Pointer/Symonds Fletcher/Metzger
Cyber Ops 1AC
Plan
The United States Congress should statutorily ban the preemptive use of large-scale offensive
cyber operations by the President of the United States.
Adv 1- Cyber War
Scenario 1 is cyber prolif:
1.Status quo US offensive cyber operations set a precedent being modeled by other countries,
proliferating cyberweapons
Gjelten 13
(Tom Gjelten, correspondent for NPR, “Pentagon Goes On The Offensive Against Cyberattacks” February 11,
2013, http://www.npr.org/2013/02/11/171677247/pentagon-goes-on-the-offensive-against-cyber-attacks, KB)
2.Cyberweapons are rapidly proliferating–makes attacks likely on US and allies
Walsh 11
(Eddie Walsh, The Diplomat's Pentagon (accredited) correspondent and a WSD-Handa Fellow at Pacific Forum CSIS, “The Cyber
Proliferation Threat” October 6, 2011,http://thediplomat.com/new-leaders-forum/2011/10/06/the-cyber-proliferation-threat/, KB)
3.An attack is likely - causes great power nuclear war
Fritz 9
Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament [Jason, researcher for International
Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international
relations at Bond University, “Hacking Nuclear Command and Control,”
July,http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf]
4.Deterrence fails – a 3rd party will instigate the conflict
Owens et al 9
(William A. Owens, as an Admiral in the United States Navy and later Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, **Kenneth W. Dam,
served as Deputy Secretary of the Treasury from 2001 to 2003, where he specialized in international economic development,
**Herbert S. Lin, Senior Scientist and Study, “Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of
Cyberattack Capabilities” 4/27/2009, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/NRC-Report.pdf, KB)
5.The plan solves – US norms against OCO’s is critical to reverse cyberweapon prolif
Goldsmith 10
Jack Goldsmith, teaches at Harvard Law School and is on the Hoover Institution's Task Force on National Security and Law. He was
a member of a 2009 National Academies committee, “Can we stop the cyber arms race?” February 01,
2010, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2010-02-01/opinions/36895669_1_botnets-cyber-attacks-computer-attacks, KB)
6.Banning preemptive attacks is key to international credibility and deters attack
Clarke and Knake ‘12 (Richard (former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection,
and Counter-terrorism for the United States) and Robert (Cybersecurity and homeland security expert at
the Council on Foreign Relations), Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do
About It, Harper Collins Books, 2012, RSR)
Scenario 2 is preemption:
1.Squo offensive cyber doctrine leads to preemptive attacks and arms races
Xu 2013 (Xu Longdi, PhD and Associate Research Fellow at the China Institute of International Studies
in Beijing, April 10, 2013, “Obama Intensifies Cybersecurity Measures,” China Institute for International
Studies, http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2013-04/10/content_5864549.htm)
2.Preemptive strikes cause escalation to shooting war
Clarke 2009 (Richard Clarke, special adviser to the president for cybersecurity in the George W. Bush
administration and chairman of Good Harbor Consulting, November/December 2009, “War from
Cyberspace,” The National
Interest, http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/zselden/coursereading2011/Clarkecyber.pdf)
3.That causes nuclear miscalc due to hair-trigger response
Clark and Andreasen 13
(Richard A. Clarke, the chairman of Good Harbor Security Risk Management, was special adviser to the president for cybersecurity
in the George W. Bush administration. Steve Andreasen, a consultant to the Nuclear Threat Initiative, was the National Security
Council’s staff director for defense policy and arms control from 1993 to 2001, “Cyberwar’s threat does not justify a new policy of
nuclear deterrence” June 14, 2013, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-14/opinions/39977598_1_nuclear-weapons-cyberattack-cyberattacks, KB)
4.No defense – patriotic hackers make crisis management impossible
Owens et al 9
(William A. Owens, as an Admiral in the United States Navy and later Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, **Kenneth W. Dam,
served as Deputy Secretary of the Treasury from 2001 to 2003, where he specialized in international economic development,
**Herbert S. Lin, Senior Scientist and Study, “Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of
Cyberattack Capabilities” 4/27/2009, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/NRC-Report.pdf, KB)
5.Banning preemptive attacks solves
Clarke and Knake ‘10
[Richard Alan Clarke is the former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-terrorism for the United
States. Robert K. Knake, Former international affairs fellow in residence @ CFR. Cyber War. ETB]
ADV 2- SOP
1.No checks on executive-controlled cyber operations in squo
Opderbeck 12 (David, "Cybersecurity and Executive Power," Washington University Law Review, Vol
89: Issue 4, digitalcommons.law.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1020&context=lawreview)
2.Lack of congressional oversight on cyber operations undermines SOP
Lorber 13
[Eric, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University
Department of Political Science. Journal Of Constitutional Law 15.3 https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/1773lorber15upajconstl9612013. ETB]
3.Separation of powers key to the economy
Stevenson 5 (Dru Stevenson, Assistant Professor, South Texas College of Law (Houston), March 2005,
Cardozo Law Review, 26 Cardozo L. Rev. 1535)
4.Economic collapse triggers nuclear great power wars
Burrows and Harris ‘09
(Mathew J. Burrows is a counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC), the principal drafter of Global Trends 2025: A
Transformed World, Jennifer Harris is a member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit, “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects
of the Financial Crisis”, The Washington Quarterly, April,http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)
5.Early SOP key to prevent escalation of prez powers and massive inter-branch conflict
Taylor- Robinson and Ura 12 (Michelle M, Joseph, "Public opinion and conflict in the
separation of powers: Understanding the Honduran coup of 2009," Journal of Theoretical Politics, Oct
9, jtp.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/10/07/0951629812453216.full.pdf)
6.Interbranch conflict causes extinction
Linda S.
Jamison, Deputy Director of Governmental Relations @ CSIS, Spring 1993, Executive-Legislative Relations after the Cold War, Washington Quarterly, v.16, n.2, p. 189
7.Congressional failure to act leads to massive expansion in prez poweraction needed now
Dycus 10
[Stephen, Professor, Vermont Law School. JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW &POLICY 4.155.
http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf ETB]
8.Unfettered presidential powers cause nuclear war; ev is gender modified
Forrester 89 - Professor, Hastings College of the Law (Ray, August 1989, ESSAY: Presidential Wars in the Nuclear
Age: An Unresolved Problem, 57 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 1636)
Solvency
1.NFU for large-scale attacks reduces the risk of cyberattack
Owens et al. ‘9
[William A. Owens, Kenneth W. Dam, and Herbert S. Lin, editors, ¶ Committee on Offensive Information Warfare, National
Research Council. http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/NRC-Report.pdf ETB]
2.Declaratory policy would functionally end OCO training, preventing their use
Owens et al. ‘9
[William A. Owens, Kenneth W. Dam, and Herbert S. Lin, editors, ¶ Committee on Offensive Information Warfare, National Research
Council. http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/NRC-Report.pdf ETB]
3.Congressional action is critical to cyber expertise and preserves presidential flexibility
Dycus ‘10
[Stephen, Professor, Vermont Law School. JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW &POLICY 4.155.
http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf ETB]
Pointer/Symonds Garcia/McDonnell
Option 1: Drones aff with Heg and Pakistan
advantages, all same as the 1AC in the file
Option 2: NFU Cyber Ops aff with default
advantages
Pointer/Symonds Placido/Woodruff
Targeted Killing 1AC
Hegemony Advantage
Status quo drone policy undermines U.S. soft power
Zenko 13
(Douglas, Fellow at the Douglas Dillon institute, “US Drone Strike Policies,” Council on Foreign
Relation, January 22, 2013, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/us-drone-strikepolicies/p29849 accessed 8/1)
MICAH ZENKO: Well, thank you so much for the opportunity and for the
AND
use today will have on emerging drone powers once they have the technology.
Multiple warrants –
First, current drone policy risks U.S. alliances key to foreign and military policies –
unresolved legitimacy issues
Kennedy 13 (Greg, a Professor ¶ of Strategic Foreign Policy ¶ at the Defence Studies ¶ Department,
King's College ¶ London, based at the Joint ¶ Services Command and Staff ¶ College, Defence Academy
¶ of the United Kingdom, in ¶ Shrivenham, “Drones: Legitimacy and Anti-Americanism,” Parameters
42(4)/43(1) Winter-Spring 2013, Strategic Studies Institute at the United States Army War College
http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/3_Ar
ticle_Kennedy.pdf
p. 26)
The current debate over the legitimacy of America’s use of drones to
AND
This article will address only the first three critical questions.15
AND alliances key to soft power problem solving
Kreisher 12 (Otto Kreisher, Former Naval Officer/veteran Washington correspondent and defense
journalist, “Chuck Hagel, Touted As Next SecDef, Argues For Soft Power, Allies”, December 10 2012,
Breaking Defense, http://breakingdefense.com/2012/12/10/chuck-hagel-touted-as-next-secdef-arguesfor-soft-power-allie/ )
Perhaps with an eye toward America losing its preeminent military position, Hagel argued that
AND
must be addressed through alliances, through “joint thinking,” he said.
Second, drone strikes as is hurt U.S. credibility – lack of transparency, oversight and
restrictions allow any bombing to be blamed on the U.S.
Zenko 13, (Micah, fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, with expertise in Conflict
Prevention; US national security policy, military planning and operations and nuclear weapons
policy. “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”, Council on Foerign Relations Special Report no. 65,
January 2013 http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736,
pg15)
The problem with maintaining that drone strikes are covert is that both the American and
AND
, no congressional committee has conducted a hearing on any aspect of them.
AND credibility will make the difference in maintaining hegemonic standing
APSA 9 (American Political Science Association, The American Political Science Association is the leading
professional organization for the study of political science and serves more than 15,000 members in over 80 countries. With a range of
programs and services for individuals, departments and institutions, APSA brings together political scientists from all fields of inquiry,
regions, and occupational endeavors within and outside academe in order to expand awareness and understanding of politics, “ U.S.
Standing in the World: ¶ Causes, Consequences, ¶ and the Future,” Task Force Report, October 2009,
http://www.apsanet.org/media/PDFs/APSAUSStandingShortFinal.pdf
p. 3-4)
Unlike something a nation possesses and can easily measure, like wealth or military ¶
AND
of Americans, even when it has no readily observable ¶ behavioral implications.
Third, these drone strikes overshadow effectiveness of foreign aid programs
Zenko 13, (Micah, fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, with expertise in Conflict
Prevention; US national security policy, military planning and operations and nuclear weapons
policy. “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”, Council on Foerign Relations Special Report no. 65,
January 2013 http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736,
pg11)
At the same time, some drone strikes contradict stated
AND
either public or private consent for U.S. drone strikes within their territories.
AND foreign aid sustains US Hegemony – past proves
Ehrenfeld 04, (Daniel, University of Maryland professor posting in a peer reviewed journal
analyzing humanitarian intervention, “Foreign Aid Effectiveness, Political Rights and Bilateral
Distribution”, The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, February 1st,
http://sites.tufts.edu/jha/archives/75)
Despite the existence of multilateral programs, bilateral technical assistance to independent countries and even
AND
(notably India) prompted the emergence of greater amounts of bilateral programs.
Ultimately, soft power is key to US hegemony
Nye 2004 (Joseph S. Nye, political scientist and former Harvard school of government dean, “Soft
Power and American Foreign Policy” Vol. 119, No. 2, Summer 2004 ,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/20202345.pdf,p. 260-261)
In the global information age, the attractiveness of the United States will be crucial
AND
as the new realities of the information age. We cannot afford that.
U.S. hegemony prevents extinction – laundry list of reasons
Thayer 6 (Bradley A. is an associate professor in the Department of Defense and Strategic
Studies, Missouri State University, “In Defense of Primacy,” November/December 2006, Issue 86,
National Interest, p.32, EBSCOHost, Accessed Date: 5-7-13 y2k)
A grand strategy based on American primacy means ensuring the United States stays the world's
AND
--and the world's--to have it last as long as possible.¶
International Law Advantage
Scenario 1 is the Dimona Reactor
Hezbollah is gaining access to drones to threaten Israel’s nuclear facility at Dimona –
only restricting U.S. practices to create a new precedent can solve.
Knoll, freelance defense analyst and doctoral candidate in IR at the Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy
at Tufts University, 12 (David L., Will America’s Addiction to Drone Strikes Backfire?, The Diplomat, 23 October 2012,
http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/10/23/ok-drone-the-global-proliferation-of-uavs/?print=yes, da 8-3-13) PC
The spread of UAVs has also reached America’s foes. Iran touts an indigenously developed
AND
more tool in the arsenal, not a new type of unrestricted warfare.
An attack against the Dimona reactor would cause a catastrophic meltdown – poor
infrastructure and nuclear weapon presence
Scoop 3 (Scoop News, Dimona Reactor… a Mystery Threatening the Middle East, 18 September 2003,
http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0309/S00228.htm, da 8-3-13) PC
Preface “The Israeli nuclear reactor of Dimona is vulnerable to meltdown, like the
AND
which will jeopardize the entire surrounding region and on a large geographical scale.
Nuclear meltdown causes extinction – has the force of 100 Hiroshima bombs
Lendman 7 (Stephen, Nuclear Meltdown in Japan, The People’s Voice, 13 March 2011,
http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan, da 8-3-13) PC
Reuters said the 1995 Kobe quake caused $100 billion in damage, up to
AND
or face extinction. No one listened. The
Doomsday Clock keeps ticking.
Scenario 2 is the Senkaku Islands
China is acquiring drones to confront Japan over territorial disputes in the Senkaku
islands – guarantees war.
CBS 5-3 (China emerges as new force in drone warfare, Associated Press, 3 May 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_16257582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/, da 8-3-13) PC
Though China claims its military posture is entirely defensive, its navy and civilian maritime
AND
carrier killer," the Pentagon said in its 2012 report on China's military.
Senkaku disputes go nuclear.
Emmot, 6/4/2008 (Bill – editor of the Economist, Power rises in the east, The Australian, p.
http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arts/power-rises-in-the-east/story-e6frg8px-1111116460128)
As well as knitting them, however, this drama is also grinding together Asian
AND
East China Sea and
the Senkaku-Diaoyutai islands, Taiwan and Pakistan.
Introducing restrictions is the only way to stop drone proliferation that prevents
instability.
Roberts 13 (Kristin, When the Whole World Has Drones, National Journal, 21 March 2013,
http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321, da 8-1-13) PC
The proliferation of drone technology has moved well beyond the control of the United States
AND
uses of one of the most awesome military robotics capabilities of this generation.
Pakistan Advantage
Drone strikes are increasing in the status quo
Silverstein 2013 (Andrew, Undergraduate Political Science Major at the University of Pennsylvania,
Flying Combat Drones, Within the Bounds of International Humanitarian Law, May 2013, Sound
Politicks, official Undergraduate Journal of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, Volume
19, Spring 2013,
https://www.sas.upenn.edu/polisci/sites/www.sas.upenn.edu.polisci/files/Sound%20PoliticksVolume%20XIX-Spring%202013-Final.pdf#page=10, page 14 )
These are standards that can be applied not only to drones in Pakistan but also
AND
if kept at the status quo, the program ought to end in Pakistan
Continuation of drone strikes radicalize the populace and weaken an already unstable
Pakistani government
Innocent 9 (Malou, foreign policy analyst at the Cato Institute ,“The US Must Reassess Its Drone
Policy” Brookings Institution, August 25, 2009, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/us-mustreassess-its-drone-policy?print NB)
America’s interests lie in ensuring the virus of anti-American radicalism does not infect
AND
it is time to reassess both US tactics and objectives in the region.
Radical control of Pakistan ensures Indo-Pak war
Markey 10 (Daniel, Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan and South Asia at CFR, “Terrorism and
Indo-Pakistani Escalation” Council on Foreign Relations, CONTINGENCY PLANNING MEMORANDUM NO.
6, January 2010,
http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/27251/1/Terrorism%20and%20IndoPakistani%20escalation.pdf?1. NB)
The threat of another Mumbai-type attack is undeniable; numerous Pakistan-based
AND
those that are perceived as more autonomous, such as al-Qaeda.
Indo-Pak war guarantees extinction.
Hundley 12 (Tom Hundley is senior editor at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. This article for
Foreign Policy is part of the Pulitzer Center's Gateway project on nuclear security. Race to the End
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/05/race_to_the_end?page=0,3)
The arms race could make a loose nuke more likely. After all, Pakistan's
AND
it, but neither seems able to slow their dangerous race to annihilation.
Drone Strikes lead to increased Pakistani terrorism and instability
Boyle 10 (Michael J, Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, “Do Counterterrorism and
Counterinsurgency Go Together?” International Affairs 86:2 March 2010,
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2010.00885.x/pdf pp. 349-50 NB)
The indirect costs are numerous. It is hard to measure what the US loses
AND
Taleban’s insurgency against the United States, Pakistan and the¶ Karzai government.
Spreading Pakistani Insurgency Risks Nuclear Terrorism and War
Pitt 09 (William, NYT bestselling author of War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn’t Want you to Know,
Editor and columnist at truthout.org, May 8, “Unstable Pakistan Threatens The World,”
http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/?mod=article&cat=commentary&article=2183)
The United States, already embroiled in a war against Taliban forces in Afghanistan,
AND
to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.
Terrorism Advantage
Drone strikes fuel terrorism: revenge, recruitment and civilian backlash--- outweighs
any benefit
Boyle 2013 (Michael J., PhD and asst professor of political science @ La Salle University, “The Costs
and Consequences of Drone Warfare”, International Affairs, Volume 89, Number 1, January 2013,
http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International%20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyl
e.pdf, p. 9-10)
The second major claim for the effectiveness of drone strikes is based on ¶ their
AND
Al-Qaeda and strengthened local insurgent forces challenging the Yemeni government.53
Empirics prove--- drone strikes increase the number AND lethality of attacks
Morehouse 11, (Matthew A. Morehouse, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Department of Political
Science—Thesis, Hellfire and Grey Drones: An Empirical Examination of the Effectiveness of Targeted
Killings, May 1, 2011, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/poliscitheses/8/)
The first regression ran measured the influence of targeted killings (lagged by one week
AND
variable was statistically significant, with a p-value of .000.
No turns, decapitation is a failing strategy--- other groups fill in and the original ones
just go elsewhere
Boyle 2013 (Michael J., PhD and asst professor of political science @ La Salle University, “The Costs
and Consequences of Drone Warfare”, International Affairs, Volume 89, Number 1, January 2013,
http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International%20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyl
e.pdf, p. 11-12)
Yet the evidence that drones inhibit the operational latitude of terrorist groups ¶ and push
AND
Chapman ¶ in the Khost region of Afghanistan on 30 December 2009.66
Independently, targeted killing destroys intelligence gathering--- alienates our allies
Anderson 9, (Kenneth Anderson, Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University,
and Research Fellow, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Targeted Killing in U.S.
Counterterrorism Strategy and Law, SSRN, May 11, 2009, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1415070)
The elephant in the room, so to speak, however, is the standard
AND
terrorism, and in that regard not all states are equal, either.
Also literally incinerates vital intelligence by discouraging capture and interrogation
Thiessen 2011 (Marc A. Thiessen, visiting fellow at AEI, November 18, 2011, “We need a terrorist
detention and interrogation policy,” American Enterprise Institute, http://www.aei.org/article/foreignand-defense-policy/terrorism/we-need-a-terrorist-detention-and-interrogation-policy/)
The problem with this approach is: dead
terrorists cannot tell you their plans for
AND
In other words, America has a policy of terrorist catch and release.
Effective joint intelligence efforts are key to stop terrorism.
Cristian and Andreea 13, (Mărcău Flavius-Cristian, PhD Candidate, Babes-Bolyai University, Ciorei
Mihaela Andreea, MA, Constantin Brâncuși University from Targu-Jiu, THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE IN
THE FIGHT AGAINST TERROR, European Scientific Journal, vol.9, No.2, January 2013,
http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/download/708/792)
Terrorist threats are highly topical and won’t disappear in the next decade. Most likely
AND
be used as well as possible at
strategic, operational and tactical level.
AQAP has the intent to attack the US homeland
Bengyak, Emker 2013(Kevin, Stacey, M.A.candadite at the John C. Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy
and International Relations, “Analyzing the US Countertterrorism Strategy in Yemen”, January 14, 2013,
http://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/2013/01/analyzing-the-us-counterterrorism-strategy-in-yemen/)
The United States has placed great emphasis on fighting the militant Islamic group based in
AND
is attempting to exploit in order to consolidate its power within the country.
And they have the capability
O’Hanlan 2013 (Micheal, senior fellow with the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence and
director of research for the Foreign Policy program at the Brookings Institution where he specializes in
U.S. defense strategy, the use of military force, and American foreign policy, “ How US Cities Can Protect
Themselves Against Terrorist Attacks”, April 17, 2013,
http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/04/17-us-cities-protect-bombing-attacks-ohanlon)
¶ Roughly a decade ago, in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks,
AND
(or shoot up public places) are not that hard to access.
Terrorism causes miscalculation that draws in Russia and China and culminates in
extinction- also causes rising alert levels
Ayson 2010 (Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic
Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack:
Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to
Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.
Rapid escalation in alert levels causes decentralized command authority – makes
uncontrollable escalation inevitable
Sagan 1990 (Scott Sagan, professor of political science and co-director of Stanford's Center for
International Security and Cooperation, 1990 “Nuclear Alerts and Crisis Management” in “Nuclear
diplomacy and crisis management: an International security reader” p. 191-3)
A “NO-ALERTS” POLICY? It would be equally in error,
AND
.
Any one of these authorized escalatory steps might lead to uncontrolled escalation.
Plan Text
Plan: The United States Congress should establish a federal court with jurisdiction over
targeted killing authorization.
Solvency
Congressional establishment of courts for drones creates clear guidelines and
transparency, which combats rights abuses- federal courts cannot enforce their
decisions without those things
McKelvey 2011 (Benjamin, Executive Development Editor on the Editorial Board of the Vanderbilt
Journal of Transnational Law, “Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The
Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power,” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Volume 44,
Number 5, November,http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/mckelvey-pdf.pdf,
p. 1377-1378)
The targeted killing of Americans, as demonstrated by the ¶ Aulaqi case, presents
AND
the use of all ¶ peaceful measures before lethal force is pursued.212
Drone court solves legal criteria
Harman 2013 (Jane Harman, director, president and chief executive officer of the Woodrow Wilson
International Center for Scholars, February 19, 2013, “Harman: Drone courts can work,” Security
Clearance, CNN, http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2013/02/19/harman-drone-courts-can-work/)
September 11, 2001, was a game changer, forcing the United States to
AND
FISA provisions for emergency authorization in time-sensitive situations should also apply.
Establishment of transparent drone procedures key to international perception of
legitimacy
Machon 2006 (Maj. Matthew J., US Army Major and investigor for the School of Advanced Military
Studies, “Targeted Killing as an Element of U.S. Foreign Policy in the War on Terror”, 5/25/06,
http://www.fas.org/irp/eprint/machon.pdf, p. 57)
To maintain international legitimacy and retain the moral high ground within the war on ¶
AND
appears to be the case thus far in the war on ¶ terror.
Reforming the drone program is key to solve for Pakistani instability/terrorism.
Markey 13 (Daniel, Senior Fellow on India, Pakistan and South Africa at the CFR, “A New Drone Deal
For Pakistan” Foreign Affairs. July 16, 2013. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139584/danielmarkey/a-new-drone-deal-for-pakistan NB)
For all its successes, the U.S. drone program in Pakistan is
AND
campaign against al Qaeda on firmer political footing without entirely eliminating its effectiveness.
A2: Heg Bad
No impact turns---hegemonic decline emboldens rising power and challengers---US
intervention is inevitable, only a question of effectiveness.
Stuart Gottlieb 12 is an Adjunct Professor of International Affairs and Public Policy at Columbia
University's School of International and Public Affairs, where he is also an affiliate of the Saltzman
Institute of War and Peace Studies. He worked as a foreign policy adviser and speechwriter to two
senior Democratic senators and has worked on presidential campaigns for both Democratic and
Republican candidates. “What if U.S. stops policing the world?” September 19, 2012,
http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/18/opinion/gottlieb-us-retrenchment/index.html, Accessed Date: 4-1913 y2k
But the question is not whether promises to bring home troops and reduce military spending
AND
. History shows that doing otherwise only raises the stakes down the line.
Solvency: Restrictions/Oversight Solves the Advantage
Restrictions are key to transparency, which sets international norms
Roberts 13 (Kristin, When the Whole World Has Drones, National Journal, 21 March 2013,
http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321, da 8-1-13) PC
Already, what’s become apparent is that the White House is not interested in changing
AND
—to be closer to certain that their target is the right one.
Drone proliferation and civilian strikes are inevitable – restricting the president to
comply with international norms about the use of force is the only way to spur
international modeling and halt drone proliferation – history proves
Zenko, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action, 13 (Micah, Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,
Council on Foreign Relations Center for Preventative Action, January 2013, da 7-29-13) PC
Beyond the United States, drones
AND
are proliferating even as they are becoming increasingly sophisticated
more likely to use lethal force against the U nited S tates and its allies.
U.S. transparency is key – failure to shape international law risks increased tensions
with Russia and China
Alston 2011 (Philip, professor of law at NYU School of Law and former UN Special Rapporteur on
extrajudicial executions, “The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders”, Harvard National Security
Journal, Vol. 2) PY
Because the United States inevitably contributes disproportionately to the shaping of global regime
rules,
AND
acting within the scope of those rules it needs to provide the evidence.
Link: Drones Lead to Backlash and Retaliation
Drone strikes fuel terrorism--- laundry list
Blum and Heyman 10, (Gabriella Blum, Assistant Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, and Philip
Heymann, James Barr Ames Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, Law and Policy of Targeted Killing,
Harvard National Security Journal, Vol. 1, June 27, 2010,
https://www.law.upenn.edu/institutes/cerl/conferences/targetedkilling/papers/BlumHeymannLawPolic
y.pdf)
An immediate consequence of eliminating leaders of terrorist organizations will sometimes be what may be
AND
at the same time as it weakens domestic support for fighting the terrorists.
Drone strikes increase recruitment and destabilize the Pak-Afghan region—leads to
retaliation and terrorism.
Shah 10, (SIKANDER AHMED SHAH, J.D. Cum Laude, University of Michigan Ann Arbor; Assistant
Professor of Law and Policy, LUMS University, Lahore, Pakistan, WAR ON TERRORISM: SELF DEFENSE,
OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM, AND THE LEGALITY OF U.S. DRONE ATTACKS IN PAKISTAN,
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY GLOBAL STUDIES LAW REVIEW, VOL. 9:77, 2010,
http://law.wustl.edu/WUGSLR/Issues/Volume9_1/Shah.pdf)
The use of force is unnecessary in self defense when, rather than diminishing the
AND
of terrorism emanating out of the tribal areas of Pakistan is highly questionable.
Drone strikes increase support for extremist groups—increases terrorism.
O’Connell 10, (Mary Ellen O’Connell, Robert and Marion Short Chair in Law, University of Notre Dame,
Lawful Use of Combat Drones, House of Representatives Subcommittee on National Security and
Foreign Affairs, Hearing: Rise of the Drones II: Examining the Legality of Unmanned Targeting, April 28,
2010, https://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2010_hr/042810oconnell.pdf)
The use of military force in counter-terrorism operations has been counter-productive
AND
of law, especially by strict compliance with the rules governing lethal force.
Drone strikes radicalize populations and kill peace efforts.
Gazit and Byrm 11, (Nir Gazit, Ruppin Academic Center, Israel, Robert J Brym, University of Toronto,
Canada, State-directed political assassination in Israel: A political hypothesis, International Sociology Vol.
26:6, Oct 21, 2011, iss.sagepub.com/content/26/6/862.abstract)
Political assassination is costly also because it enrages the Palestinians, increases their motivation to
AND
violence between Israel and the Palestinians resumed (Honig, 2007: 566).
Internal Link: International Cooperation Solves
International cooperation is key to solve terrorism.
MGI 8, (Managing Global Insecurity, In collaboration with the Brookings Institution, New York
University Center on International Cooperation, and Stanford University Center for International
Security and Cooperation, Combatting International Terrorism: A Managing Global Insecurity Brief, May
2008, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2008/5/05-terrorismmgi/05_terrorism_mgi.pdf)
No State Can Address Terrorism Alone. No state, however powerful, can defend
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cooperation on counter-terrorism and construct a roadmap for its strategic implementation.
Globalization means only cooperation can solve terrorism—the world is too
interconnected for local efforts to solve.
Cordesman 10, (Anthony H. Cordesman, Center for Strategic and International Studies Arleigh A.
Burke Chair in Strategy, International Cooperation in Counterterrorism: Redefining the Threat and the
Requirement, March 11, 2010, http://csis.org/files/publication/100315_IntCoopinfightterror.pdf)
The first lesson in improving such cooperation is the most obvious and the most important
AND
would be acts that do nothing more than create hollow, pointless tragedies.
International Solvency
Reforming U.S. drone policies is the only way to spur international targeted killing
regulations
Farley, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the
University of Kentucky, 11 (Robert, Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent, World Politics Review, 12 Oct 2011,
http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent, da 7-31-13) PC
Improvements in technology do not make the procurement of any given weapon necessary; rather
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policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting.
US needs to alter law to be a first mover – international responses to drone
proliferation crumble without domestic accountability
Alston 2011 (Philip, professor of law at NYU School of Law and former UN Special Rapporteur on
extrajudicial executions, “The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders”, Harvard National Security
Journal, Vol. 2) PY
It might be argued in response by the United States that the standard of accountability
AND
Libya, and Syria in the context of the Arab Spring of 2011.
The US has an extremely high influence on growing global drone use
Alston 11 [Philip, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at NYU School of Law and UN Special
Rapporteur on extrajudicial summary or arbitrary executions from 2004-2010, “The CIA and Targeted
Killings Beyond Borders”, New York University School of Law Public Law & Legal Theory Research Paper
Series, Working Paper no. 11-64,
https://www.law.upenn.edu/institutes/cerl/conferences/targetedkilling/papers/AlstonCIABeyondBorde
rs.pdf, p.113-115]AM
Because the United States inevitably contributes disproportionately to the shaping of global regime
rules,
AND
of illegal violent action,” and also any “ideology of violence.”584
More transparency and oversight will give the US more international credibility and
strengthen domestic support of government policies
GSS 12 [Global Security Studies, academic and professional journal for strategic issues involving
international security affairs, “Targeted Killings: Justified Acts of War or Too Much Power for One
Government?”, Global Security Studies journal Volume 3 Issue 3, Summer 2012,
http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Clark%20Targeted.pdf p.32-33]AM
The most important change that the United States’ government needs to apply in its implementation
AND
United States cannot continue to criticize other countries while using the same policies .
Transparency Solvency
Increasing transparency in the drone program is necessary for its success- required for
intel sharing and legitimacy
Cullen 2007 (Colonel Peter M., Staff Judge Advocate at Fort Campbell, “THE ROLE OF TARGETED
KILLING IN THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST TERROR”, 3/30/07, http://www.dtic.mil/cgibin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA471529, p. 11)
The long-term success or failure of targeted killing as a component of the
AND
¶ will become an even more potent weapon against trans-national terrorism.
Drones court provides oversight and international perception of process
NYT 2010 (Editorial, 10-9, “Lethal Force Under Law”, New York Times,
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/opinion/10sun1.html) PY
The Obama administration has sharply expanded the shadow war against terrorists, using both the
AND
to other countries that the United States couples drastic action with careful judgment.
Drones court sets high standard for international law
Fisher 2007 (W. Jason, judicial clerk to the US District Court for the District of New Mexico, “Targeted
Killing, Norms, and International Law”, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 45) PY
In constructing a place for the use of targeted killing as a counter-terrorism
AND
standard designed to minimize misidentification and ensure requisite involvement in terrorist
activities. n253
Judicial review of the legality of targeted killing effectively limits the scope of
Presidential drone strikes – executive officials agree
Jaffer, Director of the ACLU's Center for Democracy, 13 (Jameel, Judicial Review of Targeted Killings, Harvard Law
Review, 2013, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/126/april13/forum_1002.php, da 7-29-13) PC
Since 9/11, the CIA and Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC)
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said that even the mere prospect of judicial review deters error and abuse.
Solvency Extension
Drone court solves – avoids collateral damage.
Harman 2013 (Jane Harman, director, president and chief executive officer of the Woodrow Wilson
International Center for Scholars, February 19, 2013, “Harman: Drone courts can work,” Security
Clearance, CNN, http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2013/02/19/harman-drone-courts-can-work/)
The concern about avoiding collateral damage in drone strikes is echoed in the FISA requirement
AND
. We can have liberty and security, or we can diminish both.
Drone court solves – protects the public.
Opderbeck 2013 (David W. Opderbeck, Professor of Law, Seton Hall University Law School, and
Director, Gibbons Institute of Law, Science & Technology, August 2, 2013, “Drone Courts,”
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2305315)
The age of the drones has dawned. Rapid technological development will soon permit the
AND
provide an important independent measure of accountability over the use of killer drones.
A2 Flexibility
Doesn’t hurt flexibility or take too long
Opderbeck 2013 (David W. Opderbeck, Professor of Law, Seton Hall University Law School, and
Director, Gibbons Institute of Law, Science & Technology, August 2, 2013, “Drone Courts,”
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2305315)
In addition to general separation of powers concerns, a number of practical objections have
AND
of the actual strike. The same could be true for a court.
Drones court provides key oversight and restores confidence, maintains executive
flexibility
NYT 2013 (Editorial, 2-13, “A Court for Targeted Killings, New York Times,
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/14/opinion/a-special-court-is-needed-to-review-targetedkillings.html?adxnnl=1&ref=opinion&adxnnlx=1375211005-PwXpocA9mxNC9hvPb06ZJw) PY
No American prosecutor can imprison or execute someone except on the orders of a judge
AND
is serious about bringing national security policy back under the rule of law.
A2 Top Secret Info
Top secret information is not an obstacle to the drones court
Opderbeck 2013 (David W. Opderbeck, Professor of Law, Seton Hall University Law School, and
Director, Gibbons Institute of Law, Science & Technology, August 2, 2013, “Drone Courts,”
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2305315)
A second practical objection is that drone strikes typically involve top secret and other sensitive
AND
Wanted” criminal list and its “Most Wanted Terrorists” list.310
A2 Normalizes Targeted Killing
Drone court doesn’t normalize TK
Opderbeck 2013 (David W. Opderbeck, Professor of Law, Seton Hall University Law School, and
Director, Gibbons Institute of Law, Science & Technology, August 2, 2013, “Drone Courts,”
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2305315)
Another important objection to the sort of process outlined above is that it would “
AND
policies crafted solely by a handful of high-level executive branch officials.
Critical Adv.
Distancing
Drone warfare occurs in the context of sanitized technological killing—the distance
enacted by the phenomenological dimension of drone weapons delivery establishes a
radical separation between the bureaucratic machinations that justify and order that
killing and the concrete human dimensions of those same murderous practices.
Addey et al 11 (Peter Addey, Mark Whitehead, Alison Williams et al. "Introduction: Air-target Distance, Reach
and the Politics of Verticality." Theory, Culture & Society 28.7-8 2011).
The target of aerial war and security could be understood in a manner that Eyal
AND
both Ryan Bishop and Paul K. Saint Amour explore in their articles.
This technologized war-at-a-distance normalizes violence in the context of the everyday lives of
warfighters and warplanners. Drone warfare reduces the world to a picture whose being is just being
targeted by the US.
Pugliese 11 (Joseph Pugliese Research Director of the Department of Media, Music, Communication and
Cultural Studies Macquarie University "Prosthetics of Law and the Anomic Violence of Drones." 20 Griffeth L. Rev.
931 2011)
The ensconcing of war operations, and the everyday deployment of lethal drone attacks,
AND
people where names were unknown created a serious risk of killing innocent people."
This means that there is no value to life in the status quo—technological distancing
reduces life to nothing more than something to be targeted and destroyed by
militaristic impulses.
Shaw, Graaham, and Majed ’12. Shaw, Ian Graham, and Akhter, Majed. "The Unbearable
Humanness of Drone Warfare in FATA, Pakistan." Antipode 44.4 (September 2012).
Representation, a social practice and strategy through which meanings are constituted and
communicated
AND
of targets to be destroyed as soon as it can be made visible.
The biggest internal link to all these distancing impacts is the way that technologized
violence removes the emotional, affective element from the calculations of
warplanning.
Grayson 12 (Kyle, Senior Lec. At Newcastle University in Critical Geopolitics and International Politics,
“Six Theses on Targeted Killing,” Political Studies Association, Vol 32,
<http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2012.01434.x/abstract>)¶
Space can be conceived as the four-dimensional environment (length, width,
AND
of the victim’s social order’ (Feldman,¶ 1991, p. 75).
Bringing the affective dimension back into drone warfare displaces the logic of
efficiency which erases the concrete experience of warfare and enables the violent
distancing which causes the worst atrocities in modern technologized war.
Kwan 07 ( Mei-Po, Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht
University, the Netherlands Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, Hong Kong, Affecting Geospatial Technologies: Toward a Feminist Politics of Emotion,
Volume 59/1, February 2007)
The critical project that aims to bring bodies and emotions back in GT practices entails
AND
and reader, and representation and practice (Del Casino and Hanna 2006).
Colonialism
Drones reinforce colonialism by viewing the ground as something to be controlled (the
colony) and the atmosphere as something to be defended (the colonizer).
Shaw, Graaham, and Majed ’12. Shaw, Ian Graham, and Akhter, Majed. "The Unbearable
Humanness of Drone Warfare in FATA, Pakistan." Antipode 44.4 (September 2012).
The sky is the space in which technology masters the world. It is clean
AND
USmilitary for securing¶ the future of warfare (Kaplan 2009).
Drones link to colonialism. They only operate in FATA which is a region that has been
historically exempted from constitutional protection due to British abuse.
Shaw, Graaham, and Majed ’12. Shaw, Ian Graham, and Akhter, Majed. "The Unbearable
Humanness of Drone Warfare in FATA, Pakistan." Antipode 44.4 (September 2012).
FATA is divided into seven tribal agencies spanning 27 244 km2 and, according to
AND
and exception make drone warfare a reality in certain spaces and not others.
Racism
Savagery, an arcane yet persistent racist bias, become re-propagated through the
prejudices of the drone cyborg features and functions.
Allinson 12. (Jamie, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Westminster,
International Relations PhD, University of Edinburgh, “Necropolitics of the Cyborg Empire: Rethinking
the Drone War,” Millennium Conference, http://millenniumjournal.files.wordpress.
com/2012/10/allinsonmillenium2012necropoliticscyborg-empire.docx)
In the following section I take up a particular, unusually well-documented instances
AND
humanity, becoming ‘savage life… just another form of animal life’.
ATR, the algorithm that allows the drone to set its target, is already imbued with the
racialized and generalized way in which we identify our “enemies.”
Allinson 12. (Jamie, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Westminster,
International Relations PhD, University of Edinburgh, “Necropolitics of the Cyborg Empire: Rethinking
the Drone War,” Millennium Conference, http://millenniumjournal.files.wordpress.
com/2012/10/allinsonmillenium2012necropoliticscyborg-empire.docx)
The process of racial distinction relies upon an apparatus of knowledge that identifies those whom
AND
all adult males killed by strikes as “militants,” absent exonerating evidence’.
Biopolitics
UAV’s are used for biopolitical control over populations under the guise of
humanitarianism
Wilcox 9
(Lauren, Department of Political Science, University of Minnesota, “Body Counts: The Politics of
Embodiment in Precision Warfare”)
Precision warfare is the mode in which technologically advanced states wage war. It is
AND
Death for civilians is also understood in this framework of risk and probability.
Targeted killing is biopolitical
Grayson 12 (Kyle, Senior Lec. At Newcastle University in Critical Geopolitics and International Politics,
“Six Theses on Targeted Killing,” Political Studies Association, Vol 32,
<http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2012.01434.x/abstract>)¶
Targeted killing is a nodal point through which relations of domination, submission¶
AND
that continues to give the¶ practice policy traction (Lamb, 2007).¶
Drones extends the global reach of the panopticon
Wilcox 9
(Lauren, Department of Political Science, University of Minnesota, “Body Counts: The Politics of
Embodiment in Precision Warfare”)
The use of drones continues the extension of the space of the battlefield as well
AND
are killed as a result of the high-tech targeting of terrorists.
FATA
Drone Strikes in the FATA Continue to Cause Civilian Casualties That Only Serve to
Exemplify the Price of Western Hegemony and Imperialism
Shaw 11 (Ian Shaw, Ph.D. in Geology, “THE SPATIAL POLITICS OF DRONE WARFARE”, Dissertation,
http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/handle/10150/145131, submitted for defense 2011.)
Obama’s ostensible reversal of Bush’s legally dubious policies of ‘enhanced interrogation’ and
Guantánamo detention
AND
political work that the drone itself carries out in relation to the law.
The USFG has taken advantage of the state of exception of FATA where they
paradoxically operate legally and illegally through their use of drones. Because of the
ambiguous nature of FATA, the USFG can carry out extreme abuse of human rights.
Shaw, Graaham, and Majed ’12. Shaw, Ian Graham, and Akhter, Majed. "The Unbearable
Humanness of Drone Warfare in FATA, Pakistan." Antipode 44.4 (September 2012).
There are two interrelated approaches to capture the spatial complexities of FATA,¶ Pakistan.
AND
it¶ sit there, and never does it sit still.
Distancing – Responsibility
The US’s insistence to use drones in no fly zones ignores the consequences of war and
makes violence acceptable
Addey et al 11 (Peter Addey, Mark Whitehead, Alison Williams et al. "Introduction: Air-target Distance, Reach
and the Politics of Verticality." Theory, Culture & Society 28.7-8 2011).
Perhaps as a consequence of what many refer to as Network Centric Warfare, aerial
AND
duty hours. Yet, they are legal combatants¶ engaging enemy targets.
Biopolitics
The biopolitical implications of the status quo create the ideological priming needed
for a holocaust
Smith 11 (Robert, “Endgame Nearing an End: The Production of Bare Life under the U.S. Deportation
Regime”, pg. 9, BW)
Agamben writes that the sovereign nomos is the principle that joins law and violence to
AND
these concepts are tangibly realized in the deportation regime of the United States.
The end point of biopolitics is a state in which legal order is indistinguishable from
bare life
Dean, 04 – professor of sociology at the University of Newcastle (Mitchell, “Four Theses on the Powers
of Life and Death,” Contretemps 5, December 2004,
http://sydney.edu.au/contretemps/5december2004/dean.pdf)//HK
Fourth thesis: Bio-politics captures life stripped naked (or the zoē that
AND
the very core of modern politics, ethics, and systems of justice.
Social Justice
Social justice is impossible in the world where technocratic discourse dominates all
science. Only by the transformative use of art and film through the feminist
perspective can masculine ideology be deconstructed
Kwan 07 ( Mei-Po, Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht
University, the Netherlands Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, Hong Kong, Affecting Geospatial Technologies: Toward a Feminist Politics of Emotion,
Volume 59/1, February 2007)
The wars following 9/11 have taken an enormous human toll, sometimes with
AND
Only then can GT help create a less violent and more just world.
Pointer/Symonds Fontana/Paulo
Option 1: Default Targeted Killing Aff
Option 2: Default Security Aff
Pointer/Symonds Chotras/Harbauer
Default drones aff with Human Rights Law Module
added
Pointer/Symonds Moe/Young
Default drones aff with Human Rights Law Module
added
Pointer/Symonds De Matteis/Guirguis
Default policy targeted killing/drones aff
Pointer/Symonds Bennie/Itliong
Antimilitarism / hostilities 1AC
United States military forces have been occupying Afghanistan for 12 years.
RAWA, the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan has
provided recent accounts of the violence and oppression that continue and have
worsened. Even though our occupation has been justified under the illusion of
saving women, the legal situation has not provided assistance to women. (full
text version of card from the extensions under “Gender,” former tag:
Women in Afghanistan face systematic oppression due to a legacy of Western
colonization. The removal of active forces in Afghanistan is the first step to
providing women a path to resistance and empowerment. )
(RAWA), July 3rd, 2013
The prevailing western representations of Afghanistan justify a flawed ideology that
American Forces are here to save the brown Other from chaos. This practice of
otherization ensures epistemic violence.
Crowe 2007
Epistemological violence justifies a larger crusade on otherness. This division places us
on a path towards genocide.
Mignolo & Tlostanova 06
The epistemological constructions of the Afghanistan other are apart of a larger
discourse of militarism. Presidential war powers have no limit on them by congress, which places
Obama at the head of a global military network.
Roberts 13
The occupation of Afghanistan plays a central part of preserving American militarism
in the region. Harvesting rare Earth minerals and deployment to regional conflicts ensures our
power. Unfortunately, our intervention brought war criminals and rapists back into power.
Sinclair and Rawi 2009
An empowered military complex ensures global instability by propping up
authoritarian governments and creating resentment amongst civilians. This is slowly
spiraling into extinction.
Hossezin-Zadeh 10
RAWA says “The exit of foreign troops and our country’s independence, can be the
first step in the path of the realization of values such as freedom and democracy,
which are vital conditions for the emancipation of women”
(Partner) and I demand that The United States Congress should amend the
Authorization for the Use of Military Force and related statutes to prohibit the
President from re-introducing United States armed forces into hostilities in
Afghanistan after 2014.
Now is a key time in US occupation of Afghanistan. The Bilateral Security Agreement does
not force US forces out until 2014, but members in Washington are pressuring Karzai to extend the
deadline.
Koskinas August 1, 2013
The 1AC’s incorporation of alternative perspectives dismantles the colonial
epistemology that has erased other’s perspectives. Understanding that history is
always a constructed truth is necessary to rethink the problem at hand.
Crowe 2007
For the purposes of our discussion, we accept that the affirmative defends a topical
action carried out by the USFG, but also defends the discursive context within which
such an action could take place. We reject the magic wand theory of fiat that imagines action
separate from the conditions that make that action possible. Imagining a world where military policy
is changed requires also imagining a radical change in social discursive structures. Negative political
process DAs are irrelevant to this question because they assume a world that simply cannot coexist
with the affirmative.
Bleiker 2000
Pointer/Symonds Escalante/Watkins
Targeted Killing 1AC
Plan Text
Plan: The United States Congress should establish a federal court with jurisdiction over
targeted killing authorization.
Hegemony Advantage
Status quo drone policy undermines U.S. soft power
Zenko 13
(Douglas, Fellow at the Douglas Dillon institute, “US Drone Strike Policies,” Council on Foreign
Relation, January 22, 2013, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/us-drone-strikepolicies/p29849 accessed 8/1)
Multiple warrants –
First, current drone policy risks U.S. alliances key to foreign and military policies –
unresolved legitimacy issues
Kennedy 13 (Greg, a Professor ¶ of Strategic Foreign Policy ¶ at the Defence Studies ¶ Department,
King's College ¶ London, based at the Joint ¶ Services Command and Staff ¶ College, Defence Academy
¶ of the United Kingdom, in ¶ Shrivenham, “Drones: Legitimacy and Anti-Americanism,” Parameters
42(4)/43(1) Winter-Spring 2013, Strategic Studies Institute at the United States Army War College
http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/3_Ar
ticle_Kennedy.pdf
p. 26)
AND alliances key to soft power problem solving
Kreisher 12 (Otto Kreisher, Former Naval Officer/veteran Washington correspondent and defense
journalist, “Chuck Hagel, Touted As Next SecDef, Argues For Soft Power, Allies”, December 10 2012,
Breaking Defense, http://breakingdefense.com/2012/12/10/chuck-hagel-touted-as-next-secdef-arguesfor-soft-power-allie/ )
Second, drone strikes as is hurt U.S. credibility – lack of transparency, oversight and
restrictions allow any bombing to be blamed on the U.S.
Zenko 13, (Micah, fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, with expertise in Conflict
Prevention; US national security policy, military planning and operations and nuclear weapons
policy. “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies”, Council on Foerign Relations Special Report no. 65,
January 2013 http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736,
pg15)
AND credibility will make the difference in maintaining hegemonic standing
APSA 9 (American Political Science Association, The American Political Science Association is the leading
professional organization for the study of political science and serves more than 15,000 members in over 80 countries. With a range of
programs and services for individuals, departments and institutions, APSA brings together political scientists from all fields of inquiry,
regions, and occupational endeavors within and outside academe in order to expand awareness and understanding of politics, “ U.S.
Standing in the World: ¶ Causes, Consequences, ¶ and the Future,” Task Force Report, October 2009,
http://www.apsanet.org/media/PDFs/APSAUSStandingShortFinal.pdf
p. 3-4)
Ultimately, soft power is key to US hegemony
Nye 2004 (Joseph S. Nye, political scientist and former Harvard school of government dean, “Soft
Power and American Foreign Policy” Vol. 119, No. 2, Summer 2004 ,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/20202345.pdf,p. 260-261)
U.S. hegemony prevents extinction – laundry list of reasons
Thayer 6 (Bradley A. is an associate professor in the Department of Defense and Strategic
Studies, Missouri State University, “In Defense of Primacy,” November/December 2006, Issue 86,
National Interest, p.32, EBSCOHost, Accessed Date: 5-7-13 y2k)
Pakistan Advantage
Drone strikes are increasing in the status quo
Silverstein 2013 (Andrew, Undergraduate Political Science Major at the University of Pennsylvania,
Flying Combat Drones, Within the Bounds of International Humanitarian Law, May 2013, Sound
Politicks, official Undergraduate Journal of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, Volume
19, Spring 2013,
https://www.sas.upenn.edu/polisci/sites/www.sas.upenn.edu.polisci/files/Sound%20PoliticksVolume%20XIX-Spring%202013-Final.pdf#page=10, page 14 )
Continuation of drone strikes radicalize the populace and weaken an already unstable
Pakistani government
Innocent 9 (Malou, foreign policy analyst at the Cato Institute ,“The US Must Reassess Its Drone
Policy” Brookings Institution, August 25, 2009, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/us-mustreassess-its-drone-policy?print NB)
Radical control of Pakistan ensures Indo-Pak war
Markey 10 (Daniel, Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan and South Asia at CFR, “Terrorism and
Indo-Pakistani Escalation” Council on Foreign Relations, CONTINGENCY PLANNING MEMORANDUM NO.
6, January 2010,
http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/27251/1/Terrorism%20and%20IndoPakistani%20escalation.pdf?1. NB)
Indo-Pak war guarantees extinction.
Hundley 12 (Tom Hundley is senior editor at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. This article for
Foreign Policy is part of the Pulitzer Center's Gateway project on nuclear security. Race to the End
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/05/race_to_the_end?page=0,3)
Drone Strikes lead to increased Pakistani terrorism and instability
Boyle 10 (Michael J, Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, “Do Counterterrorism and
Counterinsurgency Go Together?” International Affairs 86:2 March 2010,
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2010.00885.x/pdf pp. 349-50 NB)
Spreading Pakistani Insurgency Risks Nuclear Terrorism and War
Pitt 09 (William, NYT bestselling author of War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn’t Want you to Know,
Editor and columnist at truthout.org, May 8, “Unstable Pakistan Threatens The World,”
http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/?mod=article&cat=commentary&article=2183)
Solvency
Congressional establishment of courts for drones creates clear guidelines and
transparency, which combats rights abuses- federal courts cannot enforce their
decisions without those things
McKelvey 2011 (Benjamin, Executive Development Editor on the Editorial Board of the Vanderbilt
Journal of Transnational Law, “Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The
Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power,” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Volume 44,
Number 5, November,http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/mckelvey-pdf.pdf,
p. 1377-1378)
Drone court solves legal criteria
Harman 2013 (Jane Harman, director, president and chief executive officer of the Woodrow Wilson
International Center for Scholars, February 19, 2013, “Harman: Drone courts can work,” Security
Clearance, CNN, http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2013/02/19/harman-drone-courts-can-work/)
Establishment of transparent drone procedures key to international perception of
legitimacy
Machon 2006 (Maj. Matthew J., US Army Major and investigor for the School of Advanced Military
Studies, “Targeted Killing as an Element of U.S. Foreign Policy in the War on Terror”, 5/25/06,
http://www.fas.org/irp/eprint/machon.pdf, p. 57)
Reforming the drone program is key to solve for Pakistani instability/terrorism.
Markey 13 (Daniel, Senior Fellow on India, Pakistan and South Africa at the CFR, “A New Drone Deal
For Pakistan” Foreign Affairs. July 16, 2013. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139584/danielmarkey/a-new-drone-deal-for-pakistan NB)
Pointer/Symonds Bass/Camloh
Cyber Ops 1ac
Plan
The United States Congress should statutorily ban the preemptive use of large-scale
offensive cyber operations by the President of the United States.
Advantage 1 is Cyber Prolif
Status quo offensive cyber operations by the US has set a precedent that is being
modeled by other countries – leads to proliferation of cyberweapons
Gjelten 13
(Tom Gjelten, correspondent for NPR, “Pentagon Goes On The Offensive Against Cyberattacks” February 11, 2013,
http://www.npr.org/2013/02/11/171677247/pentagon-goes-on-the-offensive-against-cyber-attacks, KB)
Cyberweapons are proliferating at a rapid pace – it makes attacks likely on the US and
allies
Walsh 11
(Eddie Walsh, The Diplomat's Pentagon (accredited) correspondent and a WSD-Handa Fellow at Pacific Forum CSIS, “The Cyber Proliferation
Threat” October 6, 2011, http://thediplomat.com/new-leaders-forum/2011/10/06/the-cyber-proliferation-threat/, KB)
US vulnerability is at an all-time high – sectors are interconnected and a cyberattack
would collapse heg
Liff 12
(ADAM P. LIFF, Doctoral Candidate, Department of Politics, Princeton University, “Cyberwar: A New ‘Absolute Weapon’? The Proliferation of
Cyberwarfare Capabilities and Interstate War” Journal of Strategic Studies¶ Volume 35, Issue 3, 2012
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01402390.2012.663252, KB)
Loss of heg causes nuclear war in every hotspot
Kagan and O’Hanlon 7
Frederick, resident scholar at AEI and Michael, senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, “The Case for Larger Ground Forces”, April 2007,
http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf
An attack is likely - causes great power nuclear war
Fritz 9
Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament [Jason, researcher for International Commission on
Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University,
“Hacking Nuclear Command and Control,” July, http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf]
Deterrence fails – a 3rd party will instigate the conflict
Owens et al 9
(William A. Owens, as an Admiral in the United States Navy and later Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, **Kenneth W. Dam, served as
Deputy Secretary of the Treasury from 2001 to 2003, where he specialized in international economic development, **Herbert S. Lin, Senior
Scientist and Study, “Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of Cyberattack Capabilities” 4/27/2009,
http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/NRC-Report.pdf, KB)
The plan solves – US norms against OCO’s is critical to reverse cyberweapon prolif
Goldsmith 10
Jack Goldsmith, teaches at Harvard Law School and is on the Hoover Institution's Task Force on National Security and Law. He was a member of
a 2009 National Academies committee, “Can we stop the cyber arms race?” February 01, 2010, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2010-0201/opinions/36895669_1_botnets-cyber-attacks-computer-attacks, KB)
Banning large-scale preemptive attacks is key – provides international credibility and
deters attack
Clarke and Knake ‘12 (Richard (former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection,
and Counter-terrorism for the United States) and Robert (Cybersecurity and homeland security expert at
the Council on Foreign Relations), Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do
About It, Harper Collins Books, 2012, RSR)
Advantage 2 is China
US is planning pre-emptive strikes now – kills China-US co-op and causes China war
Greenwald and MacAskill 13 (Glen (American political commentator, lawyer, columnist, blogger,
and author) and Ewan (Staff Writer for the Guardian), “Obama orders US to draw up overseas target list
for cyber-attacks”, The Guardian, 6-7-13, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/07/obamachina-targets-cyber-overseas, RSR)
Preemptive strikes cause escalation to shooting war
Clarke 2009 (Richard Clarke, special adviser to the president for cybersecurity in the George W. Bush
administration and chairman of Good Harbor Consulting, November/December 2009, “War from
Cyberspace,” The National Interest,
http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/zselden/coursereading2011/Clarkecyber.pdf)
That causes nuclear miscalc due to hair-trigger response
Clark and Andreasen 13
(Richard A. Clarke, the chairman of Good Harbor Security Risk Management, was special adviser to the president for cybersecurity in the
George W. Bush administration. Steve Andreasen, a consultant to the Nuclear Threat Initiative, was the National Security Council’s staff director
for defense policy and arms control from 1993 to 2001, “Cyberwar’s threat does not justify a new policy of nuclear deterrence” June 14, 2013,
http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-14/opinions/39977598_1_nuclear-weapons-cyber-attack-cyberattacks, KB)
US-China war goes nuclear
Hunkovic 9
Lee J. Hunkovic -- professor at American Military University, 09, [“The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict Possible Futures of a Confrontation between
China, Taiwan and the United States of America”, American Military University, p.54]
US-Sino cooperation key to prevent Iranian nuclearization
Tisdall ‘05
Simon Tisdall, World Briefing Columnist, The Guardian (London), September 21, 2005
Iran prolif causes extinction
Rosenbaum ‘12
http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/the_spectator/2012/03/nuclear_war_in_iran_six_qu
estions_to_consider_about_whether_and_how_it_might_happen_.single.html
Sino-US Cooperation over Korea key to check war
Xu ‘01
Xianquan Xu, Senior Research Fellow, Chinese Academy, International Trade and Economic Coop, 2001
(China, the United States, and the Global Economy, Shuxun Chen & Charles Wolf, p. 268)
Goes nuclear
Chol, ’02
(Kim Myong, The Agreed Framework is Brain Dead, http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/0212A_Chol.html)
Banning preemptive attacks solves
Clarke and Knake ‘10
[Richard Alan Clarke is the former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-terrorism for the United States.
Robert K. Knake, Former international affairs fellow in residence @ CFR. Cyber War. ETB]
Advantage 3 is Separation of Powers
Lack of congressional oversight on cyber ops undermines SOP
Lorber 13
[Eric, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University
Department of Political Science. Journal Of Constitutional Law 15.3 https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/1773-lorber15upajconstl9612013.
ETB]
Congressional oversight is key- only way to ensure power stays balanced
Dycus 10
[Stephen, Professor, Vermont Law School. JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW &POLICY 4.155.
http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf ETB]
Separation of powers key to the economy
Stevenson 5 (Dru Stevenson, Assistant Professor, South Texas College of Law (Houston), March 2005,
Cardozo Law Review, 26 Cardozo L. Rev. 1535)
Economic collapse causes war
Royal 10 (Jeddiah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense,
“Economic Integration, Economic Signalling And The Problem Of Economic Crises”, in Economics of War
and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
Strong SOP key to heg
G. John Ikenberry, Professor @ Georgetown University, Spring 2001 (The National Interest)
Solvency
NFU for large-scale attacks reduces the risk of cyberattack
Owens et al. ‘9
[William A. Owens, Kenneth W. Dam, and Herbert S. Lin, editors, ¶ Committee on Offensive Information Warfare, National Research Council.
http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/NRC-Report.pdf ETB]
Declaratory policy would functionally end OCO training, preventing their use
Owens et al. ‘9
[William A. Owens, Kenneth W. Dam, and Herbert S. Lin, editors, ¶ Committee on Offensive Information Warfare, National Research Council.
http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/NRC-Report.pdf ETB]
Congressional action now is critical to cyber expertise and preserves presidential
flexibility
Dycus ‘10
[Stephen, Professor, Vermont Law School. JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW &POLICY 4.155.
http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf ETB]
Reserve cards
Pre-emptive cyber strikes causes massive wars and destroys US hegemony and the
economy
Martin, 13
(Patrick, author for Global Research, "Obama’s “Cyberwarfare First Strike”: Using Offensive Cyber Effects
Operations (OCEO) to Destabilize Countries", June 10, www.globalresearch.ca/obamas-cyberwarfarefirst-strike-using-offensive-cyber-effects-operations-oceo-to-destabilize-countries/5338457 NL)
Status quo guarantees a cyberattack on US infrastructure – the US would retaliate
Wolff 13
(Josephine Wolff, PhD candidate in the Engineering Systems Division at Massachusetts Institute of Technology studying cybersecurity and
Internet policy, “Is a cyber attack on US infrastructure inevitable?” JUL 23, 2013,
http://www.salon.com/2013/07/23/is_a_doomsday_cyber_attack_on_the_us_inevitable_partner/, KB)
Comprehensive Congressional oversight can stop interagency budget fights and
improve readiness
Wall 11 (Andru E., senior associate with Alston & Bird LLP, former senior legal advisor for U.S. Special
Operations Command Central, "Demystifying the Title 10-Title 50 Debate: Distinguishing Military
Operations, Intelligence Activities & Covert Action," Harvard National Security Journal,
harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Vol.-3_Wall1.pdf, AJK)
Brandishing cyber capabilities causes war
Libicki 2013 (Martin C. Libicki, Senior Management Scientist at the RAND Corporation, “Brandishing
Cyberattack Capabilities,” RAND Corp,
http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR100/RR175/RAND_RR175.pdf)