What is classification?
• the grouping of
objects or information
based on similarities
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=7339&rendTypeId=4
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/1053/55071543.JPG
Animal
Classification
http://www.saigan.com/kidscorner/animalsvlove/anib.jpg
What is taxonomy?
• the branch of biology that groups or
names organisms based on the study of
their different characteristics
Aristotle’s System of
Classification
http://www.kidsbiology.com/images/classification_aristotle.jpg
• Greek Philosopher (384 -322 BC)
• Grouped plants and animals
– Plants: Herbs, Shrubs and Trees
– Animals: on land, in the air, or in water
• Based on structural characteristics
• Example: classified birds, bats and flying insects
together
Linnaeus’ System of Classification
• Lived:1707-1778
• GOAL: To classify all known
organisms
• Used flower parts to assign
different categories (species,
genus, order, class)
• Based on morphology (physical
and structural similarities)
• Biologists realized that bats and
birds can both fly, but bats have
hair and produce milk for their
young and now classified as
mammals
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/images/linnaeus.jpg
Binomial Nomenclature
• Bi- means 2
• Nom- means name
Binomial Nomenclature
• In Latin or Greek
• Genus species
• Genus means plural or genera and
consists of a group of similar species
• Species describes a characteristic of the
organism
• Genus is capitalized and species is
lowercase
• If written (underline) or if typed (italics)
Example: European Honeybee:
Apis mellifera
http://slog.thestranger.com/2007/03/where_have_all_the_bumblebees_gone
Scientific Name
• Genus species is the combination of
genus and species
• Species alone is just the description of a
characteristic
• Characteristics include: size, color (of
body, feet, wings)
Examples of current scientific
names
• Quercus: Oak trees which
produce acorns
• Red Oak: Quercus rubra
• Willow Oak: Quercus
phellos
http://www.jvh-nurseries.com/language/multilingual/plants/list/quercus%20rubra.jpg
• Quercus: oak, oak-tree;
garland of oak leaves;
• Rubra: red, ruddy,
painted red (Rubrum
Mare => Red Sea,
Arabian/Persian Gulf)
• Phellos: corky - bark has
rough, corky ridges
http://www.fast-growing-trees.com/images/Oak-Willow-1-220w.jpg
Biological Classification based on:
• Relationships between organisms
• Fossil record interpretation
• Similarities in structural and chemical
makeup
• External and Internal structures
• Geographical distribution
• Chemical makeup
Why Latin?
• Common names (honeybee) varies from
country to country due to language
differences
• Universal language between scholars
• Most scholars were scientists
• Scientific names are universal
The Six Kingdoms
17.2
Types of characteristics used in
classification:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Morphology
Embryology
Chromosomes
Biochemistry
Physiology
Phylogeny
Biosystematics
Morphology
• Structure and anatomy; Reflects
evolutionary relationships
Morphology
• Example: Wings of a bird and wings of an insect
arise from different tissue within the embryo;
Bones of the forelimb in a lizard are similar to
those in the forelimb of the cat
http://mysite.verizon.net/vzepz6a9/biorefweb/homologous_structures.jpg
Homologous Structures
having the same relative position, value, or structure
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/homobones.jpg
Homologous
Structures
http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio336/Bio336/Lectures/Lecture5/pentadactyl.jpg
Vestigial Structures
a bodily part or organ that is small and degenerate or imperfectly developed in
comparison to one more fully developed in an earlier stage of the individual, in a
past generation, or in closely related forms
http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/magazines/tj/images/v14n2_vestigial_structures.gif
http://www.vidyavahini.ernet.in/shishya/products/AcademicContent/CBSE/XII/Zoology/xii%20relationship%20among%20organisms/Relationship%20among%20organisms_files/image005.gif
Embryology
http://www.sspx.org/IMAGES/Miscellaneous/embryonic_comparison455x220.jpg
• Development
of plants and
animal cells
still inside seed
or egg
http://www.biologyreference.com/images/biol_01_img0111.jpg
Chromosomes
• Structure enclosed in
the DNA of a cell,
which carries genetic
information;
Chromosome number
and shape (circular or
linear)
http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/images/chromosome.gif
Phylogenetic
Tree
http://www.nbii.gov/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_3846_404_1617_43/http%3B/public-content%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/ecological_issues/genetic_biodiversity/phylogenetic_trees_intro/tree.gif
Cladogram
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/patterns_intro.gif
Biochemistry
• Chemical make-up of the body and its
systems; Metabolism; Sequence of
nucleotide bases (DNA); Comparing:
Proteins, amino acids sequences, DNA
and RNA
Physiology
• Biological function of
how the organism
works; Bacteria:
Fermentation of sugar
(lactose), Uses citric
acid as their sole
source of carbon;
Organisms may look
similar, but different
based on physiology
http://www.latech.edu/tech/engr/bme/gale_classes/physiology/physiology%20picture.jpg
Phylogeny
• Evolutionary history; Line of evolutionary
descent; How organisms have evolved;
Characteristics based upon the same
characteristics (by ancestry); GOAL: to
produce classification system that is easy
to use and informative regarding patterns
of evolution.
Biosystematics
• Reproductive compatibility and gene flow;
Classification hierarchy; Determined by
similar characteristics; Characteristics:
structural, chromosomal, or molecular
feature distinguishing one group from
another
Know the classification hierarchy:
• Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species
• Least Similar……to……Most Similar
Classification Hierarchy
Order Learning Device
Hierarchy
Similarities
K
King
Kingdom
General Groups
Contains like Phyla
P
Phillip
Phylum
Contains like Classes
C
Came
Class
Contains like Orders
O
Over
Order
Contains like Families
F
For
Family
Contains like Genera
G
Great
Genus
Contains like Species
S
Spaghetti
Species
Specific Groups
Contains one group
or multiple sub species
Animalia
• Eukaryotic (has cell
nucleus); motile;
multi-cellular; no cell
walls or chlorophyll;
internal cavity for
digestion of nutrients
http://www.kingore.com/animalia-f.jpg
Chordata
• Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, and
pharyngeal pouches
Mammalia
• Warm-blooded;
mammary glands;
more or less covered
with hair; welldeveloped brain
http://www.feenixx.com/science/images/a151-mammals_poster.jpg
Primate
• Good brain
development;
opposable thumb;
sometimes big toes;
lacking claws, scales,
horns and hooves
http://updatecenter.britannica.com/eb/image?binaryId=52984&rendTypeId=4
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/e/e5/180px-PrimateFeet.jpg
Non-Human Primates
http://investigate.conservation.org/ImageCache/IB/content/images/primates/primates_5fmap_2ejpg/v1/image-data/1/primates_5fmap.jpg
Hominidae
• Limb anatomy suitable for upright stance and
bipedal locomotion
http://updatecenter.britannica.com/eb/image?binaryId=79536&rendTypeId=4
Bipedal Locomotion
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=55495&rendTypeId=4
Homo
• Maximum brain development (particular
portions); Hand anatomy suitable for
making tools
Homo sapiens
• Body proportion of modern humans;
speech centers of brain well-developed;
sapiens means “wise”
Hierarchy
Hierarchy
Humans
Gorillas
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Order
Primate
Primate
Family
Hominidae
Genus
Homo
Species
Homo sapiens
Definitions
Prokaryote
That lack a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryote
Organisms that have nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Single Cellular
Multi-cellular
Having or consisting of a single cell
Having or consisting of more than one single cell
Autotroph
Makes its own food from energy taken from the sun
Heterotroph
Gains energy from eating other organisms
Six Kingdoms
Kingdom
Archae-bacteria
P= Prokaryotic
U= Unicellular
H= Heterotroph
E=Eukaryotic
M=Multicellular
A=Autotroph
Prokaryote or
Eukaryote
Mode of Nutrition
Examples
Unicellular
Heterotroph
or Autotroph
Bacteria,
Cyanobacteria
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Heterotroph
or Autotroph
Clostridium
Eukaryotic
Unicellular and
Multicellular
Prokaryotic
Cellular
Organization
Eubacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plantae
Heterotroph
or Autotroph
Unicellular and
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Autotroph
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Eukaryotic
Animalia
Euglena, Amoeba,
Paramecium
Mushrooms, Bracket
fungi, Bread mold
yeast
Non-vascular,
vascular
Invertebrates,
vertebrates
Archaebacteria
http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomArchaebacteria.jpg
Eubacteria
http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomEubacteria.jpg
Protista
http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomProtista.jpg
Fungi
http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomFungi.jpg
Plantae
http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomPlantae.jpg
Animalia
http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomAnimalia.jpg