Mr. Ermer
World History AP
Miami Beach Senior High School
• Society divided by gender and class
• Most belonging to lowest class—serfs
• 15-30 serf families support one noble household
• Rapid population growth b/w 1100-1345
• Three-field rotation increases food production, agricultural revolution
• Black Death kills 2/3 of European population
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1400: population returns to pre-plague levels, surpasses by 1500
Higher labor costs/pay
Land ownership increases
Civil unrest and decrease in religious faith
Economy shrinks, but per-capita production increases
Animals not affected, meat and leather supply increases
Serfdom decreases significantly
Product prices drop
Use of technology increases to make up for lost labor
• Water wheels and mills
• Mining increases
• Deforestation as industry increases
• Emergence of great European cities
• Throughout Middle Ages, European cities were small and poor
• Italian trading cities emerge (Venice, Genoa, Milan, Florence)
• Northern European Hanseatic League (Baltic Sea)
• Champagne trading fairs
• Independence of trading cities allows them to change with
market conditions faster than eastern rivals
• Industrial production increases, spreads
• Guilds
• Growing wealthy class of bankers (Medici family)
• Poverty common in cities
• Gothic Cathedrals
Grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry,
music, and astronomy all taught to first year
students
Early Christian: (top center) Long rectangular shape used
in Roman basilicas, utilizing a flat roof.
Romanesque: (top right) Uses the same Roman basilica
style as earlier churches, but with rounded, vaulted
ceilings
Gothic: (bottom right) Uses flying buttresses to prop up
taller buildings, giving them the illusion of upward
movement.
1300: Kings tired of Papal claims of supremacy
King Philip IV of France wants to tax clergy
Pope Boniface VIII says not without his approval
King sends troops to arrest pope, bring to trial
Boniface dies, King Philip fixes the papal election
Clement V, a Frenchman, elected pope, lives in
Avignon
Popes live in Avignon from 1305-1377
1377: Pope Gregory XI returns papacy to Rome
“Here reign the successors
of the poor fisherman of
Galilee; they have strangely
forgotten their origin. I am
astounded…to see these
men loaded with gold and
clad in purple, boasting of
the spoils of princes and
nations.”~Petrarch, Italian
Poet
Gregory XI dies shortly after return to Rome
Cardinals chose an Italian pope, Urban VI, but French
cardinals elect a French pope in Avignon
Now, two popes compete for power/leadership
King of France and allies support Avignon’s pope
King of England and allies support Rome’s pope
People lose faith in both popes and church
1417: Council of Constance, new pope elected
John Hus: Czech reformer, convicted of heresy
Causes uprising in Bohemia until 1436
1400: Pope loses fight for supremacy over state
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As the Church loses power, it prevents other rivals from rising
926: Otto I named Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII
Emperors attempt to conquer Italy against Pope’s wishes
Investiture Controversy (Contest)
• Pope Gregory VIII calls for end of lay investiture
• Prevent Holy Roman emperors from naming church leaders in
Germany
• Emperor Henry IV challenges, German princes rebel
• Princes win more power within Empire with the help of Pope
• Fredrick I Barbarossa pushes into northern Italy
• Coalition of Italian city-states, backed by Pope, force Fredrick back
• 987: Hugh Capet elected by French nobles to replace last
Carolingian king, but controls only small area around Paris
• Powerful lords limit the power of the Capet
• 987-1300: Capetian kings slowly gain in power, centralize government
• Norman lords form a highly centralized state in northern France
• Decedents of Vikings, Normans disregard loyalty to Capetian kings, retain land
• Normans begins do expand throughout Europe, rise as political/military leaders
• 1066: Duke William of Normandy invades England
• William “the Conqueror” crowned King William I of England
• England rises as centralized threat to Capetian France
• 1300: England still owns small piece of land in France,
Duchy of Gascony
• English king (Edward III), as Duke of Gascony, was a
vassal of the French king (Philip VI)
• 1337: Philip invades Gascony to cede into realm
• Edward declares war on France, lasts until 1453
• Peasant foot-soldiers outshine mounted knights
• English use more foot-soldiers than French, and also
equip soldiers with longbows
• French use crossbows at first
• 1346: Battle of Crécy: French
attack with no plan,
slaughtered by English
longbows
• English not strong enough to
conquer all of France
• King Henry V of England keeps trying
• 1415: Battle of Agincourt
heavily armored French
noblemen get stuck in muddy
battle field—1,500 die—
England controls N. France
• King Charles V of France loses hope
• Young, religious woman named Joan convinces King Charles to let her
follow army to Orléans
• Joan’s faith powers French to victory
• 1430: Captured by English, convicted of witchcraft
• Joan’s faith reenergized the French army, and they easily won
battles in Aquitaine and Normandy; French win war in 1453
• The invention of the cannon also responsible for eventual French
victory
• Italy is not united state, but collection of small and large states
• Central Italy
• The Papal States exercise political influence throughout Central Italy
• Pope acts as king of the Papal States
• The Italian City-States
• Florence, Bologna, Genoa, Milan, and Venice
• Venetian Confederation most dominant state, powerful navy
• Southern Italy
• Byzantine and Muslim states claim southern Italy and Sicily
• Norman merchants conquer southern Italy, bring Roman Catholic Christianity
• Lay foundation for rise of Kingdom of Naples
• Christian & Muslim Spain
• Competing Christian kingdoms attempt to unify northern Spain
• Ummayad caliphs losing grip on power
Aragon & Castile two most powerful kingdoms
Isabella of Castile marries Ferdinand of Aragon,
work together to strengthen Spanish monarchy
Spanish religious conformity= Catholic nation
1492: Jews kicked out of Spain
1502: Muslims kicked out of Spain
Both Jews and Muslims who wish to stay in Spain
must convert to Christianity (Catholicism)
The Capitulation of Granada, by Francisco Pradilla y Ortiz (1882)
• Kings in England, France and Spain have trouble
producing male heirs
• Nobles fight to replace dying dynasties
• New dynasties establish “new monarchies”
• France’s kings use new national pride to gain power,
expand taxes and control
• War of the Roses b/w nobles and English king
• Henry Tudor becomes new king (Henry VII)
• Abolishes nobles’ private armies
• Lessened taxes on subjects, people happy with rule