Introduction to module
Historical perspectives
Principles and practice of SCPHN
Child and family health and wellbeing
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Early childhood development
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Impact family dynamics and relationships
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Attachment and Parenting
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Change processes/ changing nature of families
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Safeguarding children /vulnerable adults
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Neuroscience
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Maternal mental health needs/post natal depression
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Research and EBP/new health knowledge relevant to
children and families or public health
What century is known for its environmental and social
problems?
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"The 21st century."
This is true; however, there is
another century worth examining when environmental issues
affected societies:
The 19th Century – Dickensian London
"In half a quarter of a mile`s length of Whitechapel, at one time,
there shall be six hundred newly slaughtered oxen hanging up, and
seven hundred sheep but, the more the merrier proof of prosperity.
Hard by Snow Hill and Warwick Lane, you shall see the little children,
inured to sights of brutality from their birth, trotting along the
alleys, mingled with troops of horribly busy pigs, up to their ankles
in blood but it makes the young rascals hardy. Into the imperfect
sewers of this overgrown city, you shall have the immense mass of
corruption, engendered by these practices, lazily thrown out of
sight, to rise, in poisonous gases, into your house at night, when
your sleeping children will most readily absorb them, and to find its
languid way, at last, into the river that you drink."
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Infectious diseases, high infant mortality, poverty, overcrowding –
solutions were sought in public health and preventative health care
initiatives.
1834 - The Poor Law Amendment Act required relief to be provided
within institutions only. This led to the construction of workhouses.
1860s The workhouses were obliged to build 'infirmary' annexes the first general hospitals.
In 1862 – Manchester & Salford Reform Association decided to
employ ‘respectable working women – Women Sanitary Inspectors.
Their Object was ‘the elevation of people physically, morally and
religiously’.
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Impact of bacteriology and germ theory
Generalist medical practitioners and community nurses relegated to
subordinate status; ‘ideal nurse’ – morally pure, dutyful, institutional
creation of Florence Nightingale.
1920 The Dawson Report – future provision of health services, a
system of primary care centres linked with District and Regional
Centres.
1930 The Poor Law was reformed and terms such as 'pauper and
lunatic' were abolished. Legislation brought the workhouse
infirmaries under the control of local authorities.
1942 The British Government published the watershed report on
social insurance and allied services - the Beveridge Report after its
author, the journalist, academic and Government advisor; this
shaped government social policy for the rest of the century.
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School Nursing came about to gain recruits healthily employed by Local
Authorities and voluntary organisations.
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By 1938 there were 5,978 practising health visitors
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1949 saw the creation of NHS – there was little integration of preventive
and curative services.
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1962 saw the Establishment of the Council for the Education and
Training of Health Visitors. A nursing qualification was a pre-requisite of
entry to training.
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1974 – Health visiting became a part of the NHS – transferred from Local
Authorities to Area Health Authorities.
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1977 – Publication of the principles of health visiting.
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1981 The Department of Health published ‘Care in the
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1983 - creation of United Kingdom Central Council of Nurses,
Midwives and Health Visitors.
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community’.
1989 The White Paper Caring for people was published in
response to the Griffiths report. It set out a framework for
changes to community care, which included a new funding
structure for social care.
1990 National Health Service and Community Care Act
1992 Under the NHS and Community Care Act 1990, local
authorities were expected to publish community care plans
outlining the development of community-based services.
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1997 DH The new NHS: modern, dependable, described how the 'internal market'
in the NHS was to be abolished.
1999 The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) was set up. Its name was
changed to the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in 2005 when
the Institute took on the functions of the Health Development Agency.
2000 The Health Development Agency was established as a Special Health
Authority to develop the evidence base to improve health and reduce health
inequalities.
2000 The NHS plan, published in July, included the proposal to abolish
Community Health Councils (CHCs) in England, replacing them with a range of
bodies including Patient Advocacy and Liaison Services (PALS)
2001 NHS Direct covered the whole of England. NHS Direct Online was developed
and re-launched in November 2001
2001 The Health and Social Care Act 2001 introduced measures to modernise the
regulation of Family Health Services
2002 PCTs took over local health; Strategic Health Authorities monitored
performance and standards
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2004 The NHS improvement plan: putting people at the heart of
public services
2004 Making partnership work for patients, carers and service users:
a strategic agreement between the Department of Health, the NHS
and the voluntary and community sector
2006 White Paper, Our health, our care, our say: a new direction for
community services, which promised 'a radical and sustained shift in
the way in which services are delivered
2007 Publication of interim report by Health Minister, Lord Darzi,
Our NHS, our future which includes a proposal for the setting up of
'polyclinics' in primary care
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2010 Marmot,M. Fair Society, Healthy Lives: Strategic Review of
Health Inequalities in England post 2010.
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2010 Healthy Lives, Healthy People: Our strategy for public health in
England
 Surveillance
and assessment of the
population’s health and wellbeing
http://www.apho.org.uk
http://www.ic.nhs.uk/statistics-and-data-collections/health-and-lifestylesrelated-surveys/health-survey-for-england
 Collaborative
working for health
and well being
 Working
with and for,
communities to improve health
and wellbeing
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Developing health programmes and services
and reducing inequalities
Policy and strategy development and
implementation to improve health and
wellbeing
Research and development to improve
health and wellbeing
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Promoting and protecting the population’s
health and wellbeing
Developing quality and risk management
within an evaluative culture
Strategic leadership for health and well being
Ethically managing self, people and resources
to improve health and wellbeing
This sets out a vision to expand and strengthen
health visiting services. It describes four levels of
service offer:
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Community services
Universal Services
Universal plus
Universal partnership plus
The service offer mirrors the requirements of
the Healthy Child Programme
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Healthy Child Programme: pregnancy and the first five years of life; Oct 2009
http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_1
07563
Supporting families in the foundation years; July 2011
http://www.education.gov.uk/childrenandyoungpeople/earlylearningandchildcare/early/a00192398/s
upporting-families-in-the-foundation-years
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The Marmot Review: Fair Society, Healthy Lives; Feb 2010 www.ucl.ac.uk/marmotreview
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The Foundation Years: preventing poor children becoming poor adults. Frank Field, December 2010
http://www.frankfield.co.uk/review-on-poverty-and-life-chances/
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Early intervention: The next steps. Graham Allen MP, 2011 http://www.dwp.gov.uk/docs/earlyintervention-next-steps.pdf
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The Early Years: Foundations for life, health and learning. Dame Clare Tickell, 2011
http://media.education.gov.uk/MediaFiles/B/1/5/{B15EFF0D-A4DF-4294-93A11E1B88C13F68}Tickell%20review.pdf
The Munro Review of Child Protection: Final Report A child-centred system, Professor Eileen Munro,
2011 http://www.education.gov.uk/munroreview/downloads/8875_DfE_Munro_Report_TAGGED.pdf
No Health without Mental Health: a cross-government mental health outcomes strategy for people of
all ages, Department of health 2011.
http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_1
23766