Chapter 21

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What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna and the Concert of Europe, and how successful were they in achieving these goals?

:

Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia

Restored Bourbon monarchy with
Louis XVIII

September 1814 – meet in Vienna

Prince Klemens von Metternich
(1773-1859)

Austrian diplomat
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Conceited, self-assured

“How right I am, and how wrong they are”


Principle of

To reestablish peace and stability
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Restore “legitimate” monarchs to preserve traditional institutions
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Bourbons in France and Spain
Other strategy more practical
 Russia, Austria, Prussia all had claims on Poland
 Prussia, Austria got some
 “New” Poland under Russian Romanov monarchs
 Prussia got 2/5s of Saxony, Westphalia, Left Bank of Rhine
 Austria lost Netherlands and got Lombardy and Venetia

preventing a country from domination

To balance Russian gains: Austria & Prussia strengthened

Metternich: makes them a “unconquerable barrier”

To balance France combined Dutch Republic and Belgium
(Austrian Netherlands) to create a larger Netherlands
– league of German states

France ordered to pay indemnity and have occupying army for 5 years after Napoleon’s 100 Days


Liberal and Nationalist forces unleashed by French
Revolution
: ideology based on tradition and social stability favoring maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, obedience to authority, resisting change


Ordered community has precedence over individual rights
Edmund Burke (1729-1797), reaction to radical republican and democratic ideas
 “Each generation has the duty to preserve and transmit [the status quo] to the next”



Joseph de Maistre (1753-1821)

Restoration of hereditary monarchy
“divinely sanctioned institution” that ordered society
Quadruple Alliance 

Met periodically to maintain new status quo
 1818: four powers withdrew armies from France, became power of 5 “never have I known a prettier congress”

1820: dealt with outbreak of revolution in Spain & Italy

: great powers had right to send armies to put down revolution and restore legitimate monarchs

Britain refused to take part

Concert of Europe authorized troops to put down revolts in Italy and Spain  successful


Latin America

Simón Bolívar “the liberator” freed
Colombia (1819) and Venezuela (1821),
José San Martín freed Chile (1817),
Bolívar & Martín freed Peru (1824),
Mexico and Brazil followed


England stopped Concert of Europe from intervention with its navy, and soon dominated Latin American economy
Monroe Doctrine (1823) – Western
Hemisphere is closed!

Latin America became source of raw materials, not industrialization


Designed to prevent revolution, it could also be used to support revolution if in the interest of the Concert

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1821: Greeks revolted against Ottoman
Turks
Greeks had been allowed to maintain language and Greek Orthodox faith under Muslim rule
Revival of Greek national sentiment in early 19 th century supported by British and French in 1827
Russia declared war against Ottomans in
1828
Treaty of Adrianople (1829) stated
Europeans could decide Greece’s fate
1830: declared independent



Great Britain

Parliament was dominated by Tories and Whigs


Both comprised of landed aristocracy
Whigs gained support from Industrial Middle Class
 Tory government passed high tariffs on foreign grain benefitting landowners, hurting lower working classes
Central Europe

Metternich kept “and eye on everything” in German
Confederation and Austria
 put down liberal student groups like the


Limited freedom of press
Put universities under close supervision

Liberalism
Nationalism
Early Socialism

: ideology based on belief people should be as free from restraint as possible

: government shouldn’t interfere in workings of economy (laissez-faire)
Government has three jobs:



Defense of country
Police protection of individuals
Construction and maintenance of public works
: protection of civil liberties – assembly, speech, press, arbitrary arrest – in a written document
 Liberalism tied to middle-class men: wanted to extend voting rights to industrialized middle-class, NOT to lower classes





Rose up out of the French Revolution
Nation = community of institutions, traditions, language, customs
Each nationality should have its own government


Germans should have one central government
Hungarians deserved self-determination away from German subjugation
Nationalism and Liberalism became strong allies

Liberals believed liberty could be realized only by peoples ruling themselves

Nationalists believed once each people obtained own state, all nations could be linked into a broader community of humanity

: Political intellectuals who wanted to introduce equality into social conditions and believed that human cooperation was superior to competition in capitalism


Against private property and competitive spirit
By creating new systems of social organization, a better environment for humanity could be achieved


Charles Fourier (1772-1838) – : small model cooperatives where inhabitants were communally housed and rotate work
Robert Owen (1771-1858) – attempted cooperatives in Scotland and
US

Flora Tristan (1803-1844) –
Fourier’s ideas to family and work
 advocated application of
Other women looked to Early Socialism as means to equality


1830: Charles X issued the “July
Ordinances” which censored the press, dissolved legislative assembly, reduced electorate
: rebellion put
Louis-Philippe, duke of Orleans, as constitutional king

“Bourgeois monarch” – support came from upper middle class

Favored interests of bourgeoisie, lower classes disappointed they helped give him crown


Belgium rose up against Dutch
European powers accepted independence

Metternich sent Austrian troops to crush revolts in
Italian states

Russians crushed Polish revolt

Whigs took power in Britain and introduced reforms to make the middle class happy

Liberals repealed Corn Laws to create free trade


1846: Industrial and agricultural depression

Government refused to extend suffrage to middle class

Adolphe Thiers agitated for dismissal of
Louis-Philippe
 1847-1848: held banquets to raise money and calling for reforms

February 22 1848: government forbade a grand banquet
 people revolted, Louis-Philippe abdicated and fled to London


Provisional government of moderate (most of France) and radical republicans (working class) set up

Unemployment and debt climbed
 Workers rioted when work shops closed
 sent to colony of Algeria

November 4, 1848: new constitution

Unicameral, universal male suffrage,

Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte the year nominee created with



Paris revolution triggered upheavals in central Europe



Frankfurt Assembly
(Big German) – include Austria
(Small German) – exclude Austria
 Austria withdrew, Frederick William IV refused title of “emperor” of Germans
Louis Kossuth, Hungarian liberal won “commonwealth” status in Austria
 New Emperor, Francis Joseph I fought Hungarians with
Russians putting down revolt and restoring authoritarian rule
Italy failed to unite
Failure to unite: divisions in politics and nationalities made revolutions fail


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Emotion, sentiment, inner feelings
Individualism – interest in unique traits of each person

Desire to follow inner drives

Long hair, beards, outrageous clothes
Heroism
Historical focus
Gothic Literature
Love of Nature
Pantheism –
God is everywhere
Lord Byron

“Napoleon on the Battlefield of Eylau ”
1808

All artistic expression was a reflection of

Rejected principles of
Classicism

Beauty is not timeless
 and age and Dying, Typhoon Coming On

Depends on culture
Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead
Warmth, emotion, movement
1840