 Leader: 沈陳惠珠 87110076
 Members:
邱南億 87110383
吳美玲 88110839
林靖惠 91110876
林緹 91120069
韓惠華 91210007
連雅鈴 92110016

 Information finder: 沈陳惠珠 , 南億 , 吳美玲 ,
林靖惠 , 林緹 , 韓惠華 , 連雅鈴 , power point maker: 林靖惠



Found by--沈陳惠珠 (1)
 We have a shape language that definitely will shape our thoughts. According to a doctor said in a news paper recently that he discovered a child was born in a foreigner family, whose parent come from Asia country, have lower ability to express their thoughts, may be because of insufficient interacting or insufficient language exchange with the child, and same time knowledge development is slower than other age child. Any person who have language communication problem, it will hard to express your thought through language. According to a research showed that any one could not express his or her own thoughts through language, or no body understand what we thoughts through the language explanation it, then meaning he or she got a difficultly on the language which he or she used it.
 Since SapirWhorf ‘s theory that language shape thoughts, sparked a number of linguists to researches relative evidences, and same time bring a lot of criticizes on the theory, but let’s look at our Taiwan society, you will believed that language will shape our thoughts.

Found by--沈陳惠珠 (2)
Taiwanese language (Min-Na) had been ban in former president chiang-Chung-Cheng period, so some of Taiwanese their mother language is Min-Na language, but because of political interfered and lack of chances to speak, sometime they hard to use their mother language to express their thoughts, but same time because of government courage, they mastermind
Mandarin language which original may not their mother language, use Mandarin perfectly without difficulty to explain most of their thoughts. An another sample, we are courage our children as earlier as possible to learn English, so you could see some of children who attend full day English Cram school, use some of English vocabulary or sentences to express their thoughts, and needs, instead use Mandarin or Taiwanese, those children shape their English speaking but doltish using
Mandarin or Taiwanese to express their thoughts. Last one, let us examine our experience on study English, we always try to use precise correct English to explain our thoughts, when our
English speaking are getting better,

Found by--沈陳惠珠 (3) our thoughts have to be shaped to correspond the language that we want to use.
 Following are some of evidences that I study from the references:
 The linguist Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis indicated that language strongly influence thought. First of all, let us look a group of researchers studied the difference in perception of color in
English compared with a small tribe from Papua New Guinea called Berinmo, the researchers found that the Berinmo speakers were better at matching colors across their nol,wor
( Berinmo’s language which in English would both be perceived in the category of Yellow) categories than across the English blue and green categories and English speakers were better at matching colors across blue and green than across the
Berinmo nol and wor.. Second, look another example,

Found by--沈陳惠珠 (4)
 In English the form of the verb in a sentence tells whether it describes a past of present event (Mary walks vs. Mary walked)
Hopi(Native American language)doesn’t require that, because of that, so Hopi speakers focusing more on the source of the information and English speakers focusing more on the time of event. Third, for another instance objects are treated differently by the syntax of different languages well, In English, some nouns are “countable and can be made plural (beans), while others are “mass and can’t be made plural, other language,
Japanese, don’t make this distinction, so English speakers more aware of the distinction between substances and individual objects.
 Culture, your culture, the traditions, lifestyle, habits, so on that you pick up from the people you live and interact with “shapes the way you think, and also shapes the way you talk”

Found by--沈陳惠珠 (5)
 There is a language called Guugu Yimmthirr that doesn’t have words like left and right front and back, so they never say that a boy is standing in front of a house instead, they’d say he is standing east of the house, while a speaker of English would think of him as standing front of house.
 English speakers tend to treat time as a group of objects, seconds, minutes, hours, instead of as a smooth unbroken stream, that makes us think that time is stuff that can be saved, wasted, or lost, The Hopi (Hopi language does not contain any words, grammatical construction or expressions that refer to the
English concept of “time” )don’t talk about time in those terms, and so they think about it differently, for them it is a continuous cycle, it could be that our view of time is reflected in our language, or that the way we deal with time in our culture is reflected in both our language and our thoughts.

Found by--沈陳惠珠 (6)
 Language determines the boundaries of thought, following are a number of linguists have said:1. The limits of your language are the limits of your world ….by Ludwig.wittgenstein.
 2.Lanaguage shapes the way we think, and determines what we can think about………by Benjamin Whorf.
 3.If we spoke a different language, we would perceive a somewhat different world ………by Ludwig Wittgenstein.
 4.Though is the blossom, language the bud, action the fruit behind…….by Ralph Waldo Emerson.
 References:
 http://www.Lsadc.org/faqu/index .
 http://3q.tmtc,edu.tw
 http://www.ntnu.edu.tw
 http://www.chemistrycoach.com/ideas.htm
 http://www.ttt.org/linglinks/Stacy Phipps.htm.

found by--邱南億 (1)
 We might ask, "What is the meaning of meaning?"
Philosophers of language are less concerned with what individual words or sentences mean than with what it means for an expression to mean something. How do expressions have the meanings they have, which expressions have the same meanings as which others, and how can these meanings can be known. (The exceptions, of course, are expressions about language, or words otherwise of philosophical significance). So a better question might be, "what does the word 'meaning' mean?" In a similar vein, (and with similar caveats), philosophers are less concerned with which sentences are true than with what kinds of things can be true or false ( sentences , presumably, but all sentences, or only meaningful ones?) J.L.
Austin a language philosopher who is most well known for his text, How to Do Things With Words concentrated upon various
"tasks" of words and phrases or speech acts .

found by--邱南億 (2)
 Language, how things 'mean' something, and truth (though postmodern thought incorporates the claim that there is no truth apart from a human perception of truth), are important not just because they are used daily with important effects; language has shaped our human development, from our earliest childhood and continuing to our deaths. Some contemporary philosophers hold that it is impossible to have any thoughts without having a language, while others argue that thoughts differ in kind and some exist a priori , before we acquire any use of language. Still more would agree that there are at least some thoughts that one cannot think without having a language.
Since we often, or always, reason according to rules laid down by our language, then the language we speak has a great deal of influence (if not totally encompassing all that we "know") on how we perceive and act in the world.

found by--邱南億 (3)
 Accordingly it is not by accident that philosophical discussions of language begin by clarifying terminology, drawing distinctions between different senses of words, and so forth. The philosophy of language is important because language is important, and language is important because it is inseparable from how we think and live. Some philosophers argue that the term "language" is too vague to be useful and entire systems have been developed to clarify the field. See semiotics .
 Human beings have an integrated set of language concepts which are brought to bear upon signs and symbols , including all words (symbols): "object," " love ," "good," " God ," "masculine,"
"feminine," " art ," "government," and so on. By incorporating
"meaning," each of us has shaped (or has had shaped for us) an entire view of the universe and how we ourselves have
"meaning" within it.


 Hale, B. and crispin Wright, Ed. (1999).
Blackwell Companions To Philosophy. Malden,
Massachusetts, Blackwell Publishers.
 Lycan, W. G. (2000). Philosophy of Language:
A Contemporary Introduction. New York,
Routledge.

Found by--吳美鈴 (1)
 I agree that language I speak shapes my thoughts. We use the first mother language often. Our culture, the traditions, lifestyle, habits, and so on that you pick up from the people you live and interact with „shape the way you think, and also shapes the way you talk.
 Something I use English money. I have to count how much money should I say? For example: We use 萬 , 千 , 百 , 拾 for money to count easily in Chinese. But English is not 萬 . They say ten thousand, one hundred thousand…. I think it is not easy for me.
 I have to notice tenses in English but I do not use tenses often in Chinese. 明天天氣好的話他會來 . My answer is “ If it will be fine tomorrow, he will come. “ This answer is wrong. Why? I do not notice the tense; it should say, “ If it is fine tomorrow, he will come.” I just think tomorrow is future so I have to use future tense. The actually, using present is OK. I think too much.

Found by--吳美鈴 (2)
 On the other hand, I use English every day. I speak English with my classmates and co-workers. The method helps me to prove my English. Then I have a new problem. When I speak
Chinese with my family, my grammar has some problems like I say “ 我走先” The correct answer is “ 我先走” . This grammar is English style. Sometimes, I will forget Chinese meaning like wild animals how to speak it in Chinese. I forgot. I will use
English to translate English for my family. My family say what you talk about it. Much of the time, yes. But not always. You can easily conjure up mental images and sensations that would be hard to describe in words.
 The new language is very different from your own, it may give you some insight into another culture and another way of life
 http://www.lsadc.org

Found by--林靖惠 (1)
 Most of foreigner speakers have language communication problem, or no body understand what we thoughts through the language explanation it, then meaning he or she got a difficultly on the language which he or she used it. It will hard to express own thought through language.
 Language is more than just a means of communication. It influences our culture and even our thought processes. The cross cultural comparisons of such things, when we perceive color with our eyes, we are sensing that portion of electromagnetic radiation that is visible light.
 Our culture, through language, guides us in seeing the spectrum in terms of the arbitrarily established categories that we call colors. Different cultures may divide up the spectrum in different ways. In other words, the colors we see are predetermined by what our culture prepares us to see.

Found by--林靖惠 (2)
 According to SapirWhorf’s research that indicated, all normal humans share similar sense perceptions of color despite differences in color terminology from one language to another. The physiology of our eyes is essentially the same. However, as a society's economy and technology increase in complexity, the number of color terms usually also increases. That is to say, the spectrum of visible light gets subdivided into more categories. The number of terms related to a particular topic also may be greater or smaller depending on such social factors as gender . For example, North American women generally make far more color distinctions than do men.
 The cultural environment that people grow up in can have surprising effects on how they interpret the world around them. As the environment changes, culture and language typically respond by creating new terminology to describe it.
The terminology used by a culture reflects that culture's interests and concerns.

Found by--林靖惠 (3)
 Anthropologists have found that learning about how people categorize things in their environment provides important insights into the interests, concerns, and values of their culture.
 philosophers are less concerned with which sentences are true than with what kinds of things can be true or false. Language, how things 'mean' something, and truth are important. Not just because they are used daily with important effects; language has shaped our human development, from our earliest childhood and continuing to our deaths. It is impossible to have any thoughts without having a language, the language we speak has a great deal of influence on how we perceive and act in the world.
 Ethno scientists have made a useful distinction in regards to ways of describing categories of reality. Visitors to another society can bring their own culture's categories and interpret everything in those terms. However, there will be little understanding of the minds of the people in the society being visited. In contrast,

Found by--林靖惠 (4) they can suspend their own culture's perspective and learn the categories of reality in the new society. By doing this, they gain a much more profound understanding of the other culture.
.

Found by--林緹 (1)
 Amy Tan is a novelist and essayist who was born in California only two and a half years after her parents emigrated from
China to the United States. Her complex relationship with her mother, Daisy, who died of Alzheimer’s disease in 1999, ate the age of 83, is at the heart of much of her work. Tan presents herself as a writer and not a student of language, although she holds an M.A. in linguistics from San Jose State University.
Speaking and writing in standard English is essential, Tan argues, but the diversity of cultures in America requires that we acknowledge the different “English’s” spoken by immigrants. In her article “Mother tongue”, we can find the approval to Wharf
Hypothesis theory: language sheds our world of view. She mentioned about that her mother’s limited English limited her perception of her. She was ashamed of her mother’s English.
And she truly believed that her English

Found by--林緹 (2)
 reflected the quality of what she had to say. That is because she expressed them imperfectly her thoughts were imperfect.
She also made some examples to support her statement: The fact that people in department stores, at banks and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her. She was forced to ask for information or even to complain and yell at people who had been rude to her mother. She often pretended adolescent voice because of her mother’s limited English. These all tell us that you can’ speak correct language which means you can’t fully express yourself and for which makes you more difficult to be understood. She let us know how she sees things through language in her childhood. As she became a writer, she realized that her mother’s English is perfectly clear and nature. It is vivid, direct, and full of

Found by--林緹 (3)
 observation and imagery. That was the language that helped shape the way she saw things, expressed things, made sense of the world. These let us know that our world view would changed as we grow up, knowledge increase or environment change but language affects us the most.
 exerpted from " The short prose reader"

Found by--韓惠華 (1)
 LANGUAGE STRONGLY INFLUENCES THOUGHT. The Sapir-
Whorf Hypothesis has changed the way many people look at the relationship between language, thought and cultural perception of reality. While many like Edward Sapir and
Benjamin Whorf support the notion that language strongly influences thought and others argue that language does not influence thought, the evidence from research indicates that language does influence thought and perception of reality to a degree but language does not govern thought or reality.
 Benjamin Whorf, like Sapir studied Native American languages. Whorf sites several examples form the Native
American language, Hopi, to support his hypothesis that thought is strongly based on language. According to Whorf the
Hopi language does not contain any words, grammatical constructions or expressions that refer to the English concept of
‘time.

Found by--韓惠華 (2)
 ’ Whorf goes on to explain that it is possible in the Hopi language to express the world or reality in ways other than what many languages refer to as ‘time.’ The Hopi view of reality is specific to the language and can only be best expressed if one is familiar with the language (Carroll, 1956:57). In this example where Whorf feels language strongly influences thought, he is often criticized with circularity because he “infers cognitive differences between two speakers from an examination of their respective languages,” (Hopi and English). His proof of cognitive differences is only “based on reiteration of the linguistic differences” (Harre, 1990:5).
 For example1 ：
 A common argument for the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is the perception of color across languages. According to the hypothesis, if one language categorizes color differently than another language, then the different groups should perceive it differently also.

Found by--韓惠華 (3)
 In a study done in the 1970’s a group of researchers studied the difference in perception of color in English compared with a small tribe from Papua New Guinea called Berinmo. The
Berinmo were given a sample of 160 different colors and asked to categorize them. The Berinmo not only had less categories, they did not differentiate between the English colors blue and green, however, they did draw a category between colors in their language nol and wor which in English would both be perceived in the category of yellow. The researchers found that the Berinmo speakers were better at matching colors across their nol , wor categories than across the English blue and green categories and English speakers were better at matching colors across blue and green than across the Berinmo nol and wor
(Sawyer, 1999). According to the researchers by showing that the color perception of the two language groups is dependent on the categorization in the language the results support the
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.

Found by--韓惠華 (4)
 For Example 2 ：
 Language is more than just a means of communication. It influences our culture and even our thought processes. During the first four decades of the 20th century, language was viewed by American linguists and anthropologists as being more important than it actually is in shaping our perception of reality. This was mostly due to Edward Sapir and his student
Benjamin Whorf who said that language predetermines what we see in the world around us. In other words, language acts like a polarizing lens on a camera in filtering reality--we see the real world only in the categories of our language.
 you------- your -------reality language
 Cross cultural comparisons of such things as color terms were used by Sapir and Whorf as evidence. When we perceive color with our eyes, we are sensing that portion of electromagnetic radiation that is visible light.

Found by--韓惠華 (5)
 In fact, the spectrum of visible light is a continuum of light waves with frequencies that increase at a continuous rate from one end to the other. In other words, there are no distinct colors like red and green in nature. Our culture, through language, guides us in seeing the spectrum in terms of the arbitrarily established categories that we call colors. Different cultures may divide up the spectrum in different ways. This can be seen in the comparison of some English language colors with their couterparts in the Tiv language of Nigeria:
 Sapir (value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. High value is light and low value is dark.)
 and Whorf interpreted these data as indicating that colors are not objective, naturally determined segments of reality. In other words, the colors we see is predetermined by what our culture prepares us to see. This example used to support the Sapir-
Whorf hypothesis was objectively tested in the 1960's.

Found by--韓惠華 (6)
 Reference
 1.Language and thought processes ：
 http://anthro.palomar.edu/language/language_5.htm
 2. Stacy, Phipps. December 13, 2001. Language and thought ： examining linguistic relativity
 http://www.ttt.org/linglinks/StacyPhipps.htm

Found by--連雅鈴 (1)
 Language is more than just a means of communication. It influences our culture and even our thought processes. During the first four decades of the 20th century, language was viewed by American linguists and anthropologists as being more important than it actually is in shaping our perception of reality. This was mostly due to Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf who said that language predetermines what we see in the world around us. In other words, language acts like a polarizing lens on a camera in filtering reality--we see the real world only in the categories of our language.
 Cross cultural comparisons of such things as color terms were used by Sapir and Whorf as evidence. When we perceive color with our eyes, we are sensing that portion of electromagnetic radiation that is visible light. In fact, the spectrum of visible light is a continuum of light waves with frequencies that increase at a continuous rate from one end to the other.

Found by--連雅鈴 (2)
 In other words, there are no distinct colors like red and green in nature. Our culture, through language, guides us in seeing the spectrum in terms of the arbitrarily established categories that we call colors. Different cultures may divide up the spectrum in different ways. This can be seen in the comparison of some English language colors with their couterparts in the Tiv language of Nigeria:

Found by--連雅鈴 (3)
 Sapir and Whorf interpreted these data as indicating that colors are not objective, naturally determined segments of reality. In other words, the colors we see is predetermined by what our culture prepares us to see. This example used to support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis was objectively tested in the 1960's. That research indicated that they went too far. All normal humans share similar sense perceptions of color despite differences in color terminology from one language to another. The physiology of our eyes is essentially the same. People all over the world can see subtle gradations of color and can comprehend other ways of dividing up the spectrum of visible light. However, as a society's economy and technology increase in complexity, the number of color terms usually also increases.

Found by--連雅鈴 (4)
 That is to say, the spectrum of visible light gets subdivided into more categories. As the environment changes, culture and language typically respond by creating new terminology to describe it.
 It is now clear that the terminology used by a culture reflects that culture's interests and concerns. For instance,
Indians in Canada's Northwest Territories typically have at least 13 terms for different types and conditions of snow, while most non-skiing native Southern Californians use only 2 terms--ice and snow. That does not mean that the
English language only has 2 terms. Quite the contrary, there are many more English words that refer to different states of frozen water, such as blizzard, dusting, flurry, frost, hail, hardpack, powder, sleet, slush, and snowflake.

Found by--連雅鈴 (5)
 The point is that these terms are rarely if ever used by people living in tropical or subtropical regions because they hardly everencounter frozen water in any form other than an ice cube. The distinctions between different snow conditions are not relevant to everyday life and children may not even have the words explained to them. However, people in these warmer regions make fine distinctions about other phenomena that are important to them. For instance, coastal Southern Californians often have dozens of surfing related words that would likely be unknown to most Indians in the Northwest Territories or to people living in England for that matter.
 The number of terms related to a particular topic also may be greater or smaller depending on such social factors as gender . For example, North American women generally make far more color distinctions than do men.

Found by--連雅鈴 (6)
 This may be largely due to the fact that subtle color differences are important factors in women's clothing and makeup. Parents and peers encourage and train girls early to be knowledgeable about these distinctions.

Found by--連雅鈴 (7)
 The cultural environment that people grow up in can have surprising effects on how they interpret the world around them. This became apparent during a Washington D.C. murder trial early in 2002. A deaf man was convicted of stabbing to death two of his classmates at Gallaudet
University. At his trial, the defendant said that he was told to do it by mysterious black-gloved hands. His delusions did not come in the form of spoken language. He was told to commit these brutal murders through sign language--his mode of communication. Another example is provided by
Guugu Timithirr language speakers of the Cape York
Peninsula in northeastern Australia. This group of
Aborigines do not have words for left, right, front, or back. They use absolute rather than relative directions.
 When they refer to people or objects in their environment, they use compass directions--e.g., "I am standing southwest of my sister" rather than "I am standing to the left of my sister."

Found by--連雅鈴 (8)
 Critics of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis would point out the
Aborigines who speak this language also usually learn
English and can use left, right, front, and back just as we do. However, if they do not learn English during early childhood, they have difficulty in orienting themselves relatively and absolute orientation makes much more sense to them.
 Ethnoscience
 Anthropologists have found that learning about how people categorize things in their environment provides important insights into the interests, concerns, and values of their culture. Field workers involved in this type of research refer to it as ethnoscience
 Ethnoscientists have made a useful distinction in regards to ways of describing categories of reality. Visitors to another society can bring their own culture's categories and interpret everything in those terms.

Found by--連雅鈴 (9)
 However, there will be little understanding of the minds of the people in the society being visited. In contrast, they can suspend their own culture's perspective and learn the categories of reality in the new society. By doing this, they gain a much more profound understanding of the other culture. Ethnoscientists define these two different approaches as being etic and emic . Etic categories involve a classification according to some external system of analysis brought in by the visitor. This is the approach of biology in using the Linnaean classification system to define new species. It assumes that ultimately, there is an objective reality and that is more important than cultural perceptions of it. In contrast, emic categories involve a classification according to the way in which members of a society classify their own world. It may tell us little about the objective reality but it is very insightful in understanding how other people perceive that reality through the filter of their language and culture.

Found by--連雅鈴 (10)
 Discussion Topic: Is it true that the language I speak shapes my thoughs.
 Language is more than just a means of communication , it influences our culture and even our thought processes. language was viewed by linguists and anthropologists as being more important than it actually is in shaping our perception of reality. This was mostly due to language predetermines what we see in the world around us. In other words, language acts like a polarizing lens on a camera in filtering reality--we see the real world only in the categories of our language.
 Thought and thinking take place in a mental language which consists of a system of representations that is physically realized in the brain of thinkers and has a combinatorial syntax (and semantics) such that operations on representations are causally sensitive only to the syntactic properties of representations.

Found by--連雅鈴 (11)
 Thought is, roughly, the tokening of a representation that has a syntactic structure with an appropriate semantics.
Thinking thus consists in syntactic operations defined over such representations. As the environment changes, culture and language typically respond by creating new terminology to describe it. It is now clear that the terminology used by a culture reflects that culture's interests and concerns. Here are an example to support this logic:
 The Cape York Peninsula in northeastern Australia, this group of Aborigines do not have words for left, right, front, or back. They use absolute rather than relative directions. When they refer to people or objects in their environment, they use compass directions--e.g., "I am standing southwest of my sister" rather than "I am standing to the left of my sister."

Found by--連雅鈴 (12)
 The Aborigines who speak this language also usually learn
English and can use left, right, front, and back just as we do. However, if they do not learn English during early childhood, they have difficulty in orienting themselves relatively and absolute orientation makes much more sense to them.
 Thinking is at least the tokenings of states that are intentional and causally connected. But, surely, thinking is more. There could be a causally connected series of intentional states that makes no sense at all. Thinking, therefore, is causally proceeding from states to states that makes semantic sense: the transitions among states must preserve some of their semantic properties to count as thinking. In the ideal case, this property would be the truth value of the states. But in most cases, any interesting intentional or epistemic property would do. In general, it is hard to spell out what this requirement of "making sense" comes to.

Found by--連雅鈴 (13)
 The intuitive idea, however, should be clear. Thinking is not proceeding from thoughts to thoughts in arbitrary fashion: thoughts that are causally connected are in some fashion semantically too. If this were not so, there would be little point and gain in thinking. Thinking couldn't serve any useful purpose. Call this general phenomenon, then, the
semantic coherence of causally connected thought processes.
 Various people of persuasion directly suggest using language in certain ways to change the minds of others, including advertising , debate , sales , and rhetoric . The ancient sophists discussed and listed many figures of speech such as enthymeme and euphemism . Today public relations firms use spin .
 Thought or thinking is a mental process which allows beings to model the world, and so to deal with it effectively according to their goals, plans, ends and desires.

Found by--連雅鈴 (14)
 Concepts akin to thought are
,
,
, and
.
Thinking involves manipulation of
, as when we form
, engage in
,
and make
. Thinking is a higher
function and the analysis of thinking processes is part of
. My conclusion is thinking means you tend to put a higher priority on impersonal factors than personal factors.