What is Bioenergetics?
“…..the study of the flow and transformation of
energy in and between living organisms and
between living organisms and their
environment”
MUST!
What Goes In = What Comes Out
Consumption = Metabolism + Waste + Growth
• Why bioen is useful to fish ecology?
– It is a mathematical representation of how a fish
grows
– Allows researchers, students and managers a
way to understand …..
Typical Energy Budgets Differ for Carnivores & Herbivores:
Normalized Percentages
Consumption Respiration Waste
Growth
Carnivore
100 =
44
+
27 +
29
Herbivores
100 =
37
+
43 +
20
Green Sunfish
Largescale Stoneroller
Muskellunge
Bioenergetics ~ Economics
Consumption = Metabolism + Waste + Growth
Consumption = Income
Metabolism = Rent
(temp. and ritz)
Wastes & Losses = Taxes
Growth = Savings and
Investments
Lake Salad Lake Cheeseburger
June 1
Sept 1
=
June 1
Sept 1
?
Why would growth be different?
Why would growth be different?
 More food?
 Better quality food?
 Don’t work as hard for food?
 Lakes are different temperatures?
 Stress, contaminants, food webs
Model Components:
Active Metabolism
 Costs from activity
Consumption
ΔBiomass
Respiration
 Growth
 Basal Metabolism
Specific Dynamic Action
 Costs from digestion
Egestion-F & Excretion -U
Gonads
Reproduction
C = (R + A + S) + (F + U)+ (ΔB + G)
C = (R + A + S) + (F + U)+ (ΔB + G)
Independent
C = consumption
Losses
R = respiration
A = active
metabolism
S = specific
dynamic action
Losses
F= egestion
U = excretion
Gains
ΔB = Change in
biomass (somatic
growth)
G = gonads
/reproduction
Specific Rate (g/g/d)
All processes are temp. and size dependent
0.08
0.06
grams prey
grams of body mass
0.04
day
0.02
Grams body mass stays the same, so
how much you eat is what is changing
0.00
5
10
15
20
Temperature (C)
25
30
All processes are temp. and size dependent
SDA
0.08
0.06
excretion
0.04
Upper lethal
egestion
starvation
Specific Rate (g/g/d)
Too hot,body starts
to fail
growth
0.02
respiration
0.00
loss of
growth
5
“Golden Banana”
10
15
20
Temperature (C)
25
30
Maximum consumption isn't realistic
p-value = proportion of maximum consumption
Specific Rate (g/g/d)
Maximum
0.08
80% of Maximum
SDA
0.06
egestion
Pvalue = .80
excretion
0.04
0.02
respiration
0.00
5
10
15
20
Temperature (C)
25
30
Maximum consumption isn't realistic
p-value = proportion of maximum consumption
0.08
Realistic Value
P-value = .35
0.04
35% of Maximum
SDA
egestion
Upper lethal
0.06
starvation
Specific Rate (g/g/d)
Maximum
excretion
0.02
respiration
0.00
loss of
growth
5
10
15
20
Temperature (C)
25
30
How do we estimate these basic relationships?
Like the relationship between temperature and maximum
consumption…..lab experiments and or field data
grams/grams/day
Feed ad libitum – as much as possible
Cold
moderate
Hot
TooHot
Yellow Perch
Temperature
0.08
0.06
Upper lethal
starvation
Specific Rate (g/g/d)
Consumption and Respiration 
Temperature Dependent
0.04
0.02
Respiration
0.00
loss of
growth
5
10
15
20
Temperature (C)
25
30
Consumption and Respiration 
Size Dependent
0.8
8
0.6
6
0.4
4
0.2
2
5
10
15
Weight (g)
20
25
Maximum Consumption g/d
Specific Consumption g/g/d
FOR A GIVEN TEMPERATURE
Main equation can be organized in 2 ways
C = (R + A + S) + (F + U)+ (ΔB + G)
Solve for Consumption
Can also organize equation in terms of growth..
ΔB = C - (R + A + S) - (F + U) - G
Can solve for any of the different parameters of
the equations….hence the power of bioenergetics
What do we need to run the
model?
Growth:
Length Frequency
Mark and recap
JUNE 1
16
40mm
# Caught
12
8
4
0
10
30
50
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
Length Category (10cm)
# Caught
16
SEPT 1
70mm
12
8
4
0
10
30
50
70
90
110
130
Length Category (10cm)
150
170
190
Measure growth: Calcified structures
fish parts: scales, otoliths, vertebrae, rays, opercula
15 mm – Age0
76 mm – Age1
123 mm – Age2
What else do we need to run the model?
Temperatures where fish live (optimal
temperature, lethal limits)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
alewife - 20° C
bluegill - 29° C
coho salmon - 15° C
largemouth bass – 27.5° C
muskellunge - 26° C
northern pike - 24° C
rainbow smelt - 13° C
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
rainbow trout - 20° C
striped bass – 21.6° C
walleye - 22° C
yellow perch - 26° C
smallmouth bass – 29 ° C
sea lamprey - 18° C
chinook salmon - 15° C
What do we need to run the model?
What a fish eats (Diets!)…
What do we need to run the model?
Prey and Predator Energy Densities …
Snails – 1800 j/g dry mass
Zooplankton – 2513 j/g wet mass
Crayfish – 3766 j/g wet mass
Yellow Perch – 5000 j/g dry mass
Alewife – 7225 j/g wet mass
Leech – 2400 j/g dry mass
What do we need to run the model?
Basic physiological parameters…
•
•
•
•
•
Egestion (size/temp dependent)  F
Excretion (size/temp dependent)  U
Specific Dynamic Action  SDA
Basal Metabolism  R
Active Metabolism  A
Where do we get all these….?
- We do painstakingly difficult lab experiments (imagine
having to measure fish excrement or…)
- We steal them, I mean “borrow” them!
- Species borrowing is common, it can cause problems
- Should evaluate and test if borrowing is appropriate
How have bioenergetic models
been used in fisheries?
Sea Lamprey Control and Lake Trout
Control of sea lamprey will result in
a 5% increase in lake trout survival
How much will
rainbow smelt
mortality
increase?
Calculate increase in trout biomass,
then use bioenergetics to calculate
increase in consumption of rainbow
smelt
Rainbow smelt mortality will
increase by 3 percent
(La Bar 1993)
Alewives and P Cycling in
Lake Michigan
Alewives may promote phytoplankton growth by recycling P
through egestion and excretion
Question: How much do alewives in Lake Michigan
contribute to phosphorus regeneration?
Bioenergetics nutrient
analysis was used to find
that 12,000 metric tons of
P were regenerated per
year
Strong year classes may
contribute to algal blooms
(Kraft 1993)
Climate Change and Sockeye
Salmon Production
Climate change may result
in increased temperatures
and less upwelling
How will this affect production
of sockeye salmon?
If temperatures increase 2-4 degrees C, the combination of
lower food availability and higher temperatures would result in
a 10-30% decrease in adult mass may also lead to lower
juvenile survival
(Hinch et al 1995)
What do bioenergetis have to do
with the University of Wisconsin?
Kitchell, J.F., and J.T. Windell. 1968. Rate of gastric digestion in pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 97(4):489-492.
Kitchell, J.F. 1969. Thermophilic and thermophobic responses of snakes in a thermal gradient. Copeia 1969(1):189-191.
Windell, J.T., D.O. Norris, J.F. Kitchell, and J.S. Norris. 1969. Digestive response of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, to pellet diets. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 26(7):1801-1812.
Kitchell, J.F., and J.T. Windell. 1970. Nutritional value of algae to bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus. Copeia 1970(1):186-190.
Windell, J.T., and J.F. Kitchell. 1970. A laboratory-discussion exercise on earthworm behavior. BSCS Newsletter. Soc. 41:2-6.
Windell, J.T., D.O. Norris, J.H. Bock, and J.F. Kitchell. 1971. General Biology Laboratory II. Kendall/Hunt Publ. Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 129 p.
Father of modern
bioenergetics
Kitchell, J.F., and J.T. Windell. 1972. Energy budget for the lizard, Anolis carolinensis. Physiol. Zool. 45:178-188.
Baumann, P.C., J.F. Kitchell, J.J. Magnuson, and T.B. Kayes. 1974. Lake Wingra, 1837-1973: a case history of human impact. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 62:57-94.
Baumann, P.C., and J.F. Kitchell. 1974. Diel patterns of distribution and feeding of bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, in Lake Wingra, Wisconsin. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 103:255-260.
Kitchell, J.F., J.F. Koonce, R.V. O'Neill, H.H. Shugart, Jr., J.J. Magnuson, and R.S. Booth. 1974. Model of fish biomass dynamics. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 103:786-798.
McCormick, A.J.A., O.L. Loucks, J.F. Koonce, J.F. Kitchell, and P.R. Weiler. 1974. An ecosystem model for the pelagic zone of a lake. In V.J. Yannacone, ed., Proceedings American Bar Association National Institute Environmental Litigation. American Bar Association, Chicago.
Stein, R.A., J.F. Kitchell and B. Knezevic. 1975. Selective predation by carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) on benthic molluscs in Skadar Lake, Yugoslavia. J. Fish Biol. 1975:391-399.
Kitchell, J.F., J.F. Koonce, and P.S. Tennis. 1975. Phosphorus flux through fishes. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 19:2478-2484.
Windell, J.T., J.F. Kitchell, D.O. Norris, J.S. Norris, and J.W. Foltz. 1976. Temperature and rate of gastric evacuation by rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 105:712-717.
Kitchell, J.F., M. Johnson, L. Greig, K. Loftus, K. Minns, and C. Olver. 1977. Percid habitat: the river analogy. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34:1936-1940.
Kitchell, J.F., D.J. Stewart, and D. Weininger. 1977. Applications of a bioenergetics model to perch (Perca flavescens) and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34:1922-1935.
Kitchell, J.F., J.J. Magnuson, and W.H. Neill. 1977. Estimation of caloric equivalents for fish biomass. Environ. Biol. Fish. 2:185-189.
Bartell, S.M., and J.F. Kitchell. 1978. Seasonal impact of planktivory on phosphorus release by Lake Wingra zooplankton. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 20:466-474.
Gallepp, G.W., J.F. Kitchell, and S.M. Bartell. 1978. Phosphorus released from lake muds affected by chironomids. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 20:458-474.
Kitchell, J.A., J.F. Kitchell, D.L. Clark, and L. Dangeard. 1978. Deep sea foraging behavior: its bathymetric potential in the fossil record. Science 200:1289-1291.
Kitchell, J.F., R.A. Stein, and B. Knezevic. 1978. Utilization of filamentous algae by fishes in Skadar Lake, Yugoslavia. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 20:2159-2165.
Kitchell, J.A., J.F. Kitchell, G.L. Johnson, and K. Hunkins. 1978. Abyssal traces and megafauna: comparison of productivity, diversity and density in the Arctic and Antarctic. Paleobiology 4:171-180.
Kitchell, J.F., W.H. Neill, A.E. Dizon, and J.J. Magnuson. 1978. Bioenergetic spectra of skipjack and yellowfin tunas. Pages 357-368 in G.D. Sharp and A.E. Dizon (eds.), Physiological Ecology of Tunas. Academic Press, New York.
Kitchell, J.F. 1979. In search of an optimal environment. Pages 31-33 in R.H. Stroud and H.E. Clepper (eds.), Predator-Prey Systems in Fisheries Management. Sport Fishing Institute, Washington, D.C.
Kitchell, J.F., R.V. O'Neill, D. Webb, G.W. Gallepp, S.M. Bartell, J.F. Koonce, and B.S. Ausmus. 1979. Consumer regulation of nutrient cycling. BioScience 29:28-34.
Lozano, S.L. ,and J.F. Kitchell. 1979. Response of a mobile invertebrate to heterothermal conditions. Pages 511-521 in J.H. Thorpe and J.W. Gibbons (eds.), Energy and Environmental Stress in Aquatic Systems. Selected papers from a symposium held at Augusta, Georgia. Technical Information Center, U.S. Department of Energy.
Breck, J.E., and J.F. Kitchell. 1980. Effects of macrophyte harvesting on simulated predator-prey interactions. Pages 211-228 in J.E. Breck et al. (eds.), Aquatic Plants, Lake Management, and Ecosystem Consequence of Lake Harvesting. Proceedings of a conference at Madison, Wisconsin. Inst. for Env. Studies, UW-Madison. 435 pages.
Loucks, O.L., M.S. Adams, J.E. Breck, J.F. Kitchell, R.D. Koegel, D. F. Livermore, R.T. Pretki, and J.E. Ross. 1980. Conference findings: an overview. Pages 421-434 in J.E. Breck et al. (eds.), Aquatic Plants, Lake Management, and Ecosystem Consequences of Lake Harvesting. Proceedings of a conference at Madison, Wisconsin. Inst. for Env. Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison. 435 p.
Kitchell, J.A., and J.F. Kitchell. 1980. Size selective predation, light transmission, and oxygen stratification: evidence from the recent sediments of manipulated lakes. Limnol. and Oceanogr. 25:389-402.
Kitchell, J.F. 1980. Fish dynamics and phosphorus cycling in lakes. Pages 81-91 in D. Scavia and R. Moll (eds.), Nutrient Cycling in the Great Lakes: a Summarization of Factors Regulating the Cycling of Phosphorus. Special Report No. 83. NOAA, Great Lakes Env. Res. Lab., Ann Arbor, Michigan. 140 p.
Kitchell, J.F., and J.E. Breck. 1980. A bioenergetics model and foraging hypothesis for sea lamprey. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:2159-2168.
Walters, C.J., G. Spangler, W.J. Christie, P. Marion, and J.F. Kitchell. 1980. A synthesis of knowns, unknowns and policy recommendations from the Sea Lamprey International Symposium. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:2202-2208.
Backiel, T., J. Thorpe, and J.F. Kitchell. 1981. Secondary production--fish. Pages 307-340 in E.D. LeCren and R.H. Lowe-McConnell (eds.), Functioning of Freshwater Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, London.
Kitchell, J.A., C.H. Boggs, J.F. Kitchell, and J.A. Rice. 1981. Prey selection by naticid gastropods: experimental tests and application to the fossil record. Paleobiology 7(4):533-552.
Stewart, D.J., J.F. Kitchell, and L.B. Crowder. 1981. Forage fishes and their salmonid predators in Lake Michigan. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 110:751-763.
Kitchell, J.F. 1983. Energetics. Pages 312-338 in P. Webb and D. Weihs (eds.), Fish Biomechanics. Praeger Publishers, New York. 398 p.
Rice, J.A., J.E. Breck, S.M. Bartell, and J.F. Kitchell. 1983. Evaluating the constraints of temperature, activity and consumption on growth of largemouth bass. Env. Biol. Fish. 9:263-275.
Boggs, C.B., J.A. Rice, J.A. Kitchell, and J.F. Kitchell. 1984. Predation at a snail's pace: what's time to a gastropod? Oecologia 62:13-17.
Carpenter, S.R., and J.F. Kitchell. 1984. Plankton community structure and limnetic primary production. American Naturalist 124:159-172.
Kitchell, J.F., H.F. Henderson, E. Grygierek, J. Hrbacek, S. Kerr, M.Pedini, T. Petr, J. Shapiro, R. Stein, J. Stenson, and T. Zaret. 1984. Management of Lakes by Food-Chain Manipulation. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 83 p.
Carpenter, S.R., J.F. Kitchell, and J.R. Hodgson. 1985. Cascading trophic interactions and lake productivity. BioScience 35:634-639.
Kitchell, J.F. 1985. An ecological rationale for managing predator-prey systems in the Great Lakes. Pages 85-97 in R. L. Eshenroder (ed.), Presented Papers from the Council of Lake Committees Plenary Session on Great Lakes Predator-Prey Issues, March 20, 1985. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Special Publication 85-3.
Carpenter, S.R., and J.F. Kitchell. 1993. Simulation models of the trophic cascade: predictions and evaluations. Pages 310-331in S.R. Carpenter and J.F. Kitchell (eds.), The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
Kitchell, J.F., and S.R. Carpenter. 1993. Synthesis and new directions. Pages 332-350in S.R. Carpenter and J.F. Kitchell (eds.), The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
Kitchell, J. F., S. R. Carpenter, J. R. Hodgson, X. He and P. A. Soranno. 1993. Phosphorus in food webs: Compensatory responses in experimental lakes. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 25: 344-348.
Carpenter, S. R., X. He, J. F. Kitchell and P. A. Soranno. 1993. Whole lake experiments: Is grazer functional response stable? Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 25: 398-400.
Hansen, M. J., D. Boisclair, S. B. Brandt, S. W. Hewett, J. F. Kitchell, M. C. Lucas, and J. J. Ney. 1993. Applications of bioenergetics models to fish ecology and management: Where do we go from here? Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 122: 1019-1030.
Schindler, D. E., J. F. Kitchell, X. He, S. R. Carpenter, J. R. Hodgson and K. L. Cottingham. 1993. Food web structure and phosphorus cycling in lakes. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 122:756-772.
He, X., J. F. Kitchell, S. R. Carpenter, J. R. Hodgson and D. E. Schindler. 1993. Food web configuration and long-term phosphorus recycling: A simulation model evaluation. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 122: 773-783.
He, X., J. . Hodgson, J. R., J. F. Kitchell and R. A. Wright. 1994. Growth and diet composition of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) from four experimental lakes. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 25: 2092-2097.
Schindler, D. E., B. M. Johnson, N. A. MacKay, N. Bouwes and J. F. Kitchell. 1994. Crab:snail size-structured interactions and salt marsh predation gradients. Oecologia 97: 49-61.
Carpenter, S. R., T. M. Frost, A. R. Ives, J. F. Kitchell and T. K. Kratz. 1994. Complexity, cascades and compensation in ecosystems. In Yasuna, M. and M. M. Watanabe (eds.) Biodiversity: Its Complexity and Role. Global Environmental Forum, Tokyo, Japan. Pp. 197-20
Kitchell, J. F., E. A. Eby, X. He, D. E. Schindler and R. M. Wright. 1994. Predator-prey dynamics in an ecosystem context. J. Fish Biol. 45:209-226. Kitchell, J.F., and L.B. Crowder. 1986. Predator-prey interactions in Lake Michigan: model predictions and recent dynamics. Env. Biol. Fish. 16(1-3):205-211.
Kraft, C.E., and J.F. Kitchell. 1986. Partitioning of food resources by sculpins in Lake Michigan. Env. Biol. Fish. 16(4):309-316.
Kitchell, J.A., C.H. Boggs, J.A. Rice, J.F. Kitchell, A. Hoffman, and J. Martinell. 1986. Anomalies in naticid predatory behavior: a critique and experimental observations. Malacalogia 27(2):291-298.
Kitchell, J.F., and S.R. Carpenter. 1987. Piscivores, planktivores, fossils and phorbins. Pages 132-146 in W.C. Kerfoot and A. Sih (eds.), Predation: Direct and Indirect Impacts on Aquatic Communities. University Press of New England, Hanover, N.H.
Carpenter, S.R., and J.F. Kitchell. 1987. The temporal scale of variance in limnetic primary productivity. Am. Nat. 129(3):417-433.
Hodgson, J.R., and J.F. Kitchell. 1987. Opportunistic foraging by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmonides). Am. Midl. Nat. 118(2):323-336.
Carpenter, S.R., J.F. Kitchell, J.R. Hodgson, P.A. Cochran, J.J. Elser, M.M. Elser, D.M. Lodge, D. Kretchmer, X. He and C.N. von Ende. 1987. Regulation of lake ecosystem productivity by food web structure. Ecology 68(6):1863-1876.
Kitchell, J.F., and S.W. Hewett. 1987. Forecasting forage demand and yield of sterile chinook salmon in Lake Michigan. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44(Suppl. 2):384-389.
Carpenter, S.R., and J.F. Kitchell. 1988. Introduction. Pages 1-8. in S.R. Carpenter (ed.), Complex Interactions in Lake Communities. Springer-Verlag, New York
Carpenter, S.R., and J.F. Kitchell. 1988. Consumer control of lake productivity. BioScience 38:764-769.
Hartig, J.H., J.F. Kitchell, D. Scavia, and S.B. Brandt. 1988. Rehabilitation of Lake Ontario: the role of nutrient reduction and food web dynamics. Report to the Great Lakes Science Advisory Board, International Joint Commission. 75 p.
Kitchell, J.F., and S.R. Carpenter. 1988. Food web manipulation in experimental lakes. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 23:351-358.
Kitchell, J.F., M.S. Evans, D. Scavia, and L.B. Crowder. 1988. Food web regulation of water quality in Lake Michigan: report of a workshop. J. Great Lakes Res. 14:109-114.
Scavia, D., G.A. Lang, and J.F. Kitchell. 1988. Dynamics of Lake Michigan plankton: a model evaluation of nutrient loading, competition and predation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45:165-177.
Kitchell, J.F., S.M. Bartell, S.R. Carpenter, D.J. Hall, D.J. McQueen, W.E. Neill, D. Scavia, and E.E. Werner. 1988. Epistemology, experimentation and pragmatism. Pages 263-280 in S.R. Carpenter (ed.), Complex Interactions in Lake Communities. Springer-Verlag, New York
Leavitt, P.R., S.R. Carpenter, and J.F. Kitchell. l989. Whole lake experiments: the annual record of fossil pigments and zooplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 34:700-717.
Cochran, P.A., and J.F. Kitchell. l989. A model of feeding by parasitic lampreys. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46:1845-52.
Crowder, L., R. Francis, E. Fritz, D. Hoss, J. Kitchell, R. Lasker, P. Ortner, K. Sherman, and G. Stauffer. l989. Recruitment Fisheries Oceanography Program Development Plan. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington D.C. 102 p.
Vanni, M.J., C. Luecke, J.F. Kitchell, and J.J. Magnuson. 1990. Effects of planktivorous fish mass mortality on the plankton community of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin: implications for biomanipulation. Hydrobiologia 200/201:329-336.
Kitchell, J.F. l990. Fisheries in the Great Lakes: a brief history as related to research and management programs for Lake Champlain. Water Resources Res. Reports, Univ. Vermont. Pp. 97-108.
Kitchell, J.F. l990. The scope for mortality caused by sea lamprey. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 119:642-648.
Vanni, M.J., C. Luecke, J.F. Kitchell, Y. Rentmeester, J. Temte and J.J. Magnuson. 1990. Cascading trophic interactions and phytoplankton abundance in a eutrophic lake: effects of massive fish mortality. Nature 344:333-335.
66. He, X., and J.F. Kitchell. 1990. Direct and indirect effects of predation on a fish community: a whole lake experiment. Trans. Amer. Fish Soc. 119:825-835.
67. Luecke, C., M.J. Vanni, J.J. Magnuson, J.F. Kitchell, and P.T. Jacobson. 1990. Seasonal regulation of Daphnia populations by planktivorous fish: implications for the spring clear water phase. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35(8):1718-1733.
Hartig, J.H., J.F. Kitchell, D. Scavia, and S.B. Brandt. 1991. Rehabilitation of Lake Ontario: the role of nutrient reduction and food web dynamics. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48:1574-1580.
Carpenter, S.R., T.M. Frost, J.F. Kitchell, T.K. Kratz, D.W. Schindler, J. Shearer, W.G. Sprules, M.J. Vanni, and A.P. Zimmerman. l991. Patterns of primary production and herbivory in 25 North American lake ecosystems. Pages 67-96.in J. Cole, S. Findlay, and G. Lovett (eds.), Comparative Analyses of Ecosystems: Patterns, Mechanisms and Theories. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Kitchell, J.F. l991. Salmonid carrying capacity: estimates and experiences in the Great Lakes of North America. Pages 59-66 in. R.J. Svrjcek (ed.), Marine Ranching: Proceedings of the Seventeenth U.S.-Japan Meeting on Aquaculture, Ise, Japan, 1988. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 102. National Marine Fisheries Service, [Washington, D.C.].
Kitchell, J.F., S.R. Carpenter, S.W. Bayley, K.C. Ewel, R.W. Howarth, S.M. Nixon, and D.W. Schindler. 1991. Aquatic ecosystem experiments in the context of global climate change: working group report. Pages 229-235.in H.A. Mooney et al. (eds.), Ecosystem Experiments. John Wiley and Sons, Sussex, England.
Boggs, C.H., and J.F. Kitchell. l991. Tuna metabolic rate estimated from energy losses during starvation. Physiol. Zool. 64:502-524.
Carpenter, S.R., S.G. Fisher, N.B. Grimm, and J.F. Kitchell. l992. Global change and freshwater ecosystems. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23:119-139.
Carpenter, S.R., and J.F. Kitchell. l992. Trophic cascade and biomanipulation: interface of research and management. Limnol. Oceanogr.37:208-213.
Kitchell, J.F. (ed.). l992. Food Web Management: A Case Study of Lake Mendota. Springer-Verlag, New York. 553 p.
Kitchell, J.F. l992. Introduction: the rationale and goals for food web management in Lake Mendota. Pages 1-5 in J.F.Kitchell (ed.). Food Web Management: A Case Study of Lake Mendota. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Kitchell, J.F. and P.R. Sanford. l992. Paleolimnological evidence of food web structure. Pages 31-47 in J.F.Kitchell (ed.). Food Web Management: A Case Study of Lake Mendota. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Kitchell, J.F., and S.R. Carpenter. l992. Summary: accomplishments and new directions of food web management in Lake Mendota. Pages 539-544 in J.F.Kitchell (ed.). Food Web Management: A Case Study of Lake Mendota. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Johnson, B.M., R.S. Stewart, C. Luecke, M.D. Staggs, S.J. Gilbert and J.F. Kitchell. 1992. Forecasting effects of harvest regulations and stocking on prey fish communities in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. N. Amer. J. Fish. Mgmt. 12:797-807.
Johnson, B. L., S. R. Milliman, R. C. Bishop and J. F. Kitchell. 1992. Evaluating fishery rehabilitation under uncertainty: a bioeconomic analysis of quota management for the Green Bay yellow perch fishery. N. Amer. J. Fish. Mgmt. 12: 703-720.
Carpenter, S.R., T.M. Frost, T.K. Kratz, and J.F. Kitchell. 1993. Species dynamics and global environmental change: a perspective from ecosystem experiments. Pages 267-269 in J. Kingsolver, P. Kareiva, and R. Huey (eds.), Biotic Interactions and Global Change. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass.
Kitchell, J. F. and S. R. Carpenter. l993. Variability in lake ecosystems: complex responses by the apical predator. Pages 111-124 in M. McDonnell and S. Pickett (eds.) Humans as Components of Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Carpenter, S.R., and J.F. Kitchell (eds.). 1993. The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
Kitchell, J.F., and S.R. Carpenter. Cascading trophic interactions. 1993. Pages 1-14 in S.R. Carpenter and J.F. Kitchell (eds.), The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
Carpenter, S.R., and J.F. Kitchell. 1993. Experimental lakes, manipulations and measurements. Pages 15-25in S.R. Carpenter and J.F. Kitchell (eds.), The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
Hodgson, J.R., X. He, and J.F. Kitchell. The fish populations. 1993. Pages 43-68 in S.R. Carpenter and J.F. Kitchell (eds.), The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
He, X., R.A. Wright, and J.F. Kitchell. Fish behavioral and community responses to manipulation. 1993. Pages 69-84in S.R. Carpenter and J.F. Kitchell (eds.), The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
He, X., J.F. Kitchell, J.R. Hodgson, R.A. Wright, P.A. Soranno, D.M. Lodge, P.A. Cochran, D.A. Benkowski, and N.A. Bouwes. 1993. Roles of fish predation: piscivory and planktivory. Pages 85-102in S.R. Carpenter and J.F. Kitchell (eds.), The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
Leavitt, P.R., P.A. Sanford, S.R. Carpenter, J.F. Kitchell, and D.A. Benkowski. Annual fossil pigment records of food web manipulation. 1993. Pages 278-309in S.R. Carpenter and J.F. Kitchell (eds.), The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
4
Kitchell, J.F. l990. The scope for mortality caused by sea lamprey. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 119:642-648.
Vanni, M.J., C. Luecke, J.F. Kitchell, Y. Rentmeester, J. Temte and J.J. Magnuson. 1990. Cascading trophic interactions and phytoplankton abundance in a eutrophic lake: effects of massive fish mortality. Nature 344:333-335.
66. He, X., and J.F. Kitchell. 1990. Direct and indirect effects of predation on a fish community: a whole lake experiment. Trans. Amer. Fish Soc. 119:825-835.
67. Luecke, C., M.J. Vanni, J.J. Magnuson, J.F. Kitchell, and P.T. Jacobson. 1990. Seasonal regulation of Daphnia populations by planktivorous fish: implications for the spring clear water phase. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35(8):1718-1733.
Hartig, J.H., J.F. Kitchell, D. Scavia, and S.B. Brandt. 1991. Rehabilitation of Lake Ontario: the role of nutrient reduction and food web dynamics. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48:1574-1580.
Carpenter, S.R., T.M. Frost, J.F. Kitchell, T.K. Kratz, D.W. Schindler, J. Shearer, W.G. Sprules, M.J. Vanni, and A.P. Zimmerman. l991. Patterns of primary production and herbivory in 25 North American lake ecosystems. Pages 67-96.in J. Cole, S. Findlay, and G. Lovett (eds.), Comparative Analyses of Ecosystems: Patterns, Mechanisms and Theories. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Kitchell, J.F. l991. Salmonid carrying capacity: estimates and experiences in the Great Lakes of North America. Pages 59-66 in. R.J. Svrjcek (ed.), Marine Ranching: Proceedings of the Seventeenth U.S.-Japan Meeting on Aquaculture, Ise, Japan, 1988. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 102. National Marine Fisheries Service, [Washington, D.C.].
Kitchell, J.F., S.R. Carpenter, S.W. Bayley, K.C. Ewel, R.W. Howarth, S.M. Nixon, and D.W. Schindler. 1991. Aquatic ecosystem experiments in the context of global climate change: working group report. Pages 229-235.in H.A. Mooney et al. (eds.), Ecosystem Experiments. John Wiley and Sons, Sussex, England.
Boggs, C.H., and J.F. Kitchell. l991. Tuna metabolic rate estimated from energy losses during starvation. Physiol. Zool. 64:502-524.
Carpenter, S.R., S.G. Fisher, N.B. Grimm, and J.F. Kitchell. l992. Global change and freshwater ecosystems. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23:119-139.
Carpenter, S.R., and J.F. Kitchell. l992. Trophic cascade and biomanipulation: interface of research and management. Limnol. Oceanogr.37:208-213.
Kitchell, J.F. (ed.). l992. Food Web Management: A Case Study of Lake Mendota. Springer-Verlag, New York. 553 p.
Kitchell, J.F. l992. Introduction: the rationale and goals for food web management in Lake Mendota. Pages 1-5 in J.F.Kitchell (ed.). Food Web Management: A Case Study of Lake Mendota. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Kitchell, J.F. and P.R. Sanford. l992. Paleolimnological evidence of food web structure. Pages 31-47 in J.F.Kitchell (ed.). Food Web Management: A Case Study of Lake Mendota. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Kitchell, J.F., and S.R. Carpenter. l992. Summary: accomplishments and new directions of food web management in Lake Mendota. Pages 539-544 in J.F.Kitchell (ed.). Food Web Management: A Case Study of Lake Mendota. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Johnson, B.M., R.S. Stewart, C. Luecke, M.D. Staggs, S.J. Gilbert and J.F. Kitchell. 1992. Forecasting effects of harvest regulations and stocking on prey fish communities in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. N. Amer. J. Fish. Mgmt. 12:797-807.
Johnson, B. L., S. R. Milliman, R. C. Bishop and J. F. Kitchell. 1992. Evaluating fishery rehabilitation under uncertainty: a bioeconomic analysis of quota management for the Green Bay yellow perch fishery. N. Amer. J. Fish. Mgmt. 12: 703-720.
Carpenter, S.R., T.M. Frost, T.K. Kratz, and J.F. Kitchell. 1993. Species dynamics and global environmental change: a perspective from ecosystem experiments. Pages 267-269 in J. Kingsolver, P. Kareiva, and R. Huey (eds.), Biotic Interactions and Global Change. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass.
Kitchell, J. F. and S. R. Carpenter. l993. Variability in lake ecosystems: complex responses by the apical predator. Pages 111-124 in M. McDonnell and S. Pickett (eds.) Humans as Components of Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Carpenter, S.R., and J.F. Kitchell (eds.). 1993. The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
Kitchell, J.F., and S.R. Carpenter. Cascading trophic interactions. 1993. Pages 1-14 in S.R. Carpenter and J.F. Kitchell (eds.), The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
Carpenter, S.R., and J.F. Kitchell. 1993. Experimental lakes, manipulations and measurements. Pages 15-25in S.R. Carpenter and J.F. Kitchell (eds.), The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
Hodgson, J.R., X. He, and J.F. Kitchell. The fish populations. 1993. Pages 43-68 in S.R. Carpenter and J.F. Kitchell (eds.), The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
He, X., R.A. Wright, and J.F. Kitchell. Fish behavioral and community responses to manipulation. 1993. Pages 69-84in S.R. Carpenter and J.F. Kitchell (eds.), The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
He, X., J.F. Kitchell, J.R. Hodgson, R.A. Wright, P.A. Soranno, D.M. Lodge, P.A. Cochran, D.A. Benkowski, and N.A. Bouwes. 1993. Roles of fish predation: piscivory and planktivory. Pages 85-102in S.R. Carpenter and J.F. Kitchell (eds.), The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
Leavitt, P.R., P.A. Sanford, S.R. Carpenter, J.F. Kitchell, and D.A. Benkowski. Annual fossil pigment records of food web manipulation. 1993. Pages 278-309in S.R. Carpenter and J.F. Kitchell (eds.), The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
Carpenter, S.R., and J.F. Kitchell. 1993. Simulation models of the trophic cascade: predictions and evaluations. Pages 310-331in S.R. Carpenter and J.F. Kitchell (eds.), The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
Kitchell, J.F., and S.R. Carpenter. 1993. Synthesis and new directions. Pages 332-350in S.R. Carpenter and J.F. Kitchell (eds.), The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.
Kitchell, J. F., S. R. Carpenter, J. R. Hodgson, X. He and P. A. Soranno. 1993. Phosphorus in food webs: Compensatory responses in experimental lakes. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 25: 344-348.
Carpenter, S. R., X. He, J. F. Kitchell and P. A. Soranno. 1993. Whole lake experiments: Is grazer functional response stable? Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 25: 398-400.
Hansen, M. J., D. Boisclair, S. B. Brandt, S. W. Hewett, J. F. Kitchell, M. C. Lucas, and J. J. Ney. 1993. Applications of bioenergetics models to fish ecology and management: Where do we go from here? Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 122: 1019-1030.
Schindler, D. E., J. F. Kitchell, X. He, S. R. Carpenter, J. R. Hodgson and K. L. Cottingham. 1993. Food web structure and phosphorus cycling in lakes. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 122:756-772.
He, X., J. F. Kitchell, S. R. Carpenter, J. R. Hodgson and D. E. Schindler. 1993. Food web configuration and long-term phosphorus recycling: A simulation model evaluation. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 122: 773-783.
He, X., J. . Hodgson, J. R., J. F. Kitchell and R. A. Wright. 1994. Growth and diet composition of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) from four experimental lakes. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 25: 2092-2097.
Schindler, D. E., B. M. Johnson, N. A. MacKay, N. Bouwes and J. F. Kitchell. 1994. Crab:snail size-structured interactions and salt marsh predation gradients. Oecologia 97: 49-61.
Carpenter, S. R., T. M. Frost, A. R. Ives, J. F. Kitchell and T. K. Kratz. 1994. Complexity, cascades and compensation in ecosystems. In Yasuna, M. and M. M. Watanabe (eds.) Biodiversity: Its Complexity and Role. Global Environmental Forum, Tokyo, Japan. Pp. 197-207.
Kitchell, J. F., E. A. Eby, X. He, D. E. Schindler and R. M. Wright. 1994. Predator-prey dynamics in an ecosystem context. J. Fish Biol. 45:209-226.
Leavitt, P.R., P.R. Sanford, S.R. Carpenter, and J.F. Kitchell. l994. An annual fossil record of production, planktivory and piscivory during whole lake experiments. J. Paleolimnology 11:133-149.
Schindler, D. E., S. T. Carpenter; K. L. Cottingham, X. He, J. R. Hodgson, J. F. Kitchell and P. A. Soranno. 1995. Food web structure and littoral zone coupling to pelagic trophic cascades. In G. Polis and K. O. Winemiller (eds). Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics. Chapman Hall, NY. Pp. 96-105.
Carpenter, S. R., D. L. Christensen, J. J. Cole, K. L Cottingham, X. He, J. R. Hodgson, J. F. Kitchell, S. E. Knight, M. L. Pace, D. M. Post, D. E. Schindler and N. Voichick. 1995. Biological control of eutrophication in lakes. Env. Sci. and Tech. 29: 784-786.
Kitchell, J. F. 1995. Toxic contaminants in the Great Lakes: A polythetic view of the issues and evidence. Ecol. Appl. 5:304-307.
Rudstam, L.G., P.E. Peppard, T.W. Fratt, R.E.Bruesewitz, D.W.Coble, F.A. Copes and J. F. Kitchell. 1995. Prey consumption by the burbot (Lota lota) population in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, based on a bioenergetics model. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52:1074-1082.
Eby, L. A., L. G. Rudstam and J. F. Kitchell. 1995. Predator responses to prey population dynamics: an empirical analysis based on lake trout growth rates. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52.1564-1571.
Post, D. M., T. M. Frost and J. F. Kitchell. 1995. Morphological responses by Bosmina longirostris and Eubosmina tubicen to changes in copepod predator populations during a whole-lake acidification experiment. J. Plankton Res. 17:1621-1632.
Hansson, S., L. G. Rudstam, J. F. Kitchell, M. Hilden, B. L. Johnson and P. E. Peppard. 1996. Predation rates by North Sea cod (Gadus morhua) - predictions from models on gastric evacuation and bioenergetics. ICES J. Marine Sci. 51:107-114.
Cochran, P.S., and J.F. Kitchell. 1986. Use of modeling to investigate feeding strategies of parasitic lampreys. Env. Biol. Fish. 16(1-3):219-223.
Leavitt, P.R., P.R. Sanford, S.R. Carpenter, and J.F. Kitchell. l994. An annual fossil record of production, planktivory and piscivory during whole lake experiments. J. Paleolimnology 11:133-149.
Schindler, D. E., S. T. Carpenter; K. L. Cottingham, X. He, J. R. Hodgson, J. F. Kitchell and P. A. Soranno. 1995. Food web structure and littoral zone coupling to pelagic trophic cascades. In G. Polis and K. O. Winemiller (eds). Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics. Chapman Hall, NY. Pp. 96-105.
Carpenter, S. R., D. L. Christensen, J. J. Cole, K. L Cottingham, X. He, J. R. Hodgson, J. F. Kitchell, S. E. Knight, M. L. Pace, D. M. Post, D. E. Schindler and N. Voichick. 1995. Biological control of eutrophication in lakes. Env. Sci. and Tech. 29: 784-786.
Kitchell, J. F. 1995. Toxic contaminants in the Great Lakes: A polythetic view of the issues and evidence. Ecol. Appl. 5:304-307.
Rudstam, L.G., P.E. Peppard, T.W. Fratt, R.E.Bruesewitz, D.W.Coble, F.A. Copes and J. F. Kitchell. 1995. Prey consumption by the burbot (Lota lota) population in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, based on a bioenergetics model. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52:1074-1082.
Eby, L. A., L. G. Rudstam and J. F. Kitchell. 1995. Predator responses to prey population dynamics: an empirical analysis based on lake trout growth rates. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52.1564-1571.
Post, D. M., T. M. Frost and J. F. Kitchell. 1995. Morphological responses by Bosmina longirostris and Eubosmina tubicen to changes in copepod predator populations during a whole-lake acidification experiment. J. Plankton Res. 17:1621-1632.
Hansson, S., L. G. Rudstam, J. F. Kitchell, M. Hilden, B. L. Johnson and P. E. Peppard. 1996. Predation rates by North Sea cod (Gadus morhua) - predictions from models on gastric evacuation and bioenergetics. ICES J. Marine Sci. 51:107-114.
Carpenter, S. R., J. F. Kitchell, K. L. Cottingham, D. E. Schindler, D. L. Christensen, D. M. Post and N. Voichick. 1996. Chlorophyll variability, nutrient input and grazing: evidence from whole-lake experiments. Ecology:725-735.
Kitchell, J. F. 1996. Where do we go from here? An outsider's view of the Symposium on Pacific salmon and Their Ecosystem. Pages 657-663. In D. J. Stouder, P. A. Bisson and R. J. Naiman (eds.). Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystem: Status and Future Options. 685 pp.
Carpenter, S. R., L. M. Jackson, J. F. Kitchell, and C. R. Stow. 1996. That was then, but this is now--A reply to Gilbertson and Ludwig. Ecol. Appl. 6: In press.
Johnson, T. B., and J. F. Kitchell. 1996. Long-term changes in zooplantivorous fish community composition: Implications for food webs. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53:2792-2803.
Kitchell, J. F., D. E. Schindler, R. Ogutu-Ohwayo and P. M. Reinthal. 1997. The Nile perch in Lake Victoria: interactions between predation and fisheries. Ecol. Appl. 7: 653-664.
Post, D. M., and J. F. Kitchell. 1997. Trophic ontogeny and life history effects on interactions between age-0 fish and zooplankton. Arch. Hydrobiol. Spec. Issues Advanc. Limnol. 49:1-12.
Schindler, D.E., J.R. Hodgson and J.F. Kitchell. 1997. Density-dependent changes in individual foraging specialization of largemouth bass. Oecologia 110:592-600.
Post, D. M., S. R. Carpenter, D. L. Christensen, K. L. Cottingham, J. R. Hodgson, J. F. Kitchell and D. E. Schindler. 1997. Seasonal effects of variable recruitment of a dominant piscivore on pelagic food web structure. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42:722-729.
Hansson, S., D. M. Post, J. F. Kitchell and T. S. McComish. 1997. Predation by yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in southern Lake Michigan--a model analysis. International Symposium on Forage Fish Dynamics, Univ. of Alaska Sea Grant, Anchorage, Alaska.
Eby, L. A., C. A. Stow, R. J. Hesselberg and J. F. Kitchell. 1997. Modeling changes in growth and diet on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) bioaccumulation in bloater (Coregonus hoyi). Ecol. Appl. 7:981-990.
Hanson, P.C., T. B. Johnson, D. E. Schindler, and J. F. Kitchell. 1997. Fish Bioenergetics 3.0. Sea Grant Technical Report, University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute, Madison, WI. 119 pages.
Schindler, D. E., S. R. Carpenter, J. J. Cole, J. F. Kitchell and M. L. Pace. 1997. Food web structure alters carbon exchange between lakes and the atmosphere. Science 277:248-251.
Hodgson, J. R., X. He, D. E. Schindler, and J. F. Kitchell. 1997. Diet overlap in a piscivore community. Ecol of Freshwater Fish 6: 34-42.
Kitchell, J.F., and M.L. Pace. 1998. Understanding human modifications of the ocean: Opportunities for large-scale experiments. www.joss.ucar.edu/joss_psg/project/oce_workshop/oeurve/kitchell_pace.html
Carpenter, S. R., J. J. Cole, J. F. Kitchell and M. L. Pace. 1998. Impact of dissolved organic carbon, phosphorus and grazing on phytoplankton biomass and production in experimental lakes. Limnol. and Oceanogr. 43:73-80.
Schindler, D.E., J.F. Kitchell and R. Ogutu-Ohwayo. 1998. Ecological consequences of alternative gill net fisheries for Nile perch in Lake Victoria. Conservation Biology 12:56-64.
Post, D. M., J. P. Taylor, J. F. Kitchell, M. H. Olson, D. E. Schindler and B. E. Herwig. 1998. The role of migratory waterfowl as nutrient vectors in a managed wetland. Conservation Biology 12:910-920.
Kitchell, J. F. 1998. Physiological ecology. Pages 164-198 In S.I. Dodson (ed.), Ecology. Oxford Univ. Press. 434 p.
Mason, D. M., T. B. Johnson and J. F. Kitchell. 1998. Consequences of prey fish community dynamics on lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) foraging efficiency in Lake Superior. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.55:1273-1284.
Johnson, T.B., D.M. Mason, C.R. Bronte, and J.F. Kitchell. 1998. Estimation of invertebrate production from patterns of forage fish consumption in western Lake Superior. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 127:496-506.
Carpenter, S. R., J. Cole, T. E. Essington, J. R. Hodgson, J. Houser, J. F. Kitchell and M. L. Pace. 1998. Evaluating alternative explanations in ecosystem experiments. Ecosystems 1:335-344.
Post, D. M., J. F. Kitchell and J. R. Hodgson. 1998. Interactions of spawning date, growth rates, predation and overwinter mortality in largemouth bass recruitment. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55: 2588-2600.
Essington, T. E., and J. F. Kitchell. 1999. New perspectives in the analysis of fish distributions: A case study on the spatial distribution of largemouth bass. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56:52-60.
Johnson, T. B., D. M. Mason, S. T. Schram and J. F. Kitchell. 1999. Ontogenetic and seasonal patterns in the energy content of piscivorous fishes in Lake Superior. J. Great Lakes Res. 25:275-281.
Kitchell, J. F., D. E. Schindler, B. R. Herwig, D. M. Post, M. H. Olson and M. Oldham. 1999. Nutrient cycling at the landscape scale: The role of diel foraging migrations by geese at the Bosque del Apache Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico. Limnology and Oceanography 44:828-836.
Kitchell, J. F., C. Boggs, X. He and C. J. Walters. 1999. Keystone predators in the Central Pacific. Pages 665-683 In Proc. 12th Wakefield Symposium on Ecological Considerations in Fisheries Management. Univ. of Alaska Sea Grant, Anchorage, Alaska. 756 pp.
Carpenter, S. R., J. F. Kitchell, J. J. Cole and M. L. Pace. 1999. Predicting responses of chlorophyll and primary production to changes in phosphorus, grazing and dissolved organic carbon. Limnology and Oceanography 44:1179-1182.
Pace, M. L., J. J. Cole, S. R. Carpenter and J. F. Kitchell. 1999. Trophic cascades revealed in diverse ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14:483-488.
Walters, C. J., D. M. Pauly, V. Christensen and J. F. Kitchell. 2000. Representing density dependent consequences of life history strategies in aquatic ecosystems: EcoSim II. Ecosystems 3:70-83.
Harvey, C.J., and J.F. Kitchell. 2000. A stable isotope evaluation of the structure and spatial heterogeneity of a Lake Superior food web. Can. J. of Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57:1395-1403.
Essington, T.E., J.R. Hodgson and J.F. Kitchell. 2000. The role of satiation in the functional response of a piscivore, largemouth bass. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57:548-556.
Kitchell, J. F., S. P. Cox, C. J. Harvey, T. B. Johnson, D. M. Mason, K. K. Schoen, K. Aydin, C. Bronte, M. Ebener, M. Hansen, M. Hoff, S. Schram, D. Schreiner and C. J. Walters. 2000. Sustainability of the Lake Superior fish community: Interactions in a food web context. Ecosystems 3:545-560.
Walters, C. J., and J. F. Kitchell. 2001. Cultivation/depensation effects on juvenile survival and recruitment. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58:39-50.
Carpenter, S.R., J.J. Cole, J.R. Hodgson, J.F. Kitchell, M.L. Pace, D. Bade, K.L. Cottingham, T.E. Essington, J.N. Houser and D.E. Schindler. 2001. Trophic cascades, nutrients and lake productivity: experimental enrichment of lakes with contrasting food webs. Ecological Monographs 71(2):163-86.
Carpenter, S.R., and J.F. Kitchell. 2001. Resolution of respect: Arthur Davis Hasler, 1908-2001. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 82:172-3.
Cole, J. J., M. L. Pace, S. R. Carpenter, and J. F. Kitchell. 2000. Persistence of net heterotrophy in lakes during nutrient addition and food web manipulations. Limnology and Oceanography 45:1718-1730.
Petersen, J., and J. F. Kitchell. 2001. Climate regimes and water temperature changes in the Columbia River: Effects on predators of juvenile salmon. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.: 58:1831-1841.
Harvey, C.J., P.C. Hanson, T.E. Essington, P.B. Brown, and J.F. Kitchell. 2002. Using bioenergetics models to predict stable isotope ratios in fishes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59:115-124.
Essington, T. E., J. F. Kitchell and C. J. Walters. 2001. The Von Bertalanffy growth function, bioenergetics and the consumption rates of fish. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58: 2129-2138.
Essington, T.E., D.E. Schindler., R. J. Olson, J. F. Kitchell, C. J. Boggs and R. Hilborn 2002. Alternative fisheries and the predation rate of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Ecological Applications 12: 724-734.
Lathrop, R.C., B.M. Johnson, T.B. Johnson, M.T. Vogelsang, S.R. Carpenter, T.R. Hrabik, J.F. Kitchell, J.J. Magnuson, L.G. Rudstam, and R.S. Stewart. 2002. Stocking piscivores to improve fishing and water clarity: a synthesis of the Lake Mendota biomanipulation project. Freshwat. Biol. 47:2410-2424.
Kitchell, J. F., T. E. Essington, C. H. Boggs, D. E. Schindler and C. J. Walters. 2002. The role of sharks and longline fisheries in a pelagic ecosystem of the central Pacific. Ecosystems 5: 202-216.
Schindler, D. E., T. E. Essington, J. F. Kitchell, C. J. Boggs and R. Hilborn. 2002. Sharks and tunas: Fisheries impacts on predators with contrasting life histories. Ecological Applications 12: 735-748.
Harris, G. P., S. W. Bigelow, J. J. Cole, H. Cyr, L. L. Janus, A. P. Kinzig, J. F. Kitchell, G. E. Likens, K. H. Reckhow, D. Scavia, D. Soto, L. M. Talbot, and P. H. Templer. 2002. The role of models in ecosystem management In C. D. Canham, J. J. Cole and W. K. Laurenroth (eds.) The Role of Models in Ecosystem Science. Princeton Univ. Press. Princeton NJ.
Olson, R.J., G.M. Watters, K.Y. Audin, C.H. Boggs, T.E. Essington, R.C. Francis, J.F. Kitchell, J.J. Polovina, and C.J. Walters. 2002. Interactive effects of climate variability and fishing: a modelling analysis for the eastern tropical Pacific pelagic ecosystem. In Christensen, V., G. Reck, and J.L. Maclean (eds.), Proceedings of the INCO-DC Conference Placing Fisheries in their Ecosystem
Context. Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, 4-8 December 2000. ACP-EU Fish. Res. Rep. 12: 31-32.
Harvey, C.J., S.T. Schram, and J.F. Kitchell. 2003. Trophic relationships among lean and siscowet lake trout in Lake Superior. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 132:219-228.
Cox, S. P., S. J. D. Martell, C. J. Walters, T. E. Essington, J. F. Kitchell, C. H. Boggs, and I. Kaplan. 2002. Reconstructing ecosystem dynamics in the central Pacific Ocean, 1952-1998: I. Estimating population biomass and recruitment of tunas and billfishes Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59:1724-1735.
Cox, S. P., T. E. Essington, J. F. Kitchell, S. J. D. Martell, C. J. Walters, C. H. Boggs and I. Kaplan. 2002. Reconstructing ecosystem dynamics in the central Pacific Ocean, 1952-1998: II. a preliminary assessment of the trophic impacts of fishing and effects on tuna dynamics. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59:1736-1747.
Cole, J. J., S. R. Carpenter, J. F. Kitchell and M. L. Pace. 2002. Pathways of organic C utilization in small lakes: Results from a whole-lake 13C addition and coupled model. Limnology and Oceanography 47:1664-1674.
Harvey, C. J., S. P. Cox, T. E. Essington, S. Hansson and J. F. Kitchell. 2003. An ecosystem model of food web and fisheries interactions in the Baltic Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 60:939-950.
Cox, S. P., and J. F. Kitchell. 2004. Lake Superior Ecosystem, 1929-1998: simulating alternative hypotheses for recruitment failure of lake herring (Coregonus artedi). Bull. Mar. Sci.: In press.
Watters G. M., R. J. Olson, R. C. Francis, P. C. Fiedler, J. J. Polovina, S. B. Reilly, K. Y. Aydin, C. H. Boggs, T. E. Essington, C. J. Walters and J. F. Kitchell. 2003. Physical forcing and the dynamics of the pelagic ecosystem in the eastern tropical Pacific: simulations with ENSO-scale and global warming climate drivers. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.: In press.
Johnson, T. B., M. H. Hoff3, A. S. Trebitz, C. R. Bronte, W. P. Brown, T. D. Corry , J. F. Kitchell, S. T. Lozano, D. M. Mason, J. V. Scharold, S. T. Schram, and D. R. Schreiner. Spatial patterns in assemblage structures of pelagic forage fish and zooplankton in western Lake Superior. J. Great Lakes Res.: In press
Pace, M. L. J. J. Cole, S. R. Carpenter, J. F. Kitchell, J. R. Hodgson, M. Van de Bogert, D. L. Bade, E. S. Kritzberg and D. Bastviken. 2004. Whole lake carbon-13 additions reveal terrestrial support of aquatic food webs. Nature 427:240-243.
Kitchell, J. F., I. Kaplan, S. P. Cox, S. J. D. Martell, T. E. Essington, C. H. Boggs and C. J. Walters. 2004. Ecological and economic components of alternative fishing methods to reduce by-catch of marlin in a tropical pelagic ecosystem. Bull. Mar. Sci.: In press