell
Baseload
60,000
Annual kWh
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
A. Tamasin Sterner, Pure Energy
0
Average
Summer
Winter
Strategies To Reduce Electric Light Use
• Use natural light whenever possible
• Turn lights off when not needed – especially
anything left on 24/7
• Consider photo and occupancy sensors
• Choose bulbs with highest lumens per watt
• Select lighting to fit each task or situation
• Use a low watt nightlight instead of a main light
• Use light colored lampshades/reflector cans
• Clean bulbs and fixtures for brightest light
GE Refrigerator circa 1934
Factors Affecting Refrigerator Energy Use
•
•
•
•
•
Size
Features
Age
Ambient air temperature
Control settings
– Thermostats
– Anti-sweat (energy saver)
switch
•
•
•
•
•
Loading patterns
Covered containers
Condition of door gaskets
Cleanliness of coils
Door openings
Safe and Efficient Temperatures
Desired Temperatures:
Fresh food: 36-40°F
Freezer: 0-5°F
• Measure temperatures in
the middle of the fresh food
and freezer compartments
• Use standard or digital
thermometers. A non-contact
thermometer is not suitable
for testing the temperatures
inside refrigerators.
http://www.aham.org/ht/a/GetDocumentAction/i/844
Beer Fridge and Freezer in the Heated
Garage is an Expensive Choice
Baseload
35,000
30,000
Annual kWh
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
Average
A. Tamasin Sterner, Pure Energy
Summer
Winter
Energy Consumption of U.S. Refrigerators
Source: Kinney and Belshe, Refrigerator Replacement in the Weatherization Program: Putting a Chill on Energy Waste.
E Source, September 2001, page 1.
Replacement Criteria
A good return on investment (ROI)
Annual Energy Use as determined by:
• Nameplate information & look up in data base
• Age
• Refrigerant R-134a
• Metering – 2 hours preferred
• Broken – hardware failure, constant running,
insufficient cooling
Energy Star Database
www.energystar.gov
Refrigerator Dataplate &
Input – Output
www.energystar.gov
Style
Age
Mfg
Model
8-Minute Rule
Size
Calculating Payback
Fridge/Freezer Removal
kWh/yr x $/kWh = operating cost/year
= annual Savings for removing unit
Replacement Savings
old op cost – new op cost = savings/yr
Purchase Price / savings $/yr = simple
payback in years
and “Savings” = tax free income!
If You Meter Refrigerators
Using the
Brultech ECM-1200
kiloWatt Hour Meters
Brultech ECM1220b
Kill A Watt EZ
www.brultech.com
Volts, Watts, Elapsed time,
kWh/period
Total cost for period
Dual or 240V appliance metering
www.p3international.com
Volts, Amps, VA, Hertz, Power Factor
kWh, Elapsed Time
Brand Electronics,
Model 20-1850
Watts Up? PRO
Meter
www.brandelectronics.com
Watts, kWh, Elapsed time
Cost per month, Total cost
Peak power , Amps, Power factor
www.dom.com/products
Watts, kWh, Elapsed time
Cost per month, Total cost
Peak power, Amps, Power factor
Refrigerator Testing Tips
• If you interrupt a compressor cycle, wait 8
minutes before plugging it back in
• If door is closed and you still have 40W on the
meter, perhaps the door switch is broken or the
anti-sweat heater is running
• The usual running range (compressor on) is
200-400 Watts. Newer refrigerators draw about
150 Watts
• Watch for defrost periods (~400 Watts)
• Unplug a refrigerator to clean the coils
Automatic Defrost Cycle
(14.4 ft3 GE unit, 355 Btu for 13.45 minutes)
Fresh food compartment
temperature does not
respond significantly
to defrost cycle.
How much time is required
for freezer temperature
recovery after defrost?
Source: Kinney and Belshe, Refrigerator Replacement in the Weatherization Program: Putting a Chill on Energy Waste.
E Source, September 2001, page 16.
Refrigerator Use Examples
Existing
Size
(cu. ft.)
kWh at 1 hr.
kWh at 2 hr.
kWh/year of
Existing
Unit
Approx.
kWh/yr of
New Unit
15 or less
.104 kWh/hr
At least .208
911
354
16-19
.13 kWh/hr
At least .26
1,139
368 (17 cu. ft.)
383 (18 cu. ft.)
20-24
.14 kWh/hr
At least .28
1,226
408 (21 cu. ft.)
25 or
greater
.2 kWh/hr
At least .4
1,752
577 max. (2025 cu. ft.)
Strategies to Reduce Refrigerator Energy Use
• GET RID OF 2nd, 3rd, 4th UNITS
• Set controls to avoid over-cooling
• Keep it as cool as possible—away from stove,
heat registers, direct sunlight
• Understand and use the energy saver or
moisture control switch if present
• Be sure the door closes tightly after opening
• Keep containers covered
• Allow air to circulate freely around the unit and
clean the condenser coils
EPA WaterSense
http://www.epa.gov/watersense/
Annual End Use Consumption Ranges
(kWh)
Electricity Use
LOW
MID
HIGH
2250
5000
8000
Hot water use, 1-3 people
2500
4500
6000
Cost at $.10 per kWh
$250
$450
Hot water use, 3-6 people
4000
$400
6000
$600
Baseload
Domestic Hot Water
Cost at $.10 per kWh
National averages trued up to PA utility program experience
8000
$800
Household Hot Water Use
Buildings Energy Data Book: 8.2 Residential Sector Water Consumption
September 2008
Note(s): 1) Based analysis on 10 single family homes in Seattle, WA
Sources: 2000 Residential End Uses of Hot Water in Single-Family Homes from Flow-Trace Analysis
http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/docs/xls_pdf/8.2.4.pdf
What Affects Hot Water Use?
• Leaks
• The number of
occupants
• Difference (∆T)
between incoming &
hot water temperature
• Fixture flow rate
• Appliance type and
style
• Water heater tank
insulation
• Water heater energy
factor (EF)
• Distribution piping
design & location
• Climate and localized
ambient temperature
• Time of use options
Thermometers: Water Temperature
Recommended: 120° F
Too Hot Water is Dangerous
Children and
elderly
people are
at greater
risk for
injury
Water Temperature Setting for Clothes
Washer
(millions of households)
Wash Cycle
• Hot............................. 6.2
• Warm............................ 49.7
• Cold............................ 28.2
Rinse Cycle
• Hot............................. 1.4
• Warm............................ 16.6
• Cold............................ 66.1
No Washing Machine................ 22.9
Source: www.projectlaundrylist.org
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs2001/hc_pdf/usage/hc6-1a_climate2001.pdf
Flow – Gallons per Minute (gpm)
Larry Kinney Photo
OR… a stop watch & a
gallon jug. If it fills in less
than 2 minutes, it is likely
a candidate for
replacement!
Showerheads:
2.5 gpm the rule
Less is better!
MicroWeir
Household Water Use – Not only Hot
http://www.energyfederation.org/consumer/default.php/cPath/27
Strategies to Reduce DHW Use
& Water Waste
• Fix all leaks – hot or not
• Keep thermostat at
safe & efficient setting
• Reduce standby losses
• Limit use of hot water
when doing laundry or
cleaning
• Turn off water when not
using
• Turn thermostat down
or off for vacations
• Manage outdoor water
use: car washing,
irrigation
Use of Clothes Washer
(millions of U.S. households)
• Loads of Laundry Washed Each Week
– 1 Load or Less.................. 6.8
– 2 to 9 Loads.................... 65.1
– 10 to 15 Loads.................. 9.6
– More than 15 Loads.............. 2.7
www.projectlaundrylist.org
www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs2001/hc_pdf/usage/hc6-1a_climate2001.pdf
Use of Clothes Dryer
(millions of U.S. households)
• Use a Clothes Dryer............... 78.8
– Every Time Clothes are Washed... 63.5
– Some, but not All, Loads........ 12.7
– Used Infrequently............... 2.7
• No Clothes Dryer................28.2
www.projectlaundrylist.org
www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs2001/hc_pdf/usage/hc6-1a_climate2001.pdf
www.projectlaundrylist.org
Dryers are responsible
for 6-10% of domestic
electricity use.
We Looked: We Saw…
• High occupancy
• Anything running 24/7: air
handler, lighting
• Extra lighting
• Multiple refrigerators and/or
freezers
• Broken appliances
• Failing motors
• Malfunctioning equip: well,
septic, sump pumps
• Heavy-duty battery
chargers
• Home entertainment rooms
• Large/multiple aquariums
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Off-site but connected loads
Waterbed heaters
Dehumidifiers set too high
Forgotten heaters in crawl
spaces, garage, porches
Grow lights
Ice makers running without
water hookup
Washers always using hot
water
Ventilation equipment
Pressure tank problems
Current leaking to earth:
water heater, yard line, well
pump
Example: Cost of Operation
• Airhandler fans on 24/7
(@400-600W)
500W x 24 hours x 365
days x .001kW/W =
4,380 kWh/yr @$.10 =
$438 per year
Ceiling fans, too if on 24/7
• Radon exhaust fans. EPA
IAQ house standards
require them in attached
garages. (@80-125W)
100W x 8760 hrs/yr x
.001kW/W = 876 kWh/yr
@ $.10 = $88 per year
Baseload Waste Often Reveals as Heat
High Number of Occupants
Baseload
80,000
70,000
Annual kWh
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
Average
A. Tamasin Sterner, Pure Energy
Summer
Winter
Influencing Change
• Identify all possible opportunities to save
• Put costs on operations and equipment use
• Recognize what customer cares about and
will/won’t do
• Focus on biggest users
• Prioritize where you spend your time
• Present only options that make sense and
offer a return on investment
Priorities: Recommended vs. Worthwhile: Actions
AirHandlerOn->Auto
2ndFridge/FrzOff
24hrTVsOff
CeilingFan
ComputersOff
24hrLightsOff
ClothesLine
24hrFansOff
ColdWash
TurnDownTstat
SetBackTstat
LightsOff
HumidiferOff
ShorterShowers
VampirePowerStrips
Marginal
LidsOnPots
FiltersMonthly
Urban Legends
Waste?
CleanFridgeCoils
FridgeDoorClose
CeilingFan
Ignored
Recommended
Note: Values based somewhat on difficulty in maintaining action
Michael Blasnik, “Ten Simple Things that Don’t Save Very Much Energy”
Worthwhile
Baseload is a Waste & Pollution Issue
• Over a five year period, an incandescent bulb uses
electricity equal to 10 mg of mercury emissions from a
coal-fired plant.
• A CFL may contain 1- 4 mg of mercury, but “uses” only 2.4
mg of emissions from electricity.
• Mercury in a CFL is contained and is recycled with proper
disposal*. Once out of the smokestack mercury is
uncontrollable.
• Electricity generated from coal-fired plants is only 33%
efficient at the plug. The rest of the source energy is
“wasted” in generation, transmission, & distribution losses.
* www.Earth911.org
U.S. EAP 2002
Coal-Fired Electricity Generation
Greenhouse Gases
GHG
Carbon Dioxide
Equivalency
NOX
SOX
Mercury (Hg)
Particulates
Water waste:
½ to 1 gallon per kWh
Photo: Rana Belshe
CO2e
Feedback Welcome!
A. Tamasin Sterner
www.PureEnergyAudits.com
Thanks to: Larry Kinney
www.synertechsystems.com
Rick Karg
www.karg.com
Rana Belshe
715-334-2707
ranabelshe@centurytel.net
Light fixtures in upscale home
• Major leakage to attic through fixtures
• Nine 75 Watt incandescent bulbs in kitchen ceiling
• Middle row retrofitted with CFLs: 25W, 20W, 13W
• Fix is 13W CFLs plus metal box 1 ft on a side in attic
Larry Kinney, Synertech Systems Inc