Open House
November 19, 2003
IEEE 802.15.4 Tutorial
Patrick Kinney
IEEE 802.15.4 Chair
ZigBee Secretary
Kinney Consulting, LLC
802.15.4 Application
Space
• Home Networking
• Automotive Networks
• Industrial Networks
• Interactive Toys
• Remote Metering
November, 2003
Slide 2
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
802.15.4 Application
Topology
Cable replacement - Last meter
connectivity
Virtual Wire
Wireless Hub
Mobility
Ease of installation
Stick-On Sensor
November, 2003
Slide 3
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
Some needs in a sensor
network
Thousands of sensors in a small space  Wireless
but wireless implies Low Power!
and low power implies Low Duty Cycles
Of course none of this is viable unless a Low Cost
transceiver is available
November, 2003
Slide 4
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
Solution:
Low Rate
» WPAN Technology!
By means of
IEEE 802.15.4
November, 2003
Slide 5
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
Solution:
IEEE 802.15.4 is now an approved and
published IEEE Standard!
Eight IC vendors have announced products
or plans for products
November, 2003
Slide 6
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
Differences between
IEEE 802.15.4 & ZigBee
• IEEE 802.15.4
– PHYsical Layer (PHY)
• Radio portion, transmitter and receiver
– Media Access Control (MAC) Layer
• Radio controller, data to next device
• ZigBee
– Network Layer
– Application Support Layer
November, 2003
Slide 7
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
802.15.4 Architecture
Upper Layers
Other LLC
IEEE 802.2 LLC
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
IEEE 802.15.4
868/915 MHz
PHY
November, 2003
Slide 8
IEEE 802.15.4
2400 MHz
PHY
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
802.15.4 General
Characteristics
Data rates of 250 kb/s, 40 kb/s and 20 kb/s.
Star or Peer-to-Peer operation.
Support for low latency devices.
CSMA-CA channel access.
Dynamic device addressing.
Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability.
Low power consumption.
Frequency Bands of Operation, either:
16 channels in the 2.4GHz ISM band;
Or 10 channels in the 915MHz ISM band
and 1 channel in the European 868MHz band.
November, 2003
Slide 9
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Overview
Operating Frequency Bands
868MHz / 915MHz
PHY
2.4 GHz
PHY
Channel 0
Channels 1-10
868.3 MHz
902 MHz
Channels 11-26
2.4 GHz
November, 2003
2 MHz
928 MHz
5 MHz
2.4835 GHz
Slide 10
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Overview
Packet Structure
PHY Packet Fields
•
•
•
•
Preamble (32 bits) – synchronization
Start of Packet Delimiter (8 bits)
PHY Header (8 bits) – PSDU length
PSDU (0 to 1016 bits) – Data field
Preamble
Start of
Packet
Delimiter
PHY
Header
PHY Service
Data Unit (PSDU)
6 Octets
November, 2003
Slide 11
0-127 Octets
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Overview
Modulation/Spreading
2.4 GHz PHY
•
•
•
•
250 kb/s (4 bits/symbol, 62.5 ksymbols/s)
Data modulation is 16-ary orthogonal modulation
16 symbols are orthogonal set of 32-chip PN codes
Chip modulation is O-QPSK at 2.0 Mchips/s
868MHz/915MHz PHY
• Symbol Rate
• 868 MHz Band: 20 kb/s (1 bit/symbol, 20 ksymbols/s)
• 915 MHz Band: 40 kb/s (1 bit/symbol, 40 ksymbols/s)
• Data modulation is BPSK with differential encoding
• Spreading code is a 15-chip m-sequence
• Chip modulation is BPSK at
• 868 MHz Band: 300 kchips/s
• 915 MHz Band: 600 kchips/s
November, 2003
Slide 12
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Overview
Common Parameters
Transmit Power
• Capable of at least .5 mW
Transmit Center Frequency Tolerance
•  40 ppm
Receiver Sensitivity (Packet Error Rate <1%)
• <-85 dBm @ 2.4 GHz band
• <-92 dBm @ 868/915 MHz band
Rx Signal Strength Indication Measurements
• Packet strength indication
• Clear channel assessment
• Dynamic channel selection
November, 2003
Slide 13
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Overview
PHY Primitives
PHY Data Service
• PD-DATA – exchange data packets between MAC and PHY
PHY Management Service
•
•
•
•
November, 2003
PLME-CCA – clear channel assessment
PLME-ED - energy detection
PLME-GET / -SET– retrieve/set PHY PIB parameters
PLME-TRX-ENABLE – enable/disable transceiver
Slide 14
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Overview
Design Drivers
 Extremely low cost
 Ease of implementation
 Reliable data transfer
 Short range operation
• Very low power consumption
Simple but flexible protocol
November, 2003
Slide 15
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Overview
Typical Network Topologies
November, 2003
Slide 16
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Overview
Device Classes
• Full function device (FFD)
– Any topology
– Network coordinator capable
– Talks to any other device
• Reduced function device (RFD)
– Limited to star topology
– Cannot become a network
coordinator
– Talks only to a network coordinator
– Very simple implementation
November, 2003
Slide 17
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Overview
Star Topology
PAN
Coordinator
Master/slave
Full function device
Communications flow
Reduced function device
November, 2003
Slide 18
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Overview
Peer-Peer Topology
Cluster tree
Point to point
Full function device
November, 2003
Slide 19
Communications flow
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Overview
Combined Topology
Clustered stars - for example,
cluster nodes exist between rooms
of a hotel and each room has a
star network for control.
Communications flow
Full function device
Reduced function device
November, 2003
Slide 20
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Overview
Addressing
• All devices have 64 bit IEEE addresses
• Short addresses can be allocated
• Addressing modes:
– Network + device identifier (star)
– Source/destination identifier (peer-peer)
November, 2003
Slide 21
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Overview
General Frame Structure
PHY Layer
MAC
Layer
Payload
Synch. Header
(SHR)
MAC Header
(MHR)
MAC Service Data Unit
(MSDU)
MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU)
PHY Header
(PHR)
PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU)
4 Types of MAC Frames:
• Data Frame
• Beacon Frame
• Acknowledgment Frame
• MAC Command Frame
November, 2003
Slide 22
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
MAC Footer
(MFR)
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Overview
Optional Superframe Structure
GTS 2
Contention Access
Period
GTS 1
Contention Free Period
15ms * 2n
where 0  n  14
Transmitted by network coordinator. Contains network information,
frame structure and notification of pending node messages.
Network beacon
Contention period
Access by any node using CSMA-CA
Guaranteed
Time Slot
November, 2003
Reserved for nodes requiring guaranteed bandwidth
Slide 23
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Overview
Traffic Types
• Periodic data
– Application defined rate (e.g. sensors)
• Intermittent data
– Application/external stimulus defined rate
(e.g. light switch)
• Repetitive low latency data
– Allocation of time slots (e.g. mouse)
November, 2003
Slide 24
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Overview
MAC Data Service
Recipient
MAC
Originator
MAC
MCPS-DATA.request
Originator
Recipient
Channel
access
Data frame
Acknowledgement
(if requested)
MCPS-DATA.indication
MCPS-DATA.confirm
November, 2003
Slide 25
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Overview
MAC Primitives
MAC Data Service
• MCPS-DATA – exchange data packets between MAC and PHY
• MCPS-PURGE – purge an MSDU from the transaction queue
• MAC Management Service
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
November, 2003
MLME-ASSOCIATE/DISASSOCIATE – network association
MLME-SYNC / SYNC-LOSS - device synchronization
MLME-SCAN - scan radio channels
MLME- COMM-STATUS – communication status
MLME-GET / -SET– retrieve/set MAC PIB parameters
MLME-START / BEACON-NOTIFY – beacon management
MLME-POLL - beaconless synchronization
MLME-GTS - GTS management
MLME-RESET – request for MLME to perform reset
MLME-ORPHAN - orphan device management
MLME-RX-ENABLE - enabling/disabling of radio system
Slide 26
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
Differences between Bluetooth®
and IEEE 802.15.4
Bluetooth® Technology
and IEEE 802.15.4 serve
different markets
November, 2003
Slide 27
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
Application Space
IEEE 802.15.4 was
designed for:
– Many devices
– Small data packets
– Long battery life is
critical (years)
– Low duty cycles
– Such as sensors,
controllers, medical
monitoring, throwaway devices, etc
November, 2003
Slide 28
Bluetooth is designed
for:
– Few/limited devices
– Hands-free audio
– Business day
(rechargeable)
– Synchronization of
cell phone to PDA
– PDA to printer
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
Air Interface
ZigBee
Direct Sequence SS
11 chips/ symbol
62.5 K symbols/s
4 Bits/ symbol
IEEE 802.15.4
Frequency Hopping SS
1600 hops / second
1 M Symbol / second
Peak Information Rate Peak Information Rate
>128 Kbit/second
~108-723 kbit/second
November, 2003
Slide 29
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
Effective Data Rate
(theoretical values, no retransmissions)
Data Rate vs Packet size
800
700
Data Rate (kb/s)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1
12 23
34 45
56 67
78 89 100 111 122 133 144 155 166 177 188 199 210 221 232 243 254 265 276 287 298 309 320 331
Packet Size (bytes)
November, 2003
Slide 30
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
Power Considerations
IEEE 802.15.4
ZigBee
• 2+ years from
‘normal’ batteries
• Designed to
optimize slave
power
requirements
November, 2003
Slide 31
• Power model as a
mobile phone
(regular charging)
• Designed to
maximize ad-hoc
functionality
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
Networking Considerations
IEEE 802.15.4 is
designed to allow
large networks
• Larger address space
(216)
• Peer-peer & Star
• CSMA
• Node acquisition time
~ 30 mS
• Wake-up time 15 mS
November, 2003
Slide 32
Bluetooth is designed
for small, personal
networks
• 7 active addresses
• Star only
• TDMA (Master/slave)
• Node acquisition time
~3S
• Wake-up time 3S
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
Security Mechanisms
IEEE 802.15.4
• Standards based
algorithms
• AES 128-CTR
• CCM/CBC-MAC
• Authenticity
• Replay Attack
resistant
(freshness check)
November, 2003
Slide 33
Bluetooth
• Proprietary
algorithms
• Safer+
• CRC (error control)
• No authenticity
• Replay attack
susceptible (no
freshness check)
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
For more Information please visit:
www.ieee802.org/15/
November, 2003
Slide 34
Copyright 2003 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.