EVS
UNIT - 4
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Significance of sustainable development
• Developing appropriate technology
• Reduce , reuse, recycle of natural resources
• Providing environmental education and
awareness
• Consumption of renewable resources
• Conservation of non-renewable resources
• Population control
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Urban problems related to energy
• Energy demanding activities
• Solution for urban energy problem
WATER CONSERVATION
Need for water conservation:
• Population increases
• Due to deforestation annual rainfall decreases
• Over exploitation of ground water
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Ways of water conservation
• Reducing evaporation loss
• Reducing irrigation loss
• Reuse water
• Avoid sewage discharge
Water conservation method
• Rain water harvesting
• Watershed management
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RAIN WATER
HARVESTING
Rain water harvesting techniques
There are two main techniques for rain water
harvesting:
1. Storage of rain water on the surface for future
use
2. Recharge of ground water
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Objectives of rain water harvesting
• To raise the water table by recharging the
ground water.
• To minimize water crises and water conflicts
• To reduce rain water run off and soil erosion.
• To reduce the ground water contamination
from intrusion of saline water
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WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
It is defined as land area bounded by divide line from which
water drains under influence of gravity in to stream, lakes,
reservoir.
The management of rainfall & resultant runoff.
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Advantages of Watershed projects
- Improved access to drinking water in project areas during
drought
- Increase in cultivation area leading to increase in
employment
- Increase in crop yield, resulting better income to rural
population
- Improved availability of fodder for animals and increase in
milk yield
- Increase in employment & involvement of women
- Increase in net returns from all crops.
- Decrease in soil erosion.
- Restoration of ecological balance.
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RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION
Resettlement – simple relocation or displacement of human
population.
Rehabilitation – making, system to work again by allowing, system
to function naturally. Includes replacing the lost economic
assets, Safeguard Employment, Provide safe land for building.
Effects:
• Loss of land
• Loss of recourse
• Unsatisfactory compensation
• Social and cultural problems
• Changes in tradition of indigenous people
• Spread of disease
• Submergence of valuable forest
• Water logging
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• Extinction of wild life
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
Refers to the issues, principles and guidelines
relating to human interactions with their
environment.
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Solutions
Reducing the energy sources
Recycle and reuse of waste products
Soil degradation
Sustainable development
Protection of Bio – diversity
Reducing the population.
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The raise of earths surface
temperature due to intense
green house effect is called
global warming.
CO2, CH4, N2O,
CFC’s.
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Causes:
Over the last century,
CO2 – 25%
N2O – 19%
CH4 – 100%
burning of fossil fuels, industrialization, mining,
deforestation, exhaust from increasing automobiles and
other anthropogenic activities.
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EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING:
1.Sea level increases as result of melting and thermal
expansion of ocean.
2. High CO2 level in the atmosphere have a long term
negative effect on crop production and forest growth.
3. Global rainfall pattern will change .Drought and floods
will become more common. Raising temperature will
increase domestic water demand.
4. Many plants and animal species will have a problem of
adapting. Many will be at the risk of extinction, more
towering verities will thrive.
5. As the earth becomes warmer the floods and drought
becomes more frequent. There would be increase in
water-borne diseases.
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MEASURES TO CHECK GLOBAL WARMING:
1. CO2 emission can be cut by reducing the use of
fossil fuel.
2. Plant more trees.
3. Shifting from coal to natural gas.
4. Stabilize population growth.
5. Remove efficiently CO2 from smoke stocks.
6. Removal of atmospheric CO2 by utilizing photo
synthetic algae.
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ACID RAIN:
• Normal rain water is always slightly
acidic ( pH 5-5.6) because of CO2
present in the atmosphere gets
dissolved in it.
• Due to presence of SO2 and NO2 gases
as pollutants in the atmosphere.
• The pH of the rain is further lowered.
• This type of precipitation of water is
called acid rain.
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Effect on human being:
• Human nervous system respiratory system and
digestive system are affected by acid rain.
• It cause premature death from heart and lung
disorder like asthma, bronchitis.
Effects On building:
• At present TajMahal in Agra is suffering due to SO2
and H2SO4 fumes from Madura refinery. Acid rain
corrodes houses, monuments ,statues ,bridges and
fences.
• Acid rain causes corrosion of metals.
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Effect on Terrestrial and lake Ecosystem
• Reduce the rate of photosynthesis and growth in
terrestrial vegetation.
• Acid rain retards the growth of crops like beans
potatoes ,carrot ,spinach. Acid rain reduces fish
population ,black flies, mosquitoes ,deer flies
occurs largely which causes number of
complications in ponds rivers and lakes.
• Activity of bacteria and other microscopic
animals is reduced in acidic water. The dead
materials are not rapidly decomposed. Hence the
nutrients like N,P are locked up in dead matter.
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Control measures
•Clean combustion technologies
•Using pollution control equipments
•Replacement of coal by natural gas
•Liming of lakes and soils.
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Ozone is an important chemical species present in the
stratosphere.
Its conc. is about 10 ppm. It acts as a protective shield for
the life on the earth.
Ozone is produced and also broken down by photochemical
reactions, thus maintaining equilibrium.
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Causes for ozone layer depletion:
1. Chlorine released from CFC and Bromine released
from halogens are the most important chemicals
associated with ozone layer depletion
2. The halogens are used in fire extinguishers and CFC
are extensively used in air conditioners and
refrigerators.
3. Methyl bromide used during packaging of fruits to
prevent bacterial action flows out into the
atmosphere as soon as the packing is opened. This
cause heavy damage to ozone.
4. High altitude aircrafts and chemicals emitted by
industrial plants and automobiles.
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NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS
• Energy released—during a nuclear reaction is called
nuclear energy.
• Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion are used to
prepare nuclear energy.
• During nuclear accidents large amount of energy
and radioactive products are released into the
atmosphere.
Nuclear Holocaust
Destruction of Biodiversity by nuclear equipments and
nuclear bombs is called nuclear holocaust.
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Types of nuclear accidents
Nuclear Test
Nuclear explosions –release radioactive particles and
radioactive rays into the atmosphere.
Nuclear power plant accidents
Nuclear power plants located in seismic vulnerable
area may cause nuclear accidents which releases
radiation.
Improper disposal of radioactive wastes
Drums with radioactive wastes, stored underground
rust and leak radioactive wastes into water , land
and air.
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Effects of nuclear radiation
1. Radiation affects DNA in cells.
2.Exposure to low dose of radiation - people suffer
from fatigue, vomiting ,and loss of hair.
3. Expose to high radiation affect bone marrow,
blood cells, natural resistance fail of blood clot.
4. Exposure to very high dose of radiation kills
organisms by damaging the tissues of heart and
brain.
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Nuclear holocaust in Japan
• In 1945 two nuclear bombs were dropped in
Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan .
• About 1,00,000 people were Killed and the cities
were badly destroyed.
• This explosion emitted forceful neutrons and
gamma radiation.
• Radioactive Strontium liberated in the explosion
replaced calcium in the bones.
• Large scale bone deformities Occurred in the
people of these cities.
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Waste land reclamation
• Any land which is not put to optimal use is
defined as waste land.
• The waste land do not fulfil their life sustain
potential wasteland contributes about 20.17% of
the total geographical area of India.
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New vocabulary for your list
• Polder- land that is reclaimed from the sea or other
body of water by diking and drainage.
• Landfill- a site for the disposal of waste materials by
burial.
• Terrace Farming- used to grow crops on sloped
land. Terraced fields decrease erosion, and effective
for growing crops.
• Paddy Fields- is a flooded piece of arable land used
for growing rice and other crops.
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Reasons for formation
• Over grazing and over exploitation
• Toxic effluent discharged from sewage and industrial
wastes
• Mining activities destroy forest and cultivable land
• Use of pesticides also produce wasteland
• Erosion, desertification, water logging also degrade land
Wastelands can be reclaimed by the following way
• Conserving the soil – land is brought under vegetal cover.
This can be done by growing grasses and shrubs
• To reclaim the land/soil, effective participation of the
people, voluntary agencies and government is very
important
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Kansai opened in 1994 to relieve
overcrowding at Osaka Airport
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Dubai
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Terrace Farming
in China- Another
form of land
reclamation
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Consumerism and Waste Products
• Consumerism refers to the consumption of
resources by the people.
• Consumerism is related to both population size
and increase in demands due to change in life
style.
• Population has increased tremendously.
• World Bank estimates our population to reach 11
billion by 2045.
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Parameter
Global Value %
USA
India
Population
4.7
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Production of goods
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1
Energy use
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3
Pollutants and wastes
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3
CFC Production
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0.7
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Environmental Protection Act
• This act empowers the central govt. to fix the standards
for quality of air, water, soil, and noise.
• The central govt. formulates procedures and safe guards
for handling of hazard substances.
Important features:
1. This act empowers the govt. to lay down procedures and
safe guards for the prevention of accidents which cause
pollution and remedial measures if accidents occur.
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2. The govt. has the authority to close or prohibit or
regulate any industry or its operation if the violation of
provisions of the act occurs.
3. Violation of the act is punishable with imprisonment for
5 years or fine of one lakh or both.
4. If violation continues an additional fine of Rs5000 per
day may be imposed for entire period of Violation of
rules.
5. The act empowers the officer of the central govt. to
inspect the sight or the plant or machinery for preventing
pollution and to collect samples of air , water, soil and
other materials from any factory or its premises for
testing.
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Air (Prevention & Control
of Pollution) Act, 1981
• This act was enacted in the conference held at Stock
Holm.
• It envisages the establishments of central and State
control boards to monitor air quality and pollution
control.
Salient features:
1.The central board may lay down the standards for quality
of air.
2. The central board co-ordinates and settle the disputes
between state boards.
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4. The state boards are empowered to lay down the standards
for emission of air pollutants from industries or other
resources.
5. The state boards are to examine the manufacturing
processes and control equipment for for the prescribed
standards.
6. The direction of central board is mandatory on state boards.
7. With out the consent of the central board operation of an
industrial unit is prohibited in heavily polluted area.
8. Violation of law is punishable with imprisonment for three
months or fine of Rs 10000 or both.
• This act applies to all pollution industries. This act empowers
the state board to order
• closure of any industrial unit or stoppage of water supply or
stoppage of electricity.
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Water ( prevention and
control of pollution ) Act,
1974
• This act provides for maintaining and restoring the
sources of water.
• It also provide for preventing and controlling water
pollution.
Salient features:
1. This act aims to protect the water from all kind of
pollution and to preserve the quality of water in all
aquifers.
2. The act further provides for the establishment of central
board and state boards for prevention of water pollution.
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3. The states are empowered to restrain any person from discharging
a pollutant (or) sewage (or) effluent into any water body with out
the consent of the board.
4. The act is not clear about the definition of pollutant, discharge of
pollutant toxic pollutant.
State pollution control board
The consent of this board is needed
1. To establish any industry or any treatment and disposal system
or any extension or addition which likely discharge or trade
effluent into a stream or well or river or on land.
2. To use any new or altered outlet for the discharge of sewage.
3. To begin to make any new discharge of sewage.
• Act also empowers the state board to order closure or stoppage
of supply of electricity, water or any other service to the polluting
unit.
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Wild Life Act 1972
• This act was amended in 1983, 1986, and 1991.
• This act is aimed to protect and preserve all animals
and plants that are not domesticated.
• India has 350 species of mammals, 1200 species of
birds and about 20000 known species of insects.
• Some of them are listed as endangered species in
wild life protection act.
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• Wild life is declining due to human action. Wild life
products like skins, firs, feathers, Ivory etc. have decimated
the population of many species.
• Wild life population monitored regularly and management
strategies formulated to protect them.
Important Features
1. The act covers the rights and non- rights of forest
dwellers.
2. It allows restricted grazing in sanctuaries but prohibits
in national parks.
3. It also prohibits the collection of non timber forest.
4. The rights of forest dwellers recognized by forest policy
of 1988 are taken away by amended wild life act of
1991.
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Forest (Conservation)
Act 1980
• This act is enacted in 1980. It aims to arrest
deforestation. This act covers all types of forests including
reserved forests, protected forests and any forest land.
Salient features
1. State government can use forest for forestry purpose.
2. Provision for conservation of all types of forests. Advisory
committee appointed for funding conservation
3. Illegal non-forest activity within a forest area can be
immediately stopped under this act. Non forest activity
means clearing land for cash-crop agriculture, mining etc.
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1992 Amendment:
1. This amendment allows transmission lines, seismic
surveys, exploration drilling and hydro electric project in
forest area without cutting trees or with limited cutting of
trees – prior approval CG to be sought.
2. Wild life sanctuaries, National parks etc. are prohibited
from exploration except with CG prior approval.
3. Cultivation of coffee, rubber, tea (cash crop), fruit bearing
trees, oil yielding trees, trees of medicinal values are also
prohibited in reserved forest area with out prior approval
from CG. As this may create imbalance to ecology of the
forest.
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4. Tusser (a type of silk yielding insect) cultivation in
forest area is allowed since it discourages
monoculture practices in forests and improves
biodiversity.
5. Plantation of mulberry for rearing silk worm is
prohibited.
6. Proposal sent to CG for non-forestry activity must
have a cost benefit analysis and environmental
impact statement (EIS).
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Environmental Legislation
• 1972 June 5th – Environment was first
discussed as an agenda in UN conference on
Human Environment. There after every year
5th June is celebrated as Environment Day.
Constitutional Provisions:
• Added in 1976 – Article 48A – “The state
shall endeavor to protect and improve the
environment and to safeguard forests and
wildlife of the country”
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• Article 51A (g): “It shall be the duty of every
citizen of India to protect and improve the
natural environment including forests, lakes,
rivers and wildlife and to have compassion
for living creatures”.
• By these two articles one constitution makes
environment protection and conservation as
one of our fundamental duties.
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Enforcement of environmental
legislation – major issues
1. Target of 33% of land to be covered by forest
not achieved
2. Rivers turning to open sewers
3. Big towns and cities polluted
4. Wild life endangered
5. EFP (Effluent Treatment Plant) or Air Pollution
Control devices are expensive – leads to
closure of units. Government should provide
subsidy for small units.
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6. Pollution control laws not backed up by policy
pronouncements or guidelines
7. Chairman of PCB – political nominee. Hence
political interference.
8. Involving public in decision making envisaged
by policy statement of the ministry of
environment and forest (1992) is only in
paper.
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Draw backs of wild life (protection) act
• Fall out of Stockholm conference not localized
• Ownership certificate of animals article –
illegal trading
• Trade through J & K. This act not applicable to
J&K
• Offender to get just 3 years imprisonment and
or Rs.25000/- fine.
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Draw backs of the forest
(conservation) act 1980
• Inheritance of exploitative and consumerist
elements of the British period
• Tribal people (i.e.) inhabitants of forest are left
by the act
• Instead of attracting public support (tribal) it
has intrigued in the human rights.
• Protection of trees, birds and animals have
marginalized poor people.
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Central and state pollution
control Board
Central pollution control Board (CPCB):
1. Advices CG in matters – prevention and control of water
pollution
2. Co ordinates SPCB and provide technical assistance and
guidance
3. Training programs for prevention and control of pollution by
mass media and other ways
4. Publishes statistical and technical details about pollution
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5. Prepares manual for treatment and disposal
of sewerage and trade effluents
6. Lays std for water quality parameters
7. plans nation-wide programs for prevention,
control or abatement of pollution
8. Laboratories for analysis of water, sewage or
trade effluents
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State pollution control Board (SPCB):
SPCB has similar functions as CPCB and
governed by CPCB
1. SPCB advises state government w.r.t. location of any
industry that might pollute.
2. Lays standards for effluents to take samples from streams,
wells or trade effluents or sewage passing through an
industry. Samples taken are analysed at recognized labs. If
the sample is not confirming to the water quality std, then
the unit is neglected.
3. Every industry to obtain consent from PCB before
commencing an effluent unit by applying in prescribed
form with fee.
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PUBLIC AWARENESS
Our environment is presently degrading due to
many activities like pollution, deforestation,
overgrazing, rapid industrialization and
urbanization.
Objectives of public awareness
• Create awareness among people of rural and
city about ecological imbalances, local
environment, technological development and
various development plants.
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• To organize meetings, group discussion on
development, tree plantation programmes
exhibitions.
• To learn to live simple and eco-friendly manner.
Methods to create environmental awareness
In Schools and Colleges
Mass media
Cinema
Newspapers
Audio – Visual media
Voluntary organization
Traditional techniques
Arranging competitions
Leaders appeal
NGO’S
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