The fundamental Factors In
Management Of
Technology
Provided By: Mina Eghtedarian
Adviser: Dr.Momeni
Index
Chapter
Page
Chapter
Page
Chapter
Page
The Creativity Factor
3
Innovation – Main Skills
13
Changing management
23
Invention
4
Becoming More Creative
14
Forces of change
24
Innovation
5
Technology and Price
15
Managing positive change
25
Science And Technology
6
Bringing Innovation to Market
16
Managing Resistance to Change
26
What is the real situation?
7
Time and technology
17
Changing process
28
Extent of Innovation
8
Innovation In Business
18
Change Strategies
29
Modality of Innovation
9
Productivity
19
What Really Works
30
Other Dimensions of Innovation
10
Effectiveness
20
Pioneers vs. Followers
31
7 Factors Of Innovation Impulses
11
Competitiveness
21
being Pioneer in innovation
32
Variables Of Innovation
12
Why we should change?
22
Case Study
33
The Creativity Factor
 Technology is an expression of human creativity.
 Managing technology involves continuous effort in
creating technology, developing novel products
and services , and successfully marketing them.
 This requires great creativity along with a system
designed to exploit it.
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil
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Invention
 Is either a concept or the creation of a novel
technology.
 Invention occur as a result of human ingenuity and
imagination. They occur only sporadically, by
chance or through trial and error to satisfy a need.
 In modern times most inventions have followed
scientific discoveries.
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil
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Innovation
 Involves the creation of a product, service, or
process that is new to an organization. (Aiken & Hage ,1979)
 An innovation may be a change in industrial
practice, which improves productivity. (Shompter,1928)
 The innovation process involves integration of
existing technology and inventions to create a new
or improved product, process, or system.
(Jain&Triandis,1990)
• Innovation = Invention + exploitation (Ettlie)
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil
5
Science And Technology
Science & Technology
Improvement
Science
Technology
Time
www.stconsultant.blogspot.com
19 century
6
What is the real situation?
•
Booz Allen Hamilton Global
Innovation 1,000 Study 2006:
– Innovation can lead to higher
performance, but the process isn’t
automatic and it does not
necessarily require above average
levels of investment.
– The most successful companies
combine an integrated process and
a supportive culture to create a
sustainable competitive advantage
– Money simply cannot buy effective
innovation.
– Less than 10% of companies are
Innovators ,but in having a very good
innovation management system
•
Innovation Network Survey, fall
2004 [same result from 2005],
new innovation leaders in
medium to large companies:
–
–
–
–
71% said they had no metrics for
their position
60% of them have innovation as
part of their mission/job objectives
68% have no well defined
innovation process within their
company
54% have no working definition of
innovation
Source: Dr.V.S.R.Krishnaiah, Sr.Technical Director, NIC
7
Extent of Innovation
 Radical innovation :occurs when major improvements are made to a
product.
 Incremental innovation :occurs when small improvements are made
to a product, or the processes used in manufacturing a product.
 Routine innovation :occurs when the innovation is new for organization
but is similar to old technology.
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil
8
8
Modality of Innovation
the ‘4Ps’ of innovation




Product innovation: changes in the things (products or
services) which an organization offers
Process innovation: changes in the ways in which they
are created an delivered
Position innovation: changes in the context in which the
product or services are introduced (Packaging Innovation ,Design
innovation)
Paradigm innovation: changes in the underlying mental
modes which frame what an organization does (Brand Innovation ,
Value Innovation)
http://www.smeir.ir.
9
7 Factors Of Innovation Impulses
INTERNAL
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Unexpected event
Contradiction
Change of work process
Change in the structure of industry or market
EXTERNAL
V. Demographic changes
VI. Changes in the world view
VII. New knowledge
http://www.slideworld.com
http://www.slideworld.com
11
Variables Of Innovation

Structural Variables
–
–
–
–
–
Adopt an organic structure
Make available plentiful
resources
Engage in frequent inter
unit communication
Provide explicit support
for creativity
Management Commitment
http://www.citeHR.com

Cultural Variables
–
–
–
–
–
Accept ambiguity
Have low external controls
Tolerate risk taking
Tolerate conflict
Focus on ends rather than
means

Human Resource
Variables
–
–
–
Actively promote training
and development to keep
employees’ skills current.
Offer high job security to
encourage risk taking.
Encourage individual to be
“champions” of change.
12
Innovation – Main Skills






Association: it is a cognitive skills that
allows creative people to make
connections between questions,
problems and ideas.
Questioning: it is an ability to ask:
“What if”, “why” and “why not” and
challenge the answers.
Close observe details: particularly the
details of people’s behavior.
The ability to experimenting.
Conceptual fluency
The ability to generating new idea.
http://www.slideworld.com
13
Becoming More Creative
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Think of yourself as creative
Pay attention to your intuition
Move away from your comfort zone
Engage in activities that put you outside your comfort zone
Find several right answers
Believe in finding a workable solution
Brainstorm with others
14
Technology and Price
Organization knowledge
Distance
Time
Customer
knowledge
Technologic Distance
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil
15
Bringing Innovation to Market
IF ONE DESIRES A CHANGE, ONE MUST BE THAT CHANGE BEFORE THAT CHANGE CAN TAKE PLACE
Invention
Has no
instantaneous
Commercial value
Scientific
Discovery
Innovation
Adopting
invention
Market
Buying or ignoring the innovation
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil
16
Time and technology
Case study
“CHANGE IS UNIVERSAL…
CHANGE IS PERMANENT….
BE EVER WILLING TO CHANGE…..
FOR, CHANGE ALONE LEADS YOU TO SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS!!!
I.Osborne
II.IBM
III.Microsoft
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil
17
Innovation In Business
 Innovation may be linked to:
Performance growth through improvements in
efficiency, productivity, quality, competitive
positioning, market share, etc.
18
Productivity
Output (GDP)
 Productivity = ‫ = ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬$/hour worked
Input (total hours worked)
 On a national level, productivity is a very important factor in
raising the standard of living.
 Standard of living is often associated with a population’s per
capita income.
GDP
 Per capita income = ‫ = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬$/person
Total population
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil
19
Effectiveness
 Implies the ability to achieve desired goals.
 Is about producing or being capable of
producing results.
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil
20
Competitiveness
 Indicates the standing of a country or a company
in relation to a known group.
 The competitiveness of a company compares the
firm’s output to the outputs of its competitors and
indicates its standing in the marketplace.
 A company is competitive when it maintains a
profitable status while producing a product or
service that meets the tests of the marketplace.
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil
21
Why we should change?
The world is changing very fast. Big will not beat small any more . It is now be the fast beating the slow.
Trade/1950
Sms/2001
Research/1960
2011
Email/1994
Mail/1970
Phone
calls/1980
Michael Jackson, Seminar , Ahwaz
22
Change Management
CHANGE IS THE ONLY THING THAT WILL NEVER CHANGE. SO BETTER ADAPT TO IT.
What are your feelings about change?
 People have a natural resistance to change
 People get bored with routine and seek out new
experiences
 Can we be both at the same time?
http://www.slideworld.com
23
Forces of change
DO NOT ALLOW ROUTINES TO BECOME CHAINS!
Competition
External
Forces
of
Change
Government
Programs
Economic
Conditions
Technology
http://www.slideworld.com
Change in
organization
Internal
Forces
of
Change
Workforce
changes
New
equipment
Employee
attitudes
24
Managing positive change
Announce
Change
I don’t understand
the changes but am
confident of the
current situation
Surprise
Acceptance
Of Change
Intended
Result
I have lots of details of
how I’ll be working
differently and feel
much more confident
Adapt
It’s your choice
Anger
Progress
Belief
I have some
information and
have strong doubts
Commitment
Fear
Disappointment
Acceptance
Denied
Trial
doubt
Time
Michael Jackson, Seminar , Ahwaz
I have more details of
how the changes will
affect me and still
have some concerns
25
Managing Resistance to Change
KEEP RENEWING YOURSELF
 Why People Resist Change?
– The ambiguity and uncertainty
– The comfort of old habits
– A concern over personal loss of status, money, authority,
friendships.
– The perception that change is incompatible with the goals and
interest of the organization
– Fear of Personal Loss
– Lack of Faith in Change
http://www.slideworld.com
26
Managing Resistance to Change
Do Your Best And Leave The Rest ….!
Techniques
for
Reducing
Resistance
http://www.slideworld.com
Education and Communication
Participation
Facilitation and Support
Negotiation
Coercion
27
Changing process
SURROUND YOURSELF WITH PEOPLE WHO ARE OPEN TO CHANGE…!
Lewin’s Three-Step Process
Unfreezing
http://www.slideworld.com
Changing
Refreezing
28
Change Strategies
ANTICIPATE CHANGE EVEN WHEN THINGS ARE GOING RIGHT!
4 change Strategies
Structure
Authority
Coordination
Centralization
http://www.slideworld.com
Technology
Processes
Methods
Equipment
People
Attitudes
Expectations
Behavior
Product
New products
New services
29
What Really Works
Change the Work Setting or Change the People?
RESPECT YOURSELF. THE WORLD WILL REWARD YOU ON YOUR SUCCESSES.
Changing the Work Setting
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
probability of success 55%
Changing Organizational Performance
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
probability of success 57%
10%
20%
Changing Individual Behavior
30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
90%
100%
probability of success 76%
http://www.slideworld.com
30
Pioneers vs. Followers
Innovation does not happen by itself, It is the result of hard work, well planned , Executed and is no happening
(Drucker, 1985)
 Classification of organization



Pioneers
Followers
laggards
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil
31
being Pioneer in innovation
NEVER CHANGE YOUR CORE VALUES
Advantage
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
Well known brand
Promote marketing position
Standardization
Earlier learning curve
Support barriers
High benefit
Customer loyality
Appropriate responses
Disadvantage
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
High cost of research &
marketing & experiment& final
design.
High cost of keeping pioneer.
High cost of change and
redesigning technology.
Ambiguity of market reaction.
Base of competition.
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil
32
Case Study
Result of innovation process
WE MUST REMEMBER THAT SUCCEEDING IN A CHANGING WORLD IS BEYOND JUST SURVIVING
Followers
2
•
•
•
4
•
•
•
IBM
Matsushita(VHS)
Seiko
Kodak
Northrup
DEC
Pioneers
1
•
•
•
Pilkington(Float Glass)
Searl(Nutra Sweet)
Du Pont
3
•
•
•
•
•
RC Cola
EMI
Xerox
Bawmar
DeHavilland
Successfully
fail
Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil
33
Answers
and
Questions
34