The Explanation Age
Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
John Lewis, Ed.D.
Explanation Age LLC
March, 2012
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
Topics
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Question Tools
The Independence of Explanations
Explanation Accounts
The 8 Degrees of Reason
Conclusion
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
Questions, Answers, and Tools (Oh My!)
Commands! & Questions?
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When?
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Where?
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Contact List
Social Media
Expert Finder
How?
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Map
GPS
Who?
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Clock
Watch
Calendar
Checklist
Process Map
Why?
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
Photos used under Creative Commons from BPL & Hedyelyakim@Flickr
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Thomas Kuhn 1962
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Scientific Progression is NOT Linear
Paradigm Shifts occur
Considered “controversial” because
scientists would not admit:
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Confusion is part of learning
 Objective certainty about our
knowledge is a myth
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BUT he was describing what
“LEARNING” looks like
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Learning in Science / Education
 Learning in Business
 Learning in AI
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
2 Types of Feedback and Learning
Productive and Inventive
Model-Manage-Measure Framework
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We Model, Manage, and Measure
Measuring can produce feedback
for the Modeling, or the Managing
Inventive
Feedback
Model
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Analysts focus their learning from
the Productive Feedback
Inventors focus their learning from
the Inventive Feedback
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
Manage
Measure
Productive
Feedback
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
2 Models of Learning
1-Dimensional or 2-Dimensional
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Inventive and Productive Learning
produce a Learning Matrix
The 1-Dimensional view of learning
(Novice-to-Expert) needs to
transform into a 2-Dimensional
matrix of learning
This paradigm shift is needed for
Business Innovation, Education, AI
Role of the Pioneer is the key
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
Inventive
Knowledge Economy Learning Matrix
Pioneer
Thought Leader
Novice
Expert
Productive
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
Syntactic Structures
Noam Chomsky 1957
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“Grammar” as an Independent System
Focus on Syntactic, not Semantic
Foundation of Current Technology
Little focus on Semantics
Neuroscience studies the Brain
Epistemology studies the Mind
The Mind produces Explanations
“Explanation” as an Independent System
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
Topics
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Question Tools
The Independence of Explanations
Explanation Accounts
The 8 Degrees of Reason
Conclusion
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
The Explanation System
How a Decision-Maker Explains
•Ask Questions
•Make Reflective Decisions
•Have Reactive Responses
Information
Knowledge
Reason
Data
Decision
Making
Feeling
Reactive
Response
Reflective
Q&A
Account
Thinking
Feedback
Confirmation Bias
Memory
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
The Explanation System
Building Blocks
•Building Blocks of the explanation are not a hierarchy as has been traditionally described
•Information can contain both Data and Knowledge
•Decision Making requires both
Wisdom
Information
Knowledge
Knowledge
Data
Decision
Making
Information
Data
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
The Explanation System
Responsive System
•Reactive Responses are Fast
•Reactive Responses Ignore New Knowledge
•Reactive Responses can Wait for Reflective Answers (Bite Your Tongue)
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
Information
Knowledge
Data
Decision
Making
Reactive
Response
Reflective
Q&A
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
The Explanation System
Reflective System Components
•Reason – Otherwise, There Is No Sense-Making
•Feeling – Otherwise, There Is No Intuition
•Account – Otherwise, We Learn Anew Everyday
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
Information
Knowledge
Reason
Data
Decision
Making
Feeling
Reactive
Response
Reflective
Q&A
Account
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
The Explanation System
Managing Responses and Excuses
•Given a Model of an explanation system, we can begin to Manage it
•We use incentives, processes, education, training, technology, etc.
Acquiring
Restricting
Information
Knowledge
Reason
Creativity
Data
Recognition
Conditioning
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
Data
Reactive
Response
Data
Presentation
Determination
Decision
Making
Reflective
Q&A
Intuition
Feeling
Account
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
The Explanation System
Self-Managing & Self-Aware System
•Confirmation Bias: Exclude Information that does not align with current convictions
•Thinking: Consider sense-making when by-passing Feelings
•Memory: Record Reactive And Reflective Responses, and recall an Account
•Feedback: Function as an adaptive learning system
Information
Knowledge
Reason
Data
Decision
Making
Feeling
Reactive
Response
Reflective
Q&A
Account
Thinking
Feedback
Confirmation Bias
Memory
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
The Explanation System
The 8 Thinking Hats (de Bono’s 6 Thinking Hats + 2*) to Support Decisions
• White: Focus on the information available
• Red: Acknowledge gut reactions
• Green: Be creative with ideas
• Blue: Be mindful of the process needs
• Yellow: Find the positives / opportunities
• Black: Find the negatives / problems
• Orange: Gain a deeper understanding *
• Purple: Think it through *
Information
Knowledge
Reason
Data
Decision
Making
Feeling
Reactive
Response
Reflective
Q&A
Account
Thinking
Feedback
Confirmation Bias
Memory
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
The Explanation System
Areas of Focus for each Age
Information Age
Explanation Age
• Accessibility of Data
• Insights of Data
• Visualization of Data
• Accessibility of Reasons
• Insights of Feelings
• Visualization of Accounts
Information
Knowledge
Reason
Data
Decision
Making
Feeling
Reactive
Response
Reflective
Q&A
Account
Thinking
Feedback
Confirmation Bias
Memory
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
Topics
Reason
Feeling
Account
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Question Tools
The Independence of Explanations
Explanation Accounts
The 8 Degrees of Reason
Conclusion
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
17
The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
Innate Lesson Cycle
Fundamental Account of Learning & Change
Innate Lesson Cycle
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Formed by the relationship of our
workability beliefs (Does Work,
Won’t Work, and Could Work) and
our innate reasons (Reactive,
Reflective, and Questioning).
Sense-Making Cycle For:
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Story-telling
Education
Project Management
How A Bill Becomes A Law
“I wouldn’t give a fig for the
simplicity on this side of
complexity, but I would give my
right arm for the simplicity on the
far side of complexity.”
Innate
Lesson
Cycle
Reflective
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Ideation
Won’t Work
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Automation
– OLIVER W ENDELL HOLMES
Autopilot & Status Quo
Simplicity OR Elegance?
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
Innate Lesson Cycle
The Half-Pipe
Traditional Half-Pipe Instruction
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As Mental Misers, we usually
stay in the half-pipe (gravity)
Over-The-Top Thinking
Drill / Practice
Training / Education
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Inventive Learning
 Questioning Skills
 Knowledge Economy
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Half-Pipe Thinking
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Productive Learning
 Reactive Skills
 Industrial Age
Automation
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
Topics
Reason
Feeling
Account
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Question Tools
The Independence of Explanations
Explanation Accounts
The 8 Degrees of Reason
Conclusion
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
20
The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
The 8 Degrees of Reason
Degree of Reason
8 Questioning
Description
Example Terms
What one thinks from
Curiosity, Doubt, Conviction, Trust
7 Reasoning
What one thinks
Premises, Hypotheses, Deduction
6 Responsibility
What the cause is
Causality, Probability, Obligation
What the progression is
Pattern, Process, Factors, Outlook
4 State
What the condition is
Case, Symptoms, Need, Change
3 Entity
What it is
Definition, Classification, Function
What should be done
Procedure, Policy, Goal, Motive
What is automatic
Routine, Want, Opinion, Authority
5 Sequence
2 Prescriptive
1 Reactive
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
Examples for “Why did your dog bark?”
Degree of Reason
Example Explanations
8 Questioning
How do you know “he” barked?
7 Reasoning
6 Responsibility
5 Sequence
Let’s see if someone is outside
It’s the cat’s fault by coming into our yard
He does that after the doorbell rings
4 State
He barks a lot when he is excited
3 Entity
That’s what dogs do
2 Prescriptive
1 Reactive
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
He was trying to get my attention
He wanted to
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
Famous Reasons
Degree of Reason
8 Questioning
Examples
9/11 was due to a “failure of imagination”
7 Reasoning
Either Pluto is not a planet, or we have hundreds of planets
6 Responsibility
The cold weather caused the Challenger’s O-Rings to crack
5 Sequence
To everything there is a season
4 State
Sutton robs banks because that’s where the money is
3 Entity
Don’t worry because the Titanic is an unsinkable ship
2 Prescriptive
1 Reactive
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
Our government’s policy is to not negotiate with terrorists
The pilot’s glider training led to the safe landing in the Hudson River
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
Prominent Contributors for each Degree of Reason
We are always somewhere between Skinner and Socrates
Degree of Reason
Person
Influence
8 Questioning
Socrates
Socratic Method
7 Reasoning
Aristotle
Deduction
6 Responsibility
Christiaan Huygens
Probability
5 Sequence
W. Edwards Deming
Process Engineering
4 State
Roger Schank
Case-based Reasoning
3 Entity
Noah Webster
Definitions
2 Prescriptive
Edwin A. Locke
Goal Setting
B. F. Skinner
Behavioral Psychology
1 Reactive
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
Inference Model of Innate Reason
Inference Model of Innate Reason
Questioning
Resolution
Curiosity
Conviction
Reactive
Cognition
Recognition
Reaction
Reflective
Prescriptive
Options
Selection
Want
Doubt
Trust
Opinion
Descriptive
Procedure
Entity
Event
Goal
Authority
Singularity
Control
State
Series
Set
Compliance
Situation
Form
Sequence
Consequence
Need
Function
Succession
Change
Responsibility
Reasoning
Count
Constancy
Causality
Outlook
Induction
Deduction
Instances
Premises
Hypotheses
Arguments
Confirmation
Conclusion
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Chance
Why
Outcome
Accountability
Wherefore
Judgment
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
Virtual BOT Conversation via Reason Recognition
BOT Conversation
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Me:
BOT:
Me:
BOT:
Me:
BOT:
Me:
BOT:
Me:
BOT:
Me:
BOT:
Me:
same.
BOT:
Me:
BOT:
Me:
BOT:
BOT Recognition
I’m feeling sad.
More sad than usual?
Yeah, I have a new job but I’m going to miss my old friends.
Maybe the change will be good for you.
Maybe, but I don’t really want to go.
What is your main priority?
The new job is more aligned with my life goals.
Then you are enthusiastic about the new job?
Well, sure but I’m still going to miss my old friends.
Can you think of a solution to not missing your old friends?
We can probably stay in touch online.
Is there a good chance of this working for you?
Yeah, we already have accounts online, it just won’t be the
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I’m happy about your new job. You’ll feel better soon.
What makes you so sure?
Just stay true to your priorities.
OK, thanks.
You’re welcome.
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© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
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Situation / Negative Emotion recognized
Determine whether Constancy or Change
Change recognized
Change / Output
Want as reason type recognized
Want / Competitive Predictive
Priority for want recognized
Goal / Emotion
Problem recognized
Situation / Positive Sentiment
Chance / Procedure recognized
Chance determination
Chance / Probability, and Procedure /
Means satisfied
Priority, Procedure, and Problem solved
Reason request recognized
Want / Competitive Predictive
Solution recognized
Completion
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
Innate Attributes for Each Reason Type
Location Recognition Allows For Intelligent BOT Responses (Like GPS)
4th – State
Reasons
Multiple
Reasons
Feelings
Generic Attributes
Situation
Need
Change
Constancy
Extrinsic Predictive
Intrinsic Predictive
Intentional Input
Intentional Output
Momentary Exception
Enduring Exception
Multiple Collaborative
Collaborative Predictive
Multiple Competitive
Competitive Predictive
Emotional Need
Emotional Fear
Positive Sentiment
Negative Sentiment
Positive Emotion
Negative Emotion
Symptoms
Case
Diagnostic
Prognostic
Error
Special Case
Status
Circumstance
Predicament
Unavoidability
Pleasure
Pain
Solution
Problem
Happy
Sad
Importance
Essence
Requirement
Specification
Optional
Unnecessary
Arrangement
Reciprocity
Dilemma
Sacrifice
Safe
Danger
Fulfillment
Dependence
Grateful
Greed
Variation
Vulnerability
Impetus
Develop
Lull
Permanent
Spiral
Adaptation
Fracture
Rigidity
Variety
Tedium
Improving
Worsening
Excitement
Apprehensive
Timeframe
Sustainability
Regulation
Predictability
Temporary
Chaos
Harmony
Balance
Erosion
Friction
Peace
Insecure
Contentment
Discontentment
Joy
Depressed
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
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The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
Topics
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
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Question Tools
The Independence of Explanations
Explanation Accounts
The 8 Degrees of Reason
Conclusion
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
28
The Explanation Age: Explanation Architecture for General Intelligence
AI in The Explanation Age
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OCR works because of the “R”
Recognize Where You Are:
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In Time (When)
 On a Map (Where)
 In an Explanation (Why)
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Inventive
Recognizing Locations Within Explanations
Pioneer
Thought Leader
Novice
Expert
Generalized AI Needs Pioneers
Productive
© 2012 John Lewis, Ed.D.
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