Chapter 19
Lecture
PowerPoint
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Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Twelfth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
19
Reproductive Systems
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2
19.1: Introduction
• Male and female reproductive systems are connected by a
series of organs and glands that produce and nurture sex cells
and transport them to sites of fertilization
• Male sex cells are sperm
• Female sex cells are eggs or oocytes
• Sex cells are produced by a special type of division called
meiosis
• Meiosis includes two successive divisions , called the first
(meiosis I) and second (meiosis II) meiotic divisions
3
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Second meiotic
division
First meiotic
division
(23 chromosomes, each
with 2 chromatids)
Paired homologous
chromosomes
(46 chromosomes,
each with 2 chromatids)
(23 chromosomes, each
with 2 chromatids)
(23 chromosomes,
each chromatid now an
independent chromosome)
4
First Meiotic Division
• Meiosis I separates homologous (the same, gene for gene) pairs
• They may not be identical because a gene may have variants
• There are four phases in this division
• Prophase I
• Metaphase I
• Anaphase I
• Telophase I
5
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(a)
(b)
(c)
6
Second Meiotic Division
• Meiosis II begins after telophase I
• This division is similar to mitosis
• There are four phases in this division:
• Prophase II
• Metaphase II
• Anaphase II
• Telophase II
• This division completes with each sex cell having one set of
genetic instructions, or 23 chromosomes (compared to two
sets (46 chromosomes) in other cells)
7
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Parent cell
Maternal
chromatids
Paternal
chromatids
Gene for
blood type
Gene for
eye color
Gene for
hair color
Result of
crossing
over
8
19.2: Organs of the
Male Reproductive System
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Ureter
Urinary bladder
Superior pubic
ramus (cut)
Ductus
(vas) deferens
Large intestine
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Urethra
Corpus cavernosum
Corpus spongiosum
Penis
Bulbourethral
gland
Urogenital diaphragm
Anus
Epididymis
Glans penis
Prepuce
Testis
Scrotum
9
(a)
Testes
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Ureter
Urinary bladder
Ampulla
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct
Bulbourethral
gland
Prostate gland
Bulb of
penis
Crus of
penis
Root of
penis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Penis
Urethra
Glans penis
(b)
Body of
penis
10
Descent of the Testes
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Abdominal
wall
Lower abdominal
cavity
Developing
penis
(a)
Testis
Rectum
Gubernaculum
Symphysis
pubis
Peritoneum
Vaginal
process
(cavity)
(b)
Testis
Inguinal canal
Gubernaculum
Ductus deferens
Tunica vaginalis
Scrotum
(c)
Spermatic cord
Testis
Gubernaculum
11
Structure of the Testes
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Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Basement
membrane
Rete testis
Spermatogenic
cells
Spermatogonia
Seminiferous
tubule
Plane of section
(a)
Tunica
albuginea
Lumen of seminiferous
tubule
Testis
Seminiferous tubules
Interstitial cells
(Cells of Leydig)
Sperm cells
Interstitial cells
(cells of Leydig)
Basement membrane
Sperm cells
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Spermatogonia
(b)
12
Formation of Sperm Cells
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Secondary
spermatocyte
First meiotic
division
Primary
spermatocyte
Paired homologous
chromosomes
Second meiotic
division
Spermatids
Sperm cells
(23 chromosomes, each
with 2 chromatids)
(46 chromosomes,
each with 2 chromatids)
(23 chromosomes, each
with 2 chromatids)
(23 chromosomes,
each chromatid now an
independent chromosome)
13
Formation of Sperm Cells
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Changes in chromosome structure
Spermatozoa (Sperm cells, 23 chromosomes,
1 chromatid per chromosome)
Lumen of
seminiferous
tubule
Sustentacular cells
Developmental
sequence
Spermatid (23 chromosomes,
1 chromatid per chromosome)
Nucleus of sustentacular cell
Meiosis II
Secondary spermatocyte (23 chromosomes,
2 chromatids per chromosome)
Primary spermatocyte (46 chromosomes,
2 chromatids per chromosome)
Meiosis I
Tight junction between sustentacular
cells (blood-testis barrier)
Daughter cell in late interphase ( Type B
Spermatogonium, 46 chromosomes
2 chromatids per chromosome)
Spermatogonium
mitosis
Daughter cell in late interphase (New type
A spermatogonium, 46 chromosomes
2 chromatids per chromosome)
14
Basement
membrane
Wall of
seminiferous
tubule
Structure of a Sperm Cell
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Nucleus
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Flagellum
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Excess
cytoplasm
Excess cytoplasm
and most organelles lost
Mitochondria
Centriole
Tail
Midpiece
Head
Acrosome
Acrosome
Head
Nucleus
(a)
Midpiece
(with mitochondria)
Tail
© Brand X Pictures/CORBIS
15
(b)
Male Internal Accessory Organs
• The male internal accessory organs include:
• Epididymides
• Ductus deferentia
• Seminal vesicles
Ampulla
Seminal vesicle
• Prostate gland
Ejaculatory duct
• Bulbourethral glands Bulbourethral Bulb of
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gland
penis
Crus of
penis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Prostate gland
Root of
penis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Penis
Urethra
Glans penis
(b)
Body of
penis
16
Epididymides
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• Tightly coiled tubes
• Connected to ducts within
the testis
• Promote maturation of
sperm cells
Epithelial
cells
Nonmotile
cilia
Sperm cells
17
© Image Source
Ductus Deferentia
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• Are muscular tubes
• About 45 centimeters each
• Extends from the epididymis to
the ejaculatory duct
Lumen
Epithelium
Smooth
muscle
(a)
Sperm in lumen of
ductus deferens
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Smooth muscle
18
(b)
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Seminal Vesicles
• Attached to the vas deferens
near base of the urinary bladder
• Secrete alkaline fluid
• Secrete fructose and
prostaglandins
• Contents empty into the
ejaculatory duct
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Ureter
Urinary bladder
Ampulla
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct
Bulbourethral
gland
Epididymis
Prostate gland
Bulb of
penis
Crus of
penis
Root of
penis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Testis
Penis
Urethra
Glans penis
(b)
Body of
penis
19
Prostate Gland
• Surrounds the proximal portion of
the urethra
• The ducts of the gland open into the
urethra
• Secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid
• Secretion enhances fluid mobility
• Composed of tubular glands in
connective tissue
• Also contains smooth muscle
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Secretory cells of the
prostate gland
Smooth muscle
Lumen of urethra
Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold
20
Bulbourethral Glands
• Inferior to the prostate gland
• Secrete mucus-like fluid
• Fluid released in response to
sexual stimulation
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Ureter
Urinary bladder
Ampulla
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct
Bulbourethral
gland
Epididymis
Prostate gland
Bulb of
penis
Crus of
penis
Root of
penis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Testis
Penis
Urethra
Glans penis
(b)
Body of
penis
21
Semen
• The fluid the urethra conveys to the outside during
ejaculation is called semen
• Semen consists of:
• Sperm cells
• Secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and
bulbourethral glands
• It is slightly alkaline
• Contains prostaglandins
• Contains nutrients
• Volume is 2-5 milliliters of semen per ejaculation
• Average 120 million sperm cells per milliliter of semen
22
Male External
Reproductive Organs
• Includes the:
• Scrotum
• two testes
Urinary bladder
• Penis
Superior pubic ramus
(cut)
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Ureter
Large intestine
Seminal vesicle
Ductus
(vas) deferens
Urethra
Corpus cavernosum
Corpus spongiosum
Penis
Glans penis
Prepuce
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral
gland
Urogenital
diaphragm
Anus
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum
(a)
23
Scrotum
• Pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue
• Dartos muscle – smooth muscle in subcutaneous tissue;
contracts to cause wrinkling of the scrotum
• Medial septum divides the scrotum into two chambers
• Each chamber is lined with a serous membrane
• Each chamber houses a testis and epididymis
24
Penis
• Conveys urine and semen
• Specialized to become erect for insertion into the vagina
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Superficial dorsal vein
Deep dorsal vein
Dorsal nerve
Dorsal artery
Deep artery
Corpora cavernosa
Skin
Subcutaneous
tissue
Connective tissue
(fascia)
External urethral orifice
(a)
Tunica albuginea
Urethra
Corpus spongiosum
Prepuce
Glans penis
(b)
25
Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation
• The erection:
• Parasympathetic nerve impulses
• Blood accumulates in the erectile tissues
• The orgasm:
• Culmination of sexual stimulation
• Accompanied by emission and ejaculation
• The ejaculation:
• Emission is the movement of semen into the urethra
• Ejaculation is the movement of semen out of the urethra
• This is largely dependent on sympathetic nerve impulses
26
Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation
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Sexual stimulation
Parasympathetic
neurons release
nitric oxide, causing
dilation of small
arteries to penis
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Culmination of intense
sexual stimulation
Veins are
compressed,
reducing blood
flow away from
penis
Blood accumulates in the vascular
spaces within erectile tissues of penis
Sympathetic impulses contract smooth muscle
Peristaltic
contractions
in testicular ducts,
epididymides,
ductus deferentia,
and ejaculatory
ducts
Rhythmic
contractions
in erectile
columns of
penis
Rhythmic
contractions
in bulbourethral
glands, prostate
gland, and
seminal vesicles
Emission—semen moves into urethra
Penis swells and becomes erect
Ejaculation—semen
is forcefully
expelled from urethra
27
28
19.3: Hormonal Control of
Male Reproductive Functions
• Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, the anterior
pituitary gland, and the testes control male reproductive
functions
• Hormones initiate and maintain sperm cell production and
oversee the development and maintenance of male sex
characteristics
29
Hypothalamic and
Pituitary Hormones
• The hypothalamus controls maturation of sperm cells and
development of male secondary sex characteristics
• Negative feedback among the hypothalamus, the anterior
lobe of the pituitary gland, and the testes controls the
concentration of testosterone
30
Male Sex Hormones
• The male sex hormones are called androgens
• Interstitial cells in the testes produce most of them, but
small amounts are made in the adrenal cortex
• Testosterone is the most important
31
Actions of Testosterone
• Increased growth of body hair
• Sometimes decreased growth of scalp hair
• Enlargement of the larynx and thickening of the vocal cords
• Thickening of the skin
• Increased muscular growth
• Thickening and strengthening of the skeletal bones
32
Regulation of Male Sex Hormones
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Hypothalamus
GnRH
+
–
–
Pituitary
gland
FSH
Bloodstream
Inhibin
Androgens stimulate the
development of male
secondary sex
characteristics and
maturation of sperm cells
Testosterone and
other androgens
Release into
bloodstream
+
LH stimulates interstitial
cells to secrete androgens
(primarily testosterone)
Androgens prevent oversecretion of LH
Inhibin prevents
oversecretion of FSH
LH
FSH stimulates meiosis in
primary spermatocytes to
form immature sperm cells;
FSH stimulates secretion of
inhibin by supporting cells
Androgens prevent
oversecretion of GnRH
Stimulation
Inhibition
+
33
Testes
19.4: Organs of the
Female Reproductive System
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Uterine tube
Ovary
Uterus
Urinary bladder
Symphysis pubis
Fimbriae
Rectouterine
pouch
Fornix
External os of Cervix
Urethra
Rectum
Glans of
Clitoris
Vagina
Labium minus
Anus
Labium majus
Vaginal
orifice
(a)
34
19.4: Organs of the
Female Reproductive System
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Level of section
Coccyx
Inferior gluteal
vein and artery
Gluteus maximus m.
Sciatic nerve
Rectum
Femur
Levator ani m.
Ureter
Uterus
Ischium
Urinary bladder
Femoral nerve,
artery, and vein
(b)
Symphysis pubis
Anterior
35
Ovarian Attachments
• Several ligaments hold each ovary in position
• The largest is called the broad ligament and is attached to
the uterine tubes and uterus
• The suspensory ligament holds the ovary at the upper end
• The ovarian ligament is a rounded, cord-like thickening of
the broad ligament
36
Ovaries
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Suspensory
ligament
of ovary
Fimbriae of
uterine tube
Uterine tube
(retracted)
Ovarian
ligament
Round ligament
of uterus
Left ovary
Uterus
Broad
ligament
37
Ovarian Descent
• Like the testes in the male fetus, the ovaries develop from
masses of tissue posterior to the parietal peritoneum, near the
developing kidney
• They descend to locations just inferior to the pelvic brim
where they remain attached to the lateral pelvic wall
38
Ovary Structure
• The tissues of an ovary can be divided into an inner medulla
and an outer cortex
• The ovarian medulla is mostly composed of loose
connective tissue and contains many blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers
• The ovarian cortex consists of more compact tissue and
has a granular appearance due to tiny masses of cells
called ovarian follicles
39
Primordial Follicles
• During prenatal development of a female, oogonia divide by
mitosis to produce more oogonia
• The oogonia develop into primary oocytes
• Each primary oocyte is closely surrounded by a layer of
flattened epithelial cells called follicular cells, forming a
primordial follicle
40
Oogenesis
• The process of egg
cell formation
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Secondary
oocyte
Second meiotic
division
Zygote
46 chromosomes, 23 from
sperm cell and 23 from egg
cell (each chromatid now
an independent chromosome)
Fertilization
First meiotic
division
Primary oocyte
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(23 chromosomes,
each with
Sperm
2 chromatids)
nucleus
Sperm cell
Second
(23 chromosomes)
polar body
degenerating
(46 chromosomes,
each with 2 chromatids)
(b)
Courtesy of R.J. Blandau
(a)
First polar body
(23 chromosomes,
each with 2 chromatids)
Second
meiotic
division
First polar body
degenerating
41
Polar bodies
degenerating
Follicle Maturation
• At puberty, the anterior pituitary gland secretes increased
amounts of FSH, and the ovaries enlarge in response
• With each reproductive cycle, some of the primordial
follicles mature
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Theca externa
Theca interna
Granulosa
cells
Primordial
follicles
Fluid-filled
antrum
Corona
radiata
Zona
pellucida
Primary oocyte
Secondary
oocyte
(a)
Maturing
follicle
(b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
42
Follicle Maturation
• As many as twenty primary follicles may begin maturing at
any one time
• One dominant follicle usually out-grows the others
• Typically only the dominant follicle fully develops and the
others degenerate
43
Ovulation
• As a follicle matures, its
primary oocyte undergoes
meiosis I, giving rise to a
secondary oocyte and a first
polar body
• The process of ovulation
releases these cells from the
follicle
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Uterine tube
Secondary
oocyte
Ovary
© 2007 Landrum B. Shettles
44
Ovulation
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Corpus
albicans
Corpus luteum
Ovulation
Time
Uterine
tube
Time
Secondary
oocyte
Primordial
follicle
Primary
follicle
Zona
pellucida
Ovary
Corona
radiata
Follicular
cells
Primary
oocyte
Follicular fluid
First
polar body
45
Female Internal Accessory Organs
• The female internal accessory organs include:
• Uterine tubes
• Uterus
• Vagina
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Uterine tube
Ovary
Uterus
Urinary bladder
Symphysis pubis
Fimbriae
Rectouterine
pouch
Fornix
External os of Cer
Urethra
Rectum
Glans of
Clitoris
Vagina
Labium minus
Anus
Labium majus
Vaginal
orifice
(a)
46
Uterine Tubes
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Suspensory ligament
with ovarian blood
vessels and nerves
Uterine tube
Ovary
Ovarian ligament
Body of uterus
Infundibulum
Round
ligament
Fimbriae
Secondary oocyte
Broad
ligament
Uterine
blood vessels
Endometrium
Follicle
Myometrium
Perimetrium
Ureter
Cervix
Cervical orifice
Vagina
47
Uterine Tubes
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Cilia
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue layer
(a)
(b)
a: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer; b: © Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited
48
Uterine Wall
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Lumen
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
49
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Carol D. Jacobson, PhD., Dept. of Veterinary
Anatomy, Iowa State University
Vagina
• A fibromuscular tube that conveys uterine secretions,
receives the penis during intercourse, and provides an open
channel for offspring
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Glans of
Clitoris
Mons pubis
Labium
majus
Urethral
orifice
Vaginal
orifice
Vestibule
Labium
minus
Opening of
vestibular gland
Perineum
Anus
50
Female External
Reproductive Organs
• The female external
reproductive organs
surround the openings
of the urethra and
vagina and is known
as the vulva, and
include:
• Labia majora
• Labia minora
• Clitoris
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Glans of
Clitoris
Mons pubis
Labium
majus
Urethral
orifice
Vaginal
orifice
Vestibule
Labium
minus
Opening of
vestibular gland
Perineum
Anus
• Vestibular glands
51
Labia Majora
• Rounded folds of adipose tissue
and skin
• Enclose and protect the other
external reproductive parts
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Clitoris
Mons pubis
Urethral
orifice
Labium
majus
Vestibule
• Ends form a rounded elevation
over the symphysis pubis
Vaginal
orifice
Labium
minus
Opening of
vestibular gland
Perineum
Anus
52
Labia Minora
• Flattened, longitudinal folds
between the labia majora
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Clitoris
Mons pubis
• Well supplied with blood
vessels
Urethral
orifice
Labium
majus
Vestibule
Labium
minus
Vaginal
orifice
Opening of
vestibular gland
Perineum
Anus
53
Clitoris
• Glans of clitoris is the small
projection at the anterior end of
the vulva
• Analogous to the male penis
• Composed of two columns of
erectile tissue
• Root is attached to the sides of
the pubic arch
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Clitoris
Mons pubis
Urethral
orifice
Labium
majus
Vestibule
Labium
minus
Vaginal
orifice
Opening of
vestibular gland
Perineum
Anus
54
Vestibule
• Space between the labia minora
that encloses the vaginal and the
urethral openings
• The vestibular glands secrete
mucus into the vestibule during
sexual stimulation
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Clitoris
Mons pubis
Urethral
orifice
Labium
majus
Vestibule
Labium
minus
Vaginal
orifice
Opening of
vestibular gland
Perineum
Anus
55
Erection, Orgasm, Ejaculation
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Sexual stimulation
Arteries in the erectile tissue dilate; vagina
expands and elongates
Parasympathetic nerve impulses from the
sacral portion of the spinal cord
Sexual stimulation intensifies
Vestibular glands secrete mucus to lubricate
Engorged and swollen vagina increases
friction from movement of the penis
Orgasm-—rhythmic contraction of muscles
of the perineum; muscular walls of
uterus and uterine tubes contract
56
57
19.5: Hormonal Control of Female
Reproductive Functions
• Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, the anterior
pituitary gland, and the ovaries control development and
maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics,
maturation of female sex cells, and changes during the
monthly reproductive cycle
58
Female Sex Hormones
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Hypothalamus
+
GnRH
Pituitary
gland
FSH, LH
(gonadotropins)
–
Estrogens inhibit
oversecretion of
gonadotropins Breasts develop Increased vascularization
of the skin
Accessory reproductive
organs enlarge
Bloodstream
Gonadotropins
Estrogens
+
Increased deposition
of adipose tissue in
breasts, thighs, and
buttocks
Stimulates endometrium
of uterus to thicken
Release into
bloodstream
Ovaries
Stimulation
Inhibition
59
Female Reproductive Cycle
60
61
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Ovarian activity
Plasma hormonal
concentration
LH
FSH
FSH
Developing
follicle
LH
Early
corpus luteum
Mature
follicle
Regressive
corpus luteum
Ovarian events
Follicular phase
7
Days 1
Ovulation
14
Corpus
albicans
28
Luteal phase
21
Uterine activity
Estrogens
Progesterone
Plasma hormonal
concentration
Progesterone
Estrogens
Thickness
of endometrium
Days 1
3
5
Menstruation
7
9
11
13
Proliferative phase
15
17
19
21
23
Secretory phase
25
27
1
3
Menstruation
62
Menopause
• Usually occurs in the late 40s or the early 50s
• The reproductive cycles stop
• The ovaries no longer produce as much estrogens and
progesterone as previously
• Some female secondary sex characteristics may disappear
• It may produce hot flashes and fatigue
• Migraine headaches, backaches and fatigue is possible
• Hormone therapy may prevent effects on bone tissue
63
19.6: Mammary Glands
• The mammary glands are accessory organs of the female
reproductive system specialized to secrete milk following
pregnancy
64
Location of the Glands
• Located in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior thorax
within the breasts
• Composed of lobes
• Estrogens stimulate breast development in females
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Clavicle
Rib
Adipose
tissue
Intercostal
muscles
Alveolar
glands
Lactiferous
duct
Pectoralis
major m.
Areola
Nipple
Ampulla
Pectoralis
minor m.
Alveolar
duct
Alveolar
duct
65
(a)
(b)
Structure of the Glands
• A mammary gland is composed of fifteen to twenty
irregularly shaped lobes
• Each lobe contains glands (alveolar glands), drained by
alveolar ducts, which drain into a lactiferous duct that leads to
the nipple and opens to the outside
• Dense strands of connective tissue form suspensory
ligaments that support the breast
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Development of the Breasts
• The mammary glands of males and females are similar
• As puberty is reached, ovarian hormones stimulate
development of the glands in females
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19.7: Birth Control
• Birth control is the voluntary regulation of the number of
offspring produced and the time they are conceived
• This control requires a method of contraception
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Coitus Interruptus
• The practice of withdrawing the penis from the vagina
before ejaculation, preventing entry of sperm cells into the
female reproductive tract
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Rhythm Method
• Requires abstinence from sexual intercourse two days
before and one day after ovulation
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Mechanical Barriers
• Mechanical barriers include the use of a:
• Condom
• Diaphragm
• Cervical cap
• Spermicidal foams or jellies
72
Chemical Barriers
• Chemical barriers include:
• Spermicides
73
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
a,b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Jill Braaten, photographer; c: © Photolink/Getty Images;
d: © Don Farrall/Getty Images; e: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Jill Braaten, photographer
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Combined Hormone
Contraceptives
• These deliver estrogen and progesterone to prevent
pregnancy
• Various methods are used to deliver hormones including:
• A flexible chemical ring (Nuvaring)
• A plastic patch (Ortho Evra)
• The pill orally
(Similar to these combined hormones is the “minipill”
which contains only progestin)
75
Injectable Contraception
• An intramuscular injection of Depo-Provera protects against
pregnancy for three months by preventing maturation and
release of a secondary oocyte
76
Intrauterine Devices
• An intrauterine device, or IUD, is a small, solid object that a
physician places in the uterine cavity
• An IUD interferes with implantation of a blastocyst
77
Surgical Methods
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cut and ligated
uterine tubes
Path of egg
Path of sperm
Ovary
Uterus
(a)
Cut and ligated
ductus (vas) deferens
Cervix
Scrotum
Vagina
(b)
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19.8: Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
• These are silent infections
• Most are bacterial and can be cured
• Herpes, warts, and AIDS are viral and cannot be cured
• Many cause infertility
• AIDS causes death
• Symptoms of STDs include:
• Burning sensation during urination
• Pain in the lower abdomen
• Fever or swollen glands
• Discharge from the vagina or the penis
• Pain, itch, or inflammation in the genital or the anal area
• Sores, blisters, bumps or rashes
• Itchy, runny eyes
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Important Points in Chapter 19:
Outcomes to be Assessed
19.1: Introduction
 State the general functions of the male and female reproductive
systems.
 Outline the process of meiosis and explain how it mixes up parental
genes.
19.2: Organs of the Male Reproductive System
 Describe the function(s) of each part of the male reproductive system.
 Outline the process of spermatogenesis.
 Describe semen production and exit from the body.
 Describe the structure of the penis, and explain how its parts produce
an erection.
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Important Points in Chapter 19:
Outcomes to be Assessed
19.3: Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions
 Explain how hormones control the activities of the male reproductive
organs and the development of male secondary sex characteristics.
19.4: Organs of the Female Reproductive System
 Describe the function(s) of each part of the female reproductive
system.
 Outline the process of oogenesis.
19.5: Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions
 Explain how hormones control the activities of the female
reproductive organs and the development of female secondary sex
characteristics.
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Important Points in Chapter 19:
Outcomes to be Assessed
 Describe the major events that occur during a reproductive cycle.
19.6: Mammary Glands
 Review the structure of the mammary glands.
19.7: Birth Control
 Describe several methods of birth control, including the relative
effectiveness of each method.
19.8: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
 List the general symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases.
83