Español V
El 5 de octubre 2015
Realidades 3 Capítulo 1
lunes
1. LAS OBRAS A LA PIZARRA
-EL IMPERFECTO Y EL PRETERITO
2. Al repasar
reviewing preterite and imperfect
3. Review Exam El examen de Repaso
4. Al repasar y al corregir las actividades de
Los Atleticos y los trofeos
los deportes
El Futuro
Future Tense
The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.
I will go to the beach next month.
I shall write the letter next week.
But, the future tense is not used to express a willingness to do something. For
this, use the verb "querer."
¿Quieres ir a la tienda?
Will you go to the store?
The future tense is also used to express wonder or probability in the present
state.
¿Quién será ella?
I wonder who she is? (Who could she be?)
Estará viajando solo.
He is probably traveling alone.
For actions that will occur in the near future, the present tense is more commonly
used.
Esta noche voy al cine.
Tonight I'm going to the movies.
Further in the future, use the future tense.
El año que viene iré a España.
Next year I'm going to Spain.
Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following endings
to the infinitive form of the verb: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án.
hablaré
hablarás
hablará
hablaremos
hablaréis
hablarán
There are twelve common verbs that are irregular in the future tense. Their
endings are regular, but their stems change. Since the endings are the same as
all other future tense verbs, we show only the "yo" form, and have underlined the
irregular stem. We have also grouped them according to their patterns of change.
caber
yo cabré
poner
yo pondré
decir
yo diré
haber
yo habré
salir
yo saldré
hacer
yo haré
poder
yo podré
tener
yo tendré
querer
yo querré
valer
yo valdré
saber
yo sabré
venir
yo vendré
Note that compound verbs based on the irregular verbs inherit the same
irregularities. Here are a few examples:
desquerer
yo desquerré
resaber
yo resabré
anteponer
yo antepondré
mantener
yo mantendré
prevaler
yo prevaldré
Let's add two flashcards for the future tense:
Verb Flashcards
Complete List
Future Tense
Infinitive + ending
(-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án)
Future Tense Irregulars
caber
yo cabré
poner
yo pondré
decir
yo diré
haber
yo habré
salir
yo saldré
hacer
yo haré
poder
yo podré
tener
yo tendré
querer
yo querré
valer
yo valdré
saber
yo sabré
venir
yo vendré
Irregular Spanish Future
Tense
The irregularities in the future tense are a bit difficult to predict.
You will be happy to know that ser and estar, which are irregular
in almost every other tense, are completely regular in the future.
It’s the following that you have to look out for:
Irregular –ER verbs
Irregular –IR verbs
SABER
PONER
VENIR
SALIR
to know
to put
to come
to leave, go out
yo
sabré
pondré
vendré
saldré
tú
sabrás
pondrás
vendrás
saldrás
Ud., él, ella,
sabrá
pondrá
vendrá
saldrá
nosotros/as
sabremos pondremos
vendremos saldremos
vosotros/as
sabréis
pondréis
vendréis
saldréis
Uds., ellos, ellas sabrán
pondrán
vendrán
saldrán
You will notice that the irregular –er verbs drop the –e from the
infinitive ending, while the irregular –ir verbs replace the –i with
an –r.
Other common verbs that follow this irregularity are:
poder: podré, podrás, podrá, podremos, podréis, podrán
querer: querré, querrás, querrá, querremos, querréis, querrán
tener: tendré, tendrás, tendrá, tendremos, tendréis, tendrán
valer: valdré, valdrás, valdrá, valdremos, valdréis, valdrán
There are two verbs that have an even stranger stem change in the
future tense. You will simply have to memorize these.
HACER
DECIR
to make, to do
to say, to tell
yo
haré
diré
tú
harás
dirás
Ud., él, ella,
hará
dirá
nosotros/as
haremos
diremos
vosotros/as
haréis
diréis
Uds., ellos, ellas
harán
dirán
orms of the future tense. Endings. The endings for all verbs are:
-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án Note that every one except the
nosotros form requires a written accent. Stem. Normally,
the infinitive is used as the stem (exceptions will be given
below). Samples: hablar
comer
vivir
habl
com
vivi
a
hablare
e
comere
r viviremos
r
mos
r
mos
é
é
é
habl
com
vivi
a
e
r
r
hablaréis
r
comeréis
viviréis
á
á
á
s
s
s
habl
com
vivi
a
e
hablarán
comerán
r vivirán
r
r
á
á
á
Verbs with irregular future stems: (Remember that this same stem is used to fo
to say
decir
dirthere to be [imperso
haber
habrverb]
to make, do
hacer
harto be able
poder
podrto put, place, set
poner
pondrto want, love
querer
querrto know [a fact], kn
saber
sabrto leave, go out
salir
saldrto have
tener
tendrto be worth
valer
valdrto come
venir
vendrEnrique will tell us
Enrique nos dirá la
verdad.
Who will come with
¿Quiénes vendrán
conmigo?
I'll set the table righ
Pondré la mesa en
seguida.
Usage. There are two main ways in which the future tense is used
in Spanish:
It indicates future time, the same as in English.
Tom
Mañana saldremos para
Madrid.
I'll
El lunes iré al hospital.
NOTE: The present
tense is often used
instead of the future
for near future
actions: Ton
Esta noche miramos la
televisión.
I'll
Lo hago en dos minutos.
The future tense is also used to indicate conjecture or
probability in the present time. In English, expressions
such as “probably”, “must”, “I/you think” are usually
used rather than the future tense.
Where do you think Mary i
¿Dónde estar
á María?
She is probably at home.
Estará en
casa.
What time is it?
¿Qué hora
es?
It must be 8:00. (Or: It is p
Serán las
8:00, etc.)
ocho.
The periphrastic future: Ir a + the infinitive. A present tense
form of the verb ir (to go) plus the preposition a plus an
infinitive is often used as a substitute for the future tense in
Spanish. The same phenomenon also occurs in English:
Are you going to study
¿Vas a estudiar
tomorrow?
mañana?
I'm not going to do anythin
No voy a hacer nada.
When “will” is used in the sense of “to be willing to” it is
normally translated by the verb querer (to want), not the
future tense. This frequently occurs in requests which suggest
the idea “would you like to” or “would you be willing to”:
Will you put out your
¿Quiere Ud. apagar el
cigarrette?
cigarrillo?
Will you take out the trash,
¿Quieres sacar la basura,
John?
Juan?
Faitelson: "Seguimos esperando"
Picante: Fue un cambio
end vertical
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México-EE.UU.
Contraproducente
Palabras :
Anillas
Rings
“los Deportes”
Atletismo
Athletics
Balón de fútbol
Football
Baloncesto
Basketball
Balonmano
Handball
Balonvolea
Volleyball
Béisbol
Baseball
Boxeo
Boxing
Campeón/ona
Champion
Campeonato
Championship
Carrera
Race
Carrera de velocidad
Race
Coche de carreras
Racing car
Deportes
Sports
Deportes acuáticos
Water sports
Deportes de invierno
Winter sports
Entrenador
Trainer
Equitación
Riding
Esgrima
Fencing
Espalderas
Wall bars
Esquí (actividad)
Skiing
Esquí (plancha)
Ski
Esquí náutico
Water skiing
Estadio
Stadium
Fútbol
Football
Gimnasia
Gymnastics
Golf
Golf
Halterofilia
Weight-lifting
Hipódromo
Racecourse ; Racetrack
Hockey
Hockey
Hockey sobre hielo
Ice hockey
Jockey ; Jinete
Jockey ; Rider
Judo
Judo
Juegos Olimpicos ; Olimpiada
Olympic Games ;Olympics
Jugador/ra
Player
Manager
Manager
Maratón
Marathon
Marcha
Walk
Motorismo
Motoring
Natación
Swimming
Patinaje sobre hielo
Ice skating
Patinaje sobre ruedas
Roller skating
Piloto de carreras
Racing driver
Piscina
Swimming pool
Pista
Track
Rallye
Rally
Regata
Boat race
Ring ; Cuadrilátero
Ring
Rugby
Rugby
Salto con pértiga
Pole vault
Salto de altura
High jump
Salto de longitud
Long jump (U.K.) ; Broad jump (USA)
Sprint
Sprint (U.K) ; Dash (USA)
Tenis
Tennis
Trapecio
Trapeze
Velódromo
Cycling stadium ; Velodrome
Water-polo
Water polo
El Imperfecto
Imperfect tense
:
The Imperfect
The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred
repeatedly.
I used to walk every day.
Yo caminaba cada día.
The imperfect tense is also used to refer to actions in the past that occurred over
an extended period of time.
I used to eat paella frequently.
Yo comía frecuentemente paella.
The imperfect tense is also used to "set the stage" for an event that occurred in
the past.
We were coming home when we saw Juan.
Veníamos para casa cuando vimos a Juan.
Actions which are not physical, that is feelings and mental actions, usually use
the imperfect tense.
Juan was feeling sick.
Juan estaba enfermo.
The imperfect is frequently associated with phrases that describe the frequency
of past actions.
a menudo
often
a veces
sometimes
cada día
every day
cada año
every year
con frecuencia
frequently
de vez en cuando
from time to time
en aquella época
at that time
frecuentemente
frequently
generalmente
usually
muchas veces
many times
mucho
a lot
nunca
never
por un rato
for awhile
siempre
always
tantas veces
so many times
todas las semanas
every week
todos los días
every day
todo el tiempo
all the time
varias veces
several times
Regular forms of the imperfect are formed by adding the following endings to the
stem of the verb:
-ar verbs
aba
abas
aba
ábamos
abais
aban
-er verbs, -ir verbs
ía
ías
ía
example: hablar
hablaba
hablabas
hablaba
hablábamos
hablabais
hablaban
example: vivir
vivía
vivías
vivía
íamos
íais
ían
vivíamos
vivíais
vivían
Only three verbs are irregular in the
imperfect:
ser
era
eras
era
éramos
erais
eran
ver
veía
veías
veía
veíamos
veíais
veían
ir
iba
ibas
iba
íbamos
ibais
iban
Leccion de cultura
Capitulo I Realidades 3
Gramatica intense- Cumplimentos
Directos e indirectos
Reflexivos
Grammar Review
Reflexive Verbs: Part I
A reflexive verb is a verb in which the subject is
the direct recipient of the action of the verb in
active voice.
There is no object!
The subject is “ the object”
Notes:
A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same.
I wash myself.
subject: I
verb: wash
object: myself
Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.
I wash the car.
subject: I
verb: wash
object: car
Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive.
Here's another example of how a verb can be either reflexive or non-reflexive.
I scratch myself.
subject: I
verb: scratch
object: myself
Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.
I scratch the dog.
subject: I
verb: scratch
object: dog
Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive.
When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se."
lavar
to wash (non-reflexive)
lavarse
to wash oneself (reflexive)
rascar
to scratch (non-reflexive)
rascarse
to scratch oneself (reflexive)
There is one reflexive verb you have been using since you began studying Spanish.
llamarse - to call oneself
¿Cómo se llama usted?
What do you call yourself?
Me llamo Juan.
I call myself Juan.
Note: A more "natural" translation would be "What is your name?" and "My name is Juan."
When you learned to conjugate regular verbs, you needed to learn a set of pronouns called "subject
pronouns."
lavar
yo lavo
tú lavas
él, ella, usted lava
nosotros/as lavamos
vosotros/as laváis
ellos, ellas, ustedes lavan
Ella lava el coche.
To learn to conjugate reflexive verbs, you need to learn a different set of pronouns called "reflexive
pronouns." These pronouns are positioned before the verb, while the ending "se" is dropped and the verb is
conjugated normally.
lavarse
yo me lavo
I wash (myself)
tú te lavas
you wash (yourself) (informal)
él se lava
he washes (himself)
ella se lava
she washes (herself)
usted se lava
you wash (yourself) (formal)
nosotros nos lavamos
we wash (ourselves)
nosotras nos lavamos
we wash (ourselves) (feminine)
vosotros os laváis
you-all wash (yourselves) (informal)
vosotras os laváis
you-all wash (yourselves) (informal, feminine)
ustedes se lavan
you-all wash (yourselves)(formal)
ellos se lavan
they wash (themselves)
ellas se lavan
they wash (themselves) (feminine)
Ella se lava.
Ella lava el coche, y despues se lava.
The reflexive pronouns are not subject pronouns; rather they are object pronouns.
me (myself)
te (yourself)
se (himself, herself, yourself) itself
nos (ourselves)
os (yourselves)
se (themselves, yourselves)
The purpose of the reflexive object pronouns is to show that the action of the verb remains with the subject.
Juan se lava la cara.
Juan washes
his face. (reflexive)
Juan lava su carro. (non-reflexive)
Juan washes his car.
When referring to body parts, use the definite
article, thus "la cara" not "su cara."
Note:
Note that many, many verbs can be made reflexive. All it means when a verb is reflexive is that the action
remains with the subject.
wash the dog (non-reflexive)
wash your face (reflexive)
raise the book (non-reflexive)
raise your arm (reflexive)
put the baby to bed (non-reflexive)
go to bed (reflexive)
wake up your son (non-reflexive)
wake up yourself (reflexive)
...and so on
Now add a flashcard for reflexive verbs:
lavarse to wash oneself
yo me lavo
tú te lavas
él se lava
ella se lava
usted se lava
nosotros nos lavamos
nosotras nos lavamos
vosotros os laváis
vosotras os laváis
ustedes se lavan
ellos se lavan
ellas se lavan
Reflexive Verbs: Part II
In the previous lesson, you learned that a verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same.
I wash myself.
subject: I
verb: wash
object: myself
Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.
I wash the car.
subject: I
verb: wash
object: car
Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive.
You also learned that when a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se."
lavar
to wash (non-reflexive)
lavarse
to wash oneself (reflexive)
rascar
to scratch (non-reflexive)
rascarse
to scratch oneself (reflexive)
You should have memorized a set of pronouns called "reflexive pronouns."
me (myself)
te (yourself)
se (himself, herself, yourself)
nos (ourselves)
os (yourselves)
se (themselves, yourselves)
You learned to conjugate reflexive verbs like this:
lavarse
yo me lavo
I wash (myself)
tú te lavas
you wash (yourself) (informal)
él/ella se lava
he/she washes (him/herself)
usted se lava
you wash (yourself) (formal)
nosotros/as nos lavamos
we wash (ourselves)
vosotros/as os laváis
you-all wash (yourselves) (informal)
ustedes se lavan
you-all wash (yourselves) (formal)
ellos/as se lavan
they wash (themselves)
In the lesson titled Direct Object Pronouns Part III you learned that when there are two verbs, you have two
options on where to place the pronoun: before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of the infinitive.
Great Law of Position of Object
Pronouns
I want to see it. (querer, ver)
Lo quiero ver.
Quiero
verlo.
Lo debemos comprar.
Debemos comprarlo.
We should buy it.
María nos debe visitar.
María debe visitarnos.
Mary should visit us.
Juan lo necesita lavar.
Juan necesita lavarlo.
John needs to wash it.
The same is true regarding reflexive pronouns. When the sentence has two verbs, the pronoun can be
placed directly before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of the infinitive.
I want to see myself.
Me quiero ver.
Quiero verme.
John needs to wash his hair.
Juan se necesita lavar el pelo.
Juan necesita lavarse el pelo.
More pronouns and POSITION LAW
Maria can wash her face now.
Ahora María se puede lavar la cara.
Ahora María puede lavarse la cara.
I have just gone to bed.
Acabo de acostarme.
Me acabo de acostar.
We prefer to wash with scented soap.
Preferimos lavarnos con jabón perfumado.
Nos preferimos lavar con jabón perfumado.
Whenever a verb directly follows a preposition, it remains in the infinitive form. For reflexive verbs, the
ending -se changes to agree with the subject. Observe the differences in the following sentences, all of
which are about counting burros before falling asleep.
ANTES + DE + infinitive
Antes de dormirme, yo cuento burros.
Antes de dormirte, tú cuentas burros.
Antes de dormirse, la chica cuenta burros.
Antes de dormirnos, nosotros contamos burros.
Antes de dormiros, vosotros contáis burros.
Antes de dormirse, los chicos cuentan burros.
In English, many verbs can be used transitively (with a direct object) or intransitively (without a direct object).
The sun dried the clothes. (transitive)
The clothes dried in the sun. (intransitive)
In Spanish, these intransitive constructions frequently employ the reflexive form.
The sun dried the clothes. (transitive)
El sol secó la ropa.
The clothes dried in the sun. (intransitive)
La ropa se secó al sol.
Sometimes, the reflexive construction is used merely to emphasize who is performing the action of the
sentence.
The cake? Maria ate it.
¿La torta? María se la comió.
For some verbs, the meaning changes when they are used reflexively.
aburrir - to bore
aburrirse - to be bored
acordar - to agree
acordarse de - to remember
acostar - to put to bed
acostarse - to go to bed
casar - to perform a marriage ceremony
casarse con - to become married to someone
despedir - to fire
despedirse de - to say goodbye
dormir - to sleep
dormirse - to fall asleep
ir - to go
irse - to go away, to leave
morir - to die (abruptly, as of an accident, war, etc.)
morirse - to die (as from natural causes; also "to die" figuratively)
negar - to deny
negarse a - to refuse
parecer - to seem
parecerse a - to resemble
poner - to put
ponerse - to put on
probar - to try, to taste
probarse - to try on
quitar - to take away
quitarse - to take off
A few verbs are always used reflexively.
arrepentirse (e:ie) - to repent
atreverse a - to dare
darse cuenta de - to realize
jactarse de - to boast
quejarse de - to complain about

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Object Pronouns
Basic Spanish Pronouns
Direct Object Pronouns
First of all you must remember that a direct object in a sentence is the
person, event or thing affected by the verb. The main difference
between the use of the direct object pronouns in Spanish and English is
their placement. While in English they substitute the direct object (and
its article) and are placed where the original object was, in Spanish this
pronoun is placed in front of the verb, replacing also any article used
with the object previously.
Singular
Me (me)
Te (you)
Plural
Nos (us)
Os (you [all])
*Los/las (them:
masculine/feminine/neuter)
Le= you to a male in many Spanish-speakiing countries!!!
Ejemplo- Le conozco….
*Lo/la (him/her/it)
*The pronouns 'le' are sometimes used as direct object pronouns.
Its use carry some subtle differences in meaning.
Spanish
Direct object
expressed
Direct object
pronoun
Direct object
expressed
Direct object
pronoun
Direct object
expressed
Direct object
pronoun
Direct object
expressed
Direct object
pronoun
(Tú) llevas el libro
English
You take/carry the book
(Tú) lo llevas
You take/carry it
Ella rompe la silla
She breaks the chair
Ella la rompe
She breaks it
Ustedes secuestran los
perros
You [all] kidnap the dogs
Ustedes los secuestran
You [all] kidnap them
El interrumpe la fiesta
He interrupts the party
El la interrumpe
He interrupts it
Indirect Object Pronouns: Part I. The
indirect object (IO) tells us where the direct object (DO) is
going. The indirect object answers the question "To
whom?" or "For whom?" the action of the verb is performed.
Sentences that have an indirect object usually also have a
direct object.
Indirect Object Pronouns: Part I
Notes:
The written lesson is below.
Links to quizzes, tests, etc. are to the left.
The indirect object (IO) tells us where the direct object (DO) is going.
He gives the book to María.
DO=Book
Where is the book going?
To María.
IO=María
He gives María the book.
DO=Book
Where is the book going?
To María.
IO=María
The indirect object answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?" the action
of the verb is performed.
He gives María the book.
To whom does he give the book?
To María.
IO=María
He buys me flowers.
For whom does he buy the flowers?
For me.
IO=me
Sentences that have an indirect object usually also have a direct object.
Remember, the IO tells us where the DO is going. Notice how the sentences
below just wouldn't work without a direct object.
He gives María . . .
the book, the pen, the diamond, etc.
He buys me . . .
flowers, candy, an ironing board, etc.
Sometimes the direct object is not stated; rather it is implied, or understood.
My mother writes me every week.
DO=letter (understood)
IO=me
(My mother writes me a letter every week.)
She told him.
DO=it (understood)
IO=him
(She told it to him.)
To identify the indirect object use our two guidelines:
• The IO tells us where the DO is going.
• The IO answers the question "to whom?" or "for whom" the action of the verb is
performed.
When a pronoun takes the place of the name of the indirect object, use the
following pronouns:
me (me)
te (you-familiar)
le (him, her, you-formal)
nos (us)
os (you-all-familiar)
les (them, you-all-formal)
In an affirmative statement with one verb, the indirect object pronoun comes
immediately before the conjugated verb.
Juan me compra un regalo.
John buys me a gift.
John buys a gift for me.
Juan te compra un regalo.
John buys you a gift.
John buys a gift for you.
Juan le compra un regalo.
John buys her a gift.
John buys a gift for her.
Juan nos compra un regalo.
John buys us a gift.
John buys a gift for us.
Juan os compra un regalo.
John buys you-all (familiar) a gift.
John buys a gift for you-all.
Juan les compra un regalo.
John buys them a gift.
John buys a gift for them.
Now, focus in on one part of each of the previous examples:
Juan me compra un regalo.
John buys (for) me a gift.
Juan te compra un regalo.
John buys (for) you a gift.
Juan le compra un regalo.
John buys (for) her a gift.
Juan nos compra un regalo.
John buys (for) us a gift.
Juan os compra un regalo.
John buys (for) you-all (familiar) a gift.
Juan les compra un regalo.
John buys (for) them a gift.
Let's extract the IO phrase and its English equivalent:
me compra
buys (for) me
te compra
buys (for) you
le compra
buys (for) her
nos compra
buys (for) us
os compra
buys (for) you-all
les compra
buys (for) them
Just like with the direct object, the indirect object presents a problem if one tries
to translate word-for-word:
Juan me compra un regalo.
John for me he buys a gift.
The key to learning to use the indirect object pronouns is the same as the key for
direct object pronouns. You must learn to think in phrases, not words. The
phrases consist of a pronoun and a conjugated verb. In the following examples,
note that the IO remains the same, while the subject of the phrase changes.
me compra
he buys me
me compran
they buy me
me compras
you buy me
The IO pronouns le and les present a special problem because they are
ambiguous. That is, they can stand for different things.
le
to (for) him
to (for) her
to (for) you-formal
les
to (for) them
to (for) you-all-formal
The following sentences, while grammatically correct, are ambiguous:
Ella le escribe una carta.
Ella les escribe una carta.
Out of context, there is no way we can know the meaning.
Ella le escribe una carta.
She writes him a letter.
She writes her a letter.
She writes you (formal) a letter.
Ella les escribe una carta.
She writes them a letter.
She writes you-all (formal) a letter.
Since le and les can mean more than one thing, a prepositional phrase is often
added to remove the ambiguity.
Ella le escribe a Juan una carta.
Ella le escribe a su hermana una carta.
Ella le escribe a usted una carta.
Ella les escribe a sus padres una carta.
Ella les escribe a ustedes una carta.
Sometimes a prepositional phrase is added not for clarity, but rather for
emphasis.
Juan me da a mí el dinero.
John gives me the money.
(emphasizing that the money is given to me and not to someone else)
Juan te da a ti el dinero.
John gives you the money. (emphasis on you)
There is no ambiguity in the following sentence. It can only mean one thing.
Juan me da el dinero.
John gives me the money.
The addition of a prepositional phrase merely adds emphasis.
Juan me da a mí el dinero.
John gives me the money.
Let's sum up the important points of this lesson:
• The IO tells us where the DO is going.
• The IO answers the question "to whom" or "for whom."
• Sentences that have an IO usually also have a DO
• Sometimes the DO is not stated, but rather is implied, or understood.
• The IO pronouns are: me, te, le, nos, os, les.
• Place the pronoun before the conjugated verb.
• Think in phrases, do not translate word-for-word.
• Le and les are ambiguous.
• Prepositional phrases are often used for clarity and for emphasis.
Direct and Indirect
Object Pronouns Used
Together!
Here are the direct object pronouns and the indirect object pronouns side by
side:
DO
Pronouns
me
te
lo, la
nos
os
los, las
IO
Pronouns
me
te
le
nos
os
les
English Equivalent
me
you (familiar)
him, her, it, you (formal)
us
you-all (familiar)
them, you-all (formal)
When you have both a direct object pronoun and an indirect object pronoun in
the same sentence, the indirect object pronoun comes first.
Ellos me los dan.
They give them to me.
IO pronoun: me
DO pronoun: los
Ella te la vende.
She sells it to you.
IO pronoun: te
DO pronoun: la
Whenever both pronouns begin with the letter "l" change the first pronoun to "se."
le lo = se lo
le la = se la
le los = se los
le las = se las
les lo = se lo
les la = se la
les los = se los
les las = se las
The reason for changing "le lo" to "se lo" is merely to avoid the tongue-twisting
effect of two short consecutive words that begin with the letter "l". To
demonstrate this, first quickly say "les las" and then quickly say "se las." See how
much easier it is to say "se las?"
In negative sentences, the negative word comes directly before the first pronoun.
No se lo tengo.
I don't have it for you.
Nunca se los compro.
I never buy them for her.
Because the pronoun se can have so many meanings, it is often helpful to clarify
it by using a prepositional phrase.
Él se lo dice.
Ambiguous. He tells it to (whom?).
Él se lo dice a Juan.
He tells it to him. (to Juan)
Él se lo dice a María.
He tells it to her. (to María)
Él se lo dice a ella.
He tells it to her.
In sentences with two verbs, there are two options regarding the placement of
the pronouns. Place them immediately before the conjugated verb or attach them
directly to the infinitive.
She should explain it to me.
Ella me lo debe explicar.
Ella debe explicármelo.
I want to tell it to you.
Te lo quiero decir.
Quiero decírtelo.
You need to send it to them.
Se la necesitas enviar a ellos.
Necesitas enviársela a ellos.
Note that when attaching the pronouns to the infinitive, a written accent is also
added to the final syllable of the infinitive. This preserves the sound of the
infinitive.
When the pronouns are attached to the infinitive, make the sentence negative by
placing the negative word directly before the conjugated verb.
Ella debe explicármelo.
Ella no debe explicármelo.
Quiero decírtelo.
No quiero decírtelo.
Necesitas enviársela a ellos.
No necesitas enviársela a ellos.
When the pronouns come before the conjugated verb, make the sentence
negative by placing the negative word directly before the pronouns.
Ella me lo debe explicar.
Ella no me lo debe explicar.
Te lo quiero decir.
No te lo quiero decir.
Se la necesitas enviar a ellos.
No se la necesitas enviar a ellos.
Fin