Happiness Habits:
Insights from Positive
Psychology that Can Help Your
Clients
Bill O’Hanlon
www.billohanlon.com
What is Positive Psychology?
Research evidence about:
• What works in human life
• What makes people happier
• What gives their lives a sense of satisfaction
and meaning
• What helps them function better
Also called “Subjective Well-Being”
Psychological studies have been
biased toward the negative
Psychological publications and
studies dealing with
negative states
outnumbered those
examining positive states by
a ratio of 17 to 1 in a survey
done in 1995.
Myers, D. and Deiner, E. (1995) “Who is
Happy?,” Psychological Science, 6:1019.
The Power of Negative Thinking
“I was going to buy a copy of
The Power of Positive
Thinking, and then I thought:
What the hell good would that
do?”
–Ronnie Shakes
This comes in part
from the Freudian
legacy
• Freud thought the best we could
hope for was “ordinary misery.”
• He questioned the quest for
happiness and indeed, all our
motives, and ascribed dark
impulses and infantile wishes to
them.
Broaden and Build Theory
of Positive Emotions
People who are in a more positive mood are
better liked by others and more open to new
ideas and experiences. Positive emotions
may help people learn and take in more
information.
Fredrickson, Barbara. (1998). “What good are positive emotions?”
Review of General Psychology, 2:300-319.
Negative talk shown to increase
stress hormones
A recent study shows that extensive discussions
of problems and encouragement of ‘‘problem
talk,’’ rehashing the details of problems,
speculating about problems, and dwelling on
negative affect in particular, leads to a significant
increase in the stress hormone cortisol, which
predicts increased depression and anxiety over
time.
Byrd-Craven, J., Geary, D. C., Rose, A. J., & Ponzi, D. (2008). “Co-ruminating increase stress
hormone levels in women,” Hormones and Behavior, 53, 489–492.
Colonoscopy experiment
Reference: Redelmeier, D., and Kahneman, D. (1996). "Patients' memories of painful
medical treatments: Real-time and retrospective evaluations of two minimally invasive
procedures," Pain, 116:3-8.
How to apply this to
changework
 End sessions with compliments or
pleasant topics
 Or at the very least, neutral topics and
emotional tones
Being in a More Positive Mood
Helps Learning and Performance
Two studies show that focusing on or creating pleasant
experiences enhances our learning or performance
abilities.
• Kids who were asked to spend 30 seconds remembering
happy things did better on learning tasks they were given
just after remembering the happy stuff.
• Internists who were given some candy (vs. reading
humanistic statements about medicine and a control group)
did better at diagnosing a hard-to-diagnose case of liver
disease.
References:
Masters, J., Barden, R. and Ford, M. (1979). "Affective states, expressive behavior, and learning in
children," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37:380-390
Isen, A, Rosensweig, A. and Young, M. (1991). "The influence of positive affect on clinical problem
solving," Medical Decision Making, 11:221-227.
Caveats and Challenges
 Much of this research is new and preliminary
 Some of it is correlational and some of it is
experimental
 Much of is not done by and for clinicians or
pointed toward practical uses, so it takes
some translation
 We will have to wait to find out what really
works in clinical settings
There are some benefits of
Happy people:
happiness
• Are half as likely to die over the same time period as others
Danner, D.D., Snowdon, D.A. & Friesen, W.V. (2001). “Positive emotions in early life and
longevity: Findings from the Nun Study,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
80:804-813.
Diener, Ed and Seligman, Martin. (2002). “Very happy people,” Psychological Science, 13:8184.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Half as likely to be disabled
Live longer than average
Have better health habits
Have lower blood pressure
Have more robust immune systems
Are more productive on the job
Are able to tolerate more pain
There even seem to be economic benefits to
happiness
Cheerful college students ended up earning
$25,000 more per year than their dour
counterparts.
King, Laura and Lyubomirsky, Sonja. (2005). “The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does
happiness lead to success?” Psychological Bulletin, 131:803-855.
Happiness and longevity
 Happiness both seems to prevent people from falling
ill and reduce stress (which is associated with
inflammation, which is associated with chronic and
acute illnesses)
 Happiness is also associated with better health habits,
which likely is a factor in the longevity of happy people
Veenhoven et al. (2008). “Healthy happiness: effects of happiness on physical health and the consequences for preventive
health care,” Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(3):449.
Siahpush, M, Spittal M, Singh GJ. (2008). “Happiness and life satisfaction prospectively predict self-rated health, physical
health, and the presence of limiting, long-term health conditions,” American Journal of Health Promotion, 23(1).
Moskowitz, J.T. (2003). “Positive affect predicts lower risk of AIDS mortality,” Psychosomatic Medicine, 65:620-626.
Danner, D., Snowdon, D. and Friesen, W. (2001). “Positive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings in the nun study,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80:804-813.
Happiness is relatively
 One year after winning the lottery or becoming
stable
quadriplegic, people’s happiness level return to
where they were before the drastic change of
circumstance (Happiness Set Point; genetically
influenced but not fixed)
Brickman, P.; Coates, D.; and Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978). “Lottery winners and accident
victims: Is happiness relative?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
36:917-27.
 There are some things that seem to permanently
increase happiness levels
 People are generally pretty bad at predicting what
will make them happy
Estimates of contributors to
happiness and where we can
influence happiness levels
Haidt’s Formula
H=S+C+V
H = your general happiness level
S = your happiness set point
C = your life conditions
V = your voluntary activities
Haidt, Jonathon. (2006). The Happiness
Hypothesis. NY: Basic.
Happiness is challenging
"The Constitution only guarantees the
American people the right to pursue
happiness. You have to catch it yourself.”
–Benjamin Franklin
Problems with deliberately
pursuing happiness
 We are bad at predicting what will make us happy
• We overestimate the negative effects of bad stuff
• We overestimate the lasting
happiness/satisfaction that will result from good
stuff
 Our preferences change
 Habituation/the hedonic treadmill
But all is not lost; one can increase
happiness (but not directly)
Happiness is not achieved by the
conscious pursuit of happiness; it is
generally the by-product of other
activities. –Aldous Huxley
What does help increase
happiness in the longer term?
Four Keys to Unlock
Happiness
S.O.A.P.
Social Connections
Optimism
Appreciation (Gratitude)
Purpose (greater than oneself)
S.O.A.P.
Social Connections
and
Happiness
Two kinds of social
One-to-one: connections
friendships; pets; marriage;
intimate partnerships; child-parent
Group/community connections:
neighborhoods, interest groups, church
communities, professional or work groups,
groups of friends, sports teams, military units,
support groups and so on
Common Factors research
 Therapy is successful about 68% of the time
 When it is successful, research has indicated that there
are four common factors to its success
 These are:
 Client factors: The person’s strengths, resources,
social supports, environments and the type (frequency,
intensity, and duration) of the complaints they have
 The therapeutic relationship: How engaged and
connected is the client in the therapy? A therapist who
is perceived by the client as warm, empathic, genuine,
trustworthy, non-judgmental and respectful contributes
to developing a positive alliance.
 Expectancy, hope and placebo: The therapist’s
optimism, confidence and sense of hope make a
difference.
 Theory/technique: What procedures and model the
therapist is guided by or uses. How much the therapist
has allegiance to his/her model and methods.
Lambert, M. J. (1992). Implications of outcome research for psychotherapy integration. In J. C. Norcross
& M. R. Goldfried (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 94-129). New York: Basic
Common Factors in Therapy
15%
Model/Technique
15%
Expectation/Placebo
40%
Client
Factors
30%
Relationship
Social connections and
Countless studies document the link between society
happiness
and psyche: people
who have close friends and
confidants, friendly neighbors, and supportive coworkers are less likely to experience sadness,
loneliness, low self-esteem, and problems with
eating and sleeping.
The single most common finding from a half
century's research on the correlates of life
satisfaction, not only in the United States but
around the world, is that happiness is best
predicted by the breadth and depth of one's social
connections.
Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of
American community. New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 332)
Relationships
“By far the greatest predictor of
happiness in the literature is intimate
relationships.” – Sonja Lyubomirsky,
researcher at UC-Riverside, author of
The How of Happiness
•
Connection can help reduce
Being with someonePTSD
else during an earthquake is
protective against PTSD
Armenian, H. et. Al. (2000). “Loss as a determinant of PTSD in a cohort of adult
survivors of the 1998 earthquake in Armenia: Implications for policy,” Acta
Psychiatr. Scand., 102(1):58-64.
• Post-traumatic stress disorder sufferers in group
treatment recovered at a significantly higher rate
(88.3%) than those in individual treatment (31.3%)
Beck, J. et.al. (2009).“Group Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Chronic Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder: An Initial Randomized Pilot Study,” Behavior Therapy, 40(1):8292.
•The amount and type of parental talk to infants varied between
disadvantaged families and those who had higher incomes and
education
•Disadvantaged parents generally talked less than advantaged
(10 million words vs. 80 million words)
•Disadvantaged parents directed more “discouragements” (no;
shut up; stop) to their kids (200,000 vs. 80,000 “encouragements”
[chit chat; positive comments; gossip; joking; running
commentary; praise])
•Advantaged parents had a reversal of this ratio (500,000
encouragements to 80,000 discouragements)
•It turns out that these differences have profound and hard to
reverse effects on intellectual and academic achievement
(vocabulary growth and standardized intellectual achievement
tests measured at ages 3 and 9)
Positive social talk matters
Hart, B. and Risley, T. (1995). Meaningful Differences in the Everyday
Social connections are at risk in modern societies
Shared family dinners and family vacations are
down over a third in the last 25 years
Having friends over to the house is down by 45%
over the last 25 years
Participation in clubs and civic organizations is
down by over 50% in the last 25 years
Church attendance is down by about a third since
the 1960s
Putnam, Robert D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of
American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
See also: http://www.bettertogether.org/
Social connections are at risk in modern
societies
65% of Americans spend more time
with their computers than with their
spouses
Kelton Research, the "Cyber Stress" study, Digital Home
Services, Parks 2007
Happiness and social
connections
• People with five or more close friends
(excluding family members) are 50% more
likely to describe themselves as “very happy”
than respondents with fewer.
• One survey of 800 college alumni showed that
classmates who valued high income, job
success and prestige more than close friends
and a loving marriage were twice as likely to be
“fairly” or “very” unhappy.
Relatedness and happiness
research finding
 Most
of us are happier during the weekends
 Why?
Relatedness
Autonomy
Researchers randomly beeped 74 adults aged 18-62 over 3 weeks
and asked them to rate how they felt, how close they felt to others they
were with and whether they felt competent and autonomous
Ryan, R. M., Bernstein, J. H., & Brown, K. W. (2010). “Weekends, Work, and Wellbeing: Psychological Need
Satisfactions and Day of the Week Effects on Mood, Vitality, and Physical Symptoms.” Journal of Social and
Clinical Psychology, 29, 95-122.
Connective rituals
A review of 50 years of research (32 studies) on family rituals
showed that regular routines had a positive effect on health and
family relationships
Common routines/rituals:
Dinnertime
Bedtime
Chores
Talking on the phone
Visiting with relatives
Birthdays
Holidays
Family reunions
Funerals
Religious rituals and services
Fiese, Barbara H.; Tomcho, Thomas J.; Douglas, Michael; Josephs, Kimberly ; Poltrock, Scott; and Baker, Tim. (2002)."A Review of 50 Years of Research on Naturally Occurring Family Routines
and Rituals: Cause for Celebration?," ; Journal of Family Psychology, Vol. 16, No. 4.
Positive psychology research on
relationships
Relevant research
Happily married couples say 5 positive
remarks for every negative remark, even
when having conflicts
Couples who are headed for divorce use
less than 1 (0.8) positive remarks for every
negative one
Source: Gottman, J., Gottman, J. And DeClaire, J.(2006).
10 Lessons to Transform Your Marriage. NY: Crown.
Infidelity/fidelity and positive
interactions in relationships
Couples with a 2.4 to 1 ratio of positive
interactions (nodding, smiling, eye contact) to
negative (eye rolling, scowling, expressing
contempt) were more likely to experience
infidelity after being married than couples with a
4 to 1 positive to negative interaction ratio
Allen, E., et.al. (June 2008). “Premarital Precursors of Marital Infidelity,” Family
Process, 47(2):243-259.
S.O.A.P.
Optimism
and
Happiness
Optimism and Happiness
What we can learn from some psychotically
optimistic dogs
Pessimistic vs. Optimistic
Styles
Pessimistic
explanatory
style
Bad stuff is:
Permanent and will persist;
Pervasive;
Out of my control
Reflects:
My resourcelessness;
Bad qualities (“I’m such a loser”)
Pessimistic vs. Optimistic
Styles
Optimistic
explanatory
style
Bad stuff is:
Time and context limited (“I am just going
through a rough patch”; or “This job
sucks”);
Under my influence
I possess good and resourceful qualities
Optimism can be increased
Optimistic and pessimistic styles and tendencies are relatively stable
traits, but they can be affected by actions and changed focus of
attention
One study found that even naturally pessimistic people who spent one week
doing exercises in which they either:
• Identified and wrote down times in the past in which
they were at their best
• Wrote down their personal strengths
• Expressed gratitude to someone they had never
properly thanked
• Wrote down three good things that happened that day
Were happier when their happiness levels were measured 6 months later
Seligman, M., Stern, T., Park, N & Peterson, C. (2005). “Positive Psychology progress: Empirical
validation of interventions,” American Psychologist, 60: 410-421.
Creating or restoring hope
Rehabilitating or inviting people into
preferred, compelling positive futures
BE THERE THEN
“There is a reason the the
rearview mirror is smaller than
the windhield.”
–Sign on a church in Winnipeg,
Canada
FUTURE PULL:
The Victor Frankl
Strategy
Elspeth McAdam – Evoking
. . . A young girl I was working with had experienced
abuse. She walked into
my office as a very large
Hope
girl with shaved hair, tattoos on her head, and I
don't think she had showered in a week. I had
been asked to see her because she was so angry.
She clearly didn't want to come and see an
expletive expletive shrink. She was very angry at
being there. I just said to her, 'You've talked to
everybody about your past. Let's talk about your
dreams for the future.' And her whole face just lit
up when she said her dream was to become a
princess. In my mind I could not think of two more
opposite visions–but I took her very seriously. I
asked her about what the concept of princess
Evoking Hope
She started talking about being a people's princess
who would do things for other people, who would be
caring and generous and a beautiful ambassador.
She described a princess who was slender and well
dressed. Over the next few months, we started
talking about what this princess would be doing. I
discovered that, while this girl was 14 and hadn't
been attending school for a long time, the princess
was a social worker. I said, 'Okay it is now ten year's
time and you have trained as a social worker. What
university did you go to?' She mentioned one in the
north of England. I asked, 'What did you read [study]
there?' She said, 'I don't know, psychology and
sociology and a few other things like that.' Then I
said, 'Do you remember when you were 14? You'd
Evoking Hope
She said, 'I had this psychiatrist who helped me.' I
said, 'How did she help you?' And she started
talking about how we made a phone call to the
school. I said, "Who spoke? Did you or her?' She
replied, 'The psychiatrist spoke but she arranged a
meeting for us to go to the school.' I said, 'Do you
remember how you shook hands with the head
teacher when you went in? And how you looked
and what you wore?' We went into these minute
details about what that particular meeting was
like–looking from the future back. And she was
able to describe the conversations we had had,
how confident she had been, how well she had
spoken, and the subjects she had talked about. I
didn't say any more about it.
Elspeth McAdam
About a month after this conversation she
said to me, 'I think it's about time we went to
the school, don't you? Can you ring and make
an appointment?' I asked if she needed to talk
about it anymore and she said no, that she
knew how to behave. When we went into the
school she was just brilliant. I first met that
girl ten years ago. Now she is a qualified
social worker. She fulfilled her dream–
although she didn't go to the university she
mentioned.
Future-Orientation Research
• Participants in a study were asked to write down their ideal
future, in which all had gone well and they had met their
desired hopes and goals, for a few minutes on 4
consecutive days (“Best possible self”)
• Control groups were asked to write about a traumatic event
that had happened to them for those minutes on 4 days;
another was asked to write about life goals as well as a
trauma; another control group was asked to write about
their plans for the day on those 4days
• Results: The “future-oriented” group reported more
subjective well-being after the experiment than the
controls; the trauma and “future-oriented” groups both had
less illness when followed up 5 months later
King, L.A. (2001). “The health benefits of writing about life goals,” Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 27:798-807.
Howard Lutnick, CEO Cantor Fitzgerald
Lost his brother, his best friend and 658 of his employees in
the 9/11 attacks
We always thought we’d fall apart at some point. I’d tell
people it was like surfing in front of a very large
wave and as long as I kept going forward as fast as I
possibly could, the wave would never get me. But if I
ever stopped, and took a moment to look back . .
.Whoosh, the wave would crash over me, and I’d
get crushed. But if I kept moving forward, the wave
would get smaller and smaller, and that’s what
happened. (Fall 2006)
FUTURE PULL
METHODS
Problems into
preferences
Problems into Preferences
Rephrase from what is
unwanted to what is
desired
Problems into Preferences
Reflections: Not
questions but
restatements (with a twist)
Problems into Preferences
Redirect from the past
to the future
Problems into Preferences
Suggest small
increments instead of
big leaps
Problems into Preferences
Mention the presence of
something rather than
just the absence of the
problem
FUTURE PULL
METHODS
Positive
expectancy
talk
Positive expectancy
Nonverbal and verbal
methods of seeding a
positive and hopeful
future
Positive expectancy
Verbal is easier to teach
and speak about
Positive Expectancy Talk
Yet, so far
Before
After
When
How quickly?
FUTURE PULL
METHODS
Letter from The
Future
Letter From The Future
•Have the client write a letter from their future self to
their current self from a place they are happier and
have resolved the issues that are concerning them
now
•From [five years/two months/ten years/one year]
from now; let your intuition and their response guide
the time frame; adjust as necessary
•Have them describe where they are, what they are
doing, what they have gone through to get there,
and so on
•Have them write about the crucial things they
realized or did to get there or write about some
crucial turning points that led to this future
•Give themselves some sage and compassionate
Letter From The Future
Use these questions to guide their letter writing:
•What have you learned and gained perspective on
since back in [fill in the present date/year]?
•What things were you worried or frightened about in
those days that seem trivial or far away for you today?
•What problems seemed overwhelming or
insurmountable in those days that you did eventually
resolve or overcome?
•What sage advice would your future self give to that
present self?
•What comfort or reassurance would your future self give
to your present self?
•Who were you troubled by, frightened by or concerned
with that now doesn’t matter as much?
S.O.A.P.
Appreciation
and
Happiness
Three Aspects of
Appreciation
1. Highlighting Gratitude to Oneself: Note to oneself
things that one can be grateful for on a weekly basis
2. Savor: Note to oneself or others what one
appreciates aesthetically, like a beautiful sunset, a
good meal, and so on
3. Expressing Gratitude to Others: Express appreciation
to those people one values and is grateful to
Appreciation
Awe
Gratitude
Thankfulness
Recognizing grace (unearned
blessings)
Showing and expressing appreciation
to others
Mindfulness
Savoring
Gratitude/Appreciation Research
 Expressing gratitude has a short-term
positive effect (several weeks) on happiness
levels (up to a 25% increase)
 Those who are typically or habitually
grateful are happier than those who aren’t
habitually grateful
Park, N. Peterson, C. and Seligman, M. (2004). “Strengths of character and well-being
among youth,” Unpublished manuscript, U. of Rhode Island.
Appreciation/Gratitude Research
1
People who noted weekly the things they were
grateful for increased their happiness levels 25%
over people who noted their complaints or were just
asked to note any events that had occurred during
the week.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An
experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-389
Gratitude Letters
 In research studies, both initiator and recipient of a gratitude
letter report positive outcomes.
 Instructions: Write a gratitude letter to a person you choose,
expressing your gratitude and for what and why, specifically,
you are grateful.
 If at all possible, deliver it personally and ask the person to read
the letter in your presence.
 If personal delivery is not possible, mail, fax, or email the letter
and follow up with a phone call.
Source: Chris Peterson, A Primer in Positive Psychology
The
Gratitude
Exercise
At the end of each day, after dinner and before going to sleep, write
down three things that went well during the day. Do this every
night for a week. The three things you list can be relatively small
or large in importance. After each positive event on your list,
answer in your own words the question: “Why did this good thing
happen?”
This exercise was found to increase happiness and decrease
depression up to 6 months after the week. [Note: 60% of
participants carried on the habit.]
Seligman, M.; Steen, T.A.; Park, N.; and Peterson, C. (2005). “Positive psychology
S.O.A.P.
Purpose/meaning
and
Happiness
Elements of the Meaningful
Life
 Purpose
 Contribution
 Engaging work or activities
 Finding meaning in suffering
 Turning negative or hurtful events into happiness
or satisfaction with positive connotations or
meaning
The Meaningful Life and
Happiness
Several studies with older Americans find that
one of the best predictors of happiness is whether
or not a person thinks his or her life has a
purpose. If they had no such sense of purpose,
seven out of ten people studied felt unsettled
about their lives; if they had a sense of purpose
seven out of ten felt satisfied.
Lepper, H. (1996). In Pursuit of Happiness and Satisfaction in
Later Life: A Study of Competing Theories of Subjective Well-
The Meaningful Life and
Happiness
College students who enjoyed their lives
and studies were compared to those who
didn’t. The main difference was that those
students who were happier had an
underlying sense of purpose in life.
Rahman, T. and Khaleque, A. (1996). “The purpose in life and
academic behavior problem students,” Social Indicators
Research, 39:59.
How to apply this to
changework
• Help people find their life directions,
meaning and purpose by helping them
identify the signal(s) that drive them
• Help people find activities that contribute
to others or the world
Positive emotions help
resilience
Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E.,
& Larkin, G. (2003). What good are positive
emotions in crises?: A prospective study of
resilience and emotions following the terrorist
attacks on the United States on September 11th,
2001. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 84, 365-376.
People are often more resilient than we
therapists
give
them9/11
credit
Expected
rates of PTSD
following
didn’tfor
materialize
“Resilience is often the most commonly observed
outcome trajectory following exposure to a potentially
traumatic event.”
There is a whole literature on Post-traumatic Growth and
Resilience
G. A. Bonanno, C. Rennicke and S. Dekel, (2005) “Self-enhancement among high-exposure
survivors of the September 11th Terrorist Attack: Resilience or Social Maladjustment?” Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 88:984-988.
Bonanno, G.A. et. al, (2002) “Resilience to Loss and Chronic Grief: A prospective study from
preloss to 18-months postloss,” Journal of Social Issues, 83:1150-64.
Tedeschi, R. G. and Calhoun, I.G. (2004) “Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual foundations and
empirical evidence,” Psychological Inquiry, 15:1-18.
Linley, P.A. and Joseph, S. (2004) “Positive Change Following Trauma and Adversity: A review,”
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17:11-21.
Carver, C.S. (1998) “Resilience and Thriving: Issues, models and linkages,” Journal of Social
Wounded
I thank God for my handicaps, for
through them I have found
myself, my work and my God. Helen Keller
Real suffering burns clean; neurotic
suffering creates more and more
soot. - Marion Woodman
3 Pillars of Positive
Psychology
 Positive subjective experience of the past, present
and future
 Investigation of positive individual characteristics:
the strengths and virtues
 Positive institutions and positive communities
Source: M. Seligman, in Flourishing, ed. by Keyes and Haidt
Four Key Findings
S.O.A.P.
Social Connections
Optimism
Appreciation (Gratitude)
Purpose (greater than oneself)
The Three Legs of
Happiness
Someone to love
Something to do
Something to look forward to
-Martin Sexton
Best Summary Books
 Martin Seligman, Authentic Happiness
 Chris Peterson, A Primer in Positive Psychology
 Sonja Lyubomirsky, The How of Happiness
 Eric Weiner, The Geography of Bliss
 Dan Gilbert, Stumbling On Happiness
Resources
Journal of Happiness Studies
www.authentichappiness.org
www.pos-psych.com
www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu
www.bus.umich.edu/Positive
www.viastrengths.org
www.centreforconfidence.co.uk
www.psych.uiuc.edu/~ediener
people.virginia.edu/~jdh6n
www.faculty.ucr.edu/~sonja
89.234.4.50/cappeu/index.aspx
Remember: Slides at BillOHanlon.com; Click Free Stuff; Then
click Slides; they’ll be there for one month
Bill O’Hanlon’s info
Websites:
http://www.billohanlon.com
http://www.GetYourBookWritten.com
http://www.TheNewHypnosis.com
www.StoriesofChangeandPossibility.com
Email:
Bill@billohanlon.com