Sense-Making

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SENSE-MAKING .
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MAKING SENSE OF THE PAST
The First Birth: Out of Africa
Neanderthal
- Homo Sapiens
230,000 - 30,000 - 150,000 - today
Homo Sapiens - The Winners
• Almost 7 Billion on planet today
• Projections between 10 and 14 billion by 2100
• Bruner says: Homo Sapiens cultural creatures,
masters of technology
• Creative and ready to adapt to the environment
• Neanderthal extinct – could not adapt
• Conclusion: No status quo, every species
vulnerable
• Development not linear
Toba
Actually today’s humans
originate from a few
thousand survivors and
we can attribute the
cause to the eruption
f the super volcano Toba
around 73,000 years ago
Dinosaur Extinction
Across Mediterranean To China
Cultures Deeply Challenged
Ways of Knowing
• Science(experimental approach to the physical
universe)
• Philosophy(the abstract mind)
• Rationalism/Scepticism (not accepting realities that are
not immediately evident)
• Religion (faith in divine revelation and social tradition)
Mysticism (experiences based on spiritual techniques)
Esotericism(intuitive speculation on cosmological
world-views)
• Occultism(using psycho-physical techniques to access
hidden realities)
• Gnosis (innate wisdom and understanding)
The Second Birth
The Great Library In Alexandria
The Third Birth:
The Library In Timbuktu
What Happened in Africa
What Happened In Africa?
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Sahara Desert
North of Sahara incredible cultural challenges
Limited penetration to sub-Saharan Africa
Tribal conflicts
Colonial period: Conquest, Destruction of Kingdoms and
Cultures, No new knowledge mission
Apartheid: Expansion of access but low funding
The “Struggle” through schooling: Iconoclasm
By 1994: No strong modern learning culture
At 2010: Still no strong learning culture of any sort
Political Map
Scramble For Africa
The Modern African Renaissance
MAKING SENSE OF THE PRESENT
SO WHAT IS THE
PROBLEM?
We can expect massive future
changes, which will change the
face of the planet
Dr. Susan Solomon
Almost 7 Billion And Growing
Dalin’s 10 Revolutions
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1. The knowledge and information revolution
2. The population explosion
3. Globalisation
4. The economic revolution
5. The technological revolution
6. The ecological revolution
7. The social/cultural revolution
8. The aesthetic revolution
9. The political revolution
10. The values revolution.
Per Dalin
1994: South Africa’s Triple Challenge
• Build a democratic state
• Integrate itself into the competitive arena of
international production and finance.
• Reconstruct domestic social and economic relations
to eradicate and redress the inequitable patterns of
ownership, wealth and social and economic practices
that were shaped by segregation and apartheid
• All of this while the entire world is changing
dramatically
How Can We Respond?
• Thinkers from Imhotep and Confucius through
Plato, Aquinas, Ibn Khaldun, Calvin, Newton,
Rousseau, Comte, Mill, Marx, Gramsci, Castro,
Mao, Nyerere to Wallerstein and Castells in
our present day all allocate a special place in
their theories of development to knowledge.
Education for them is the foundation for
whatever form of development or progress
one espouses.
• Manual Castells: “knowledge and networks”
The Continents: To Scale
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The land area of each territory is shown here.
The total land area of these 200 territories is 13,056 million hectares. Divided up equally that
would be 2.1 hectares for each person. A hectare is 100 metres by 100 metres.
However, population is not evenly spread: Australia's land area is 21 times bigger than
Japan's, but Japan's population is more than six times bigger than Australia's.
Primary Education
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"Everyone has the right to education", according to the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights. The second Millennium Development Goal is to achieve universal primary education.
In 2002, 5 out of 6 eligible children were enrolled in primary education worldwide. However,
enrolment does not guarantee attendance, or completion.
If primary education continues beyond the expected years, enrolment rates can exceed
100%. In Argentina there is an impressive 108% enrolment. On the other side of the Atlantic
Ocean 30% of children in Angola are enrolled in primary school.
Secondary Education
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Worldwide approximately 73 million children are enrolled in each year of
secondary education out of a possible 122 million children. That is only 60%
getting a secondary education.
In China on average 89% get a secondary education, but in India it is only 49%.
Figures in Africa are even lower: 45% in Northern Africa, 25% in Southeastern
Africa and 13% in Central Africa. The lowest is 5% in Niger. What is compulsory in
some territories is a rarity in others.
Tertiary Education
• The highest percentage of the student aged population
enrolled is in Finland. Finland is 3.6 times the world average,
with 140 times the chance of a tertiary education than in
Mozambique.
Science Research
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Scientific papers cover physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research,
engineering, technology, and earth and space sciences.
The number of scientific papers published by researchers in the United States was more than three times
as many as were published by the second highest-publishing population, Japan.
There is more scientific research, or publication of results, in richer territories. This locational bias is such
that roughly three times more scientific papers per person living there are published in Western Europe,
North America, and Japan, than in any other region.
New Patents
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In 2002, 312 thousand patents were granted around the world. More than a third of these were granted in
Japan. Just under a third were granted in the United States.
A patent is supposed to protect the ideas and inventions that people have. Patenting something will then
allow the owner of the patent to charge others for the usage of an idea or invention. The aim is to reward
the creator for their hard work or intelligence. But patents can prevent people from using good ideas
because they cannot afford to do so.
A quarter of all territories had no new patents in 2002, so will not profit from these in future years as
others will.
Books Borrowed
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This map shows books borrowed from public libraries - which lend books to members for free or for a nominal charge.
Libraries share books, making it unnecessary for us to buy books that we will read only once or twice.
The most books borrowed were in the Russian Federation. There were high rates of borrowing in Western Europe, Japan and
Eastern Europe. In these regions most territories reported some book borrowing.
In other regions reported book borrowing was lower, and many territories reported very little borrowing. Where many
people cannot afford books, it appears they often cannot borrow them either.
Changes In Life Expectancy In Selected African
Countries With High And Low HIV Prevalence:
1950 - 2005
65
Life expectancy (years)
60
with high HIV prevalence:
Zimbabwe
South Africa
Botswana
55
50
45
with low HIV prevalence:
Madagascar
Senegal
Mali
40
35
30
1950–1955- 1960- 1965- 1970- 1975- 1980- 1985- 1990- 1995- 20001955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Source: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2001) World Population Prospects, the 2000 Revision.
Tuberculosis
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The World Health Organisation reports that someone with open tuberculosis
would infect 10 to 15 people a year. So when a certain number of people are
infected it is very hard to stop it spreading further. Tuberculosis bacilli are spread
through the air when someone sneezes or coughs.
In the past 50 years drugs have been developed to treat tuberculosis. The disease
has since developed strains that are resistant to those drugs.
HIV Prevalence
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This map shows the number of people aged 15-49 years old living with HIV.
In 2003, the highest HIV prevalence was Swaziland, where 38%, or almost 4 in
every 10 people aged 15 to 49 years, were HIV positive.
All ten territories with the highest prevalence of HIV are in Central and
Southeastern Africa.
Malaria cases
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Of all the people living with malaria, 92% live in African territories. Parts of
Mediterranean Africa have very low numbers of malaria cases. In contrast, almost
half the people living in Uganda suffer from malaria. Uganda also has the most
cases of malaria in the world. Most territories are barely visible due to the low
number of malaria cases found there.
Sense-making
GHANA-SOUTH KOREA
• In 1957, Ghana, then the wealthiest nation in Sub-Saharan
Africa, had a per capita income almost equal to that of South
Korea (US $490 against US $491 in 1980 dollars).
• By the early 1980s, Ghana's annual income per head had
fallen by nearly 20 percent to US $400, while South Korea's
per capita GDP was, by then, over US $2,000.
• The UNDP's 1990 Human Development Report suggests that
South Korea had an annual purchasing power per head ten
times greater than Ghana ($4,832 vs US $481)
PhDs Per I Million People
PhD production rates
• Post-graduate Profiles
250.00
PhD's/year/million of population
221
188
200.00
157
1999
140
150.00
• Research Profiles
2000
2001
114
2002
100.00
2003
53
43
50.00
23
7
10
0.00
South
Africa
China
India
Japan
South
Korea
Taiwan
UK
USA
Australia
Brazil
ACADEMIC LITERACY
NBT Benchmark Levels, February 2009
7000
6000
5571
5780
5000
4000
Basic
Intermediate
3000
Proficient
2000
1000
851
0
Total
ACADEMIC LITERACY
NBT Benchmark Levels, February 2009
250
194
200
Basic
Intermediate
Proficient
150
100
55
50
30
21
18
9
7
59
51
0
Commerce
Law
UWC
Science
QUANTITATIVE LITERACY
NBT Benchmark Levels, February 2009
7000
6125
6000
5000
4000
Basic
3055
3022
3000
Intermediate
Proficient
2000
1000
0
Total
QUANTITATIVE LITERACY
NBT Benchmark Levels, February 2009
160
141
140
131
Basic
120
Intermediate
Proficient
100
80
60
47
39
40
32
35
20
11
4
4
0
Commerce
Law
UWC
Science
MATHEMATICS
NBT Benchmark Levels, February 2009
9000
7788
8000
7000
6000
5000
Basic
Intermediate
4000
Proficient
3000
2146
2000
738
1000
0
Total
National Benchmark Tests Project:
Pilot Test Reports
Mathematics Benchmark Levels
MATHEMATICS
NBT Benchmark Levels, February 2009
160
142
140
120
Basic
110
Intermediate
100
Proficient
80
60
40
23
23
20
1
0
Commerce
Science
UWC
Educational Environment
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Primacy of politics: Legacy of past
Curriculum fantasy
Rampant anti-intellectualism
Schools in crises (80% dysfunctional)
Grades 3, 6 and 8 literacy rates two years below
benchmarks
• 50% Dropout rates from Gr 1 – Gr 12
• 40% Failure rate Gr 12
Educational Environment
• Last in recent international ratings (55 countries –
many in developing world) in High School Maths,
Science
• 50+ % of research currently done by white
researchers older than 50
• No new generation of scientists
MAKING SENSE OF THE FUTURE
Dennis Meadows
The Lie
Unlimited
Population
Growth
Unlimited
Resources
The Hope
SUSTAINABILITY:
Population
Resources
The Reality
SUSTAINABILITY:
Population
Resources
2030: A Watershed
“By 2030 the demand for resources will create a
crisis with dire consequences
Demand for food and energy will jump 50% by 2030
and for fresh water by 30%, as the population tops
8.3 billion. Climate change will exacerbate matters in
unpredictable ways”.
Beddington.
“Change is now ubiquitous, non-linear and persistent
Hargreaves
So: What Is It All About?
Education and The Human Story
• “(Wo)man living in a cultural revolution
and in a world of war, violence, and
social upheaval, is impelled as never
before to ask the hard questions of the
meaning of historical existence”
Robert P Mohan.
Can Humankind Endure?
The Wisdom of Manuel Castells
Knowledge, Understanding, Networks
The Key to Human Survival
The (South) African Renaissance
Where To With Education?
The Burden of Leadership and Management
Good News: Homo Sapiens a Cultural Creature:
We Make and Remake Ourselves
Humankind hugely successful: Frontal cortex
• 5 humanising factors:
 Long childhood: learn to be human
 Plethora of organisations
 Language
 Curiosity
 Technology
• Advanced in most benign natural period in human
history: temperatures just right.
Human Brain
THE EDUCATION NEXUS: OUR WAR MACHINE
THE STATE
CURRICULUM
PEDAGOGY
LEARNERS
COMMUNITY
MANAGEMENT
Leadership and Management Matter
• For better or for worse people follow where
leaders lead. NEED GOOD LEADERS – BAD
LEADERS CATASTROPHIC
• All societies have people who behave
destructively and the challenge of society is to
contain their behaviour. The deepest danger is
when such people become the leaders. (One
theme of Golding’s Lord of the Flies)
Good leadership
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Analysis
Belief in the possibility of change
Courage
Persistence
Collaborative leadership
Model the changes you desire
Leave leadership legacy
J Cole
Bad leadership
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Incompetent
Rigid
Intemperate
Callous
Corrupt
Insular
Evil
Kellerman
Bad leaders
Leadership and Change
• Leaders are the heart of an enterprise. The
essence of leadership means inspiring a group
to come together for a common goal. Leaders
motivate, console and work with people to
keep them bonded and eager to achieve their
goals. That means setting a direction,
communicating it to everyone and keeping
people committed when deeply challenged by
the environment.
Leadership and Management
Managers are the brains of an organization
They establish systems, create rules and
operating procedures. They get the job done.
The Task of Leaders and Managers
• Facing up: Summit of Stakeholders – brutal
honesty/consequences of failure
• Ownership: Agreements, compacts amongst key partners
• Commitment: Accountability
• Competence: Talent, potential, not good enough
• No magic: Hard, hard work
• No exclusivity: High risk strategy
• President must lead: Call nation together, call to saving our
nation
• Greater struggle than HIV and Aids: Long term harm
• SADTU and youth formations key: New revolution
• Reconstruction of family and community essential
The Key Role of leaders and
Managers?
Leadership and management must accomplish
three things:
• Promote ownership
• Develop commitment
• Develop competence
Good leadership
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Analysis
Belief in the possibility of change
Courage
Persistence
Collaborative leadership
Model the changes you desire
Leave leadership legacy
J Cole
Challenge Understated
• This gathering not essentially about school leaders
and managers, but the future of our nation and
globally that of our species
• Role of knowledge critical in securing our future
(assist us to make sense and find social or
technological answers)
• All humans stakeholders
• Who/ What are significant role players
• Schools central to this project
• New consciousness sine qua non
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SENSE-MAKING .
85%
The Challenge Of Change
• “But what remains to be said about the quantity and
source of blood which thus passes is of so novel and
unheard of character, that I fear not only injury to
myself from the envy of a few, but I tremble lest I
have all mankind at large for my enemies so much
doth want and custom that become as another
nature, and doctrine once sown, and that has struck
deep root, and respect for antiquity, influence all
men”.
William Harvey 1628
Levels Of Consciousness
Full-spectrum cultures are led by full-spectrum leaders:
Followers will follow where leaders lead
The culture of any
organisation is a reflection of
the personalities of its
leaders. Cultural evolution is
a personal journey in the
lives of the leaders. For
evolution (transformation) to
occur the leader and the
leadership team must be
committed to a journey of
self-actualization.
7
Service
6
Making a Difference
5
Internal Cohesion
4
Transformation
3
Self-Esteem
2
Relationship
1
Survival
Barrett
A Citadel: Place Of Safety In Past
Universities And Schools
The New Citadels
• DAMTEW TEFERRA:
We must develop a new conception of leadership
and management, given the dramatic changes in
our environment. We must forge a new global
sense of academic partnerships based on the
realisation that the “CITADELS of learning
institutions” are at the heart of any prospect of
human survival
• Bastion, Acropolis, Kremlin ,Stronghold, Fastness
The School: The New Citadel
OUR DREAM
HOUSE
Transport
WORK
FAMILY
Child and Starvation
Child and Vulture
Assist Us To Stand And See
And Meet The Future
There was an Indian, who had known no change,
Who strayed content upon a sunlit beach
Gathering shells. He heard a sudden strange
Commingled noise: looked up; and gasped for speech.
For in the bay, where nothing was before,
Moved on the sea, by magic, huge canoes,
With bellying cloths on poles, and not one oar.
And fluttering coloured signs and clambering crews.
And he, in fear, this naked man alone,
His fallen hands forgetting all their shells,
His lips gone pale, knelt low behind a stone,
And stared, and saw, and did not understand,
Columbus’s doom-burdened caravels
Slant to the shore, and all her seamen land.
Caravels: J C Squires
A Humble Request
Had I the heavens' embroidered cloths,
Enwrought with golden and silver light,
The blue and the dim and the dark cloths
Of night and light and the half-light,
I would spread the cloths under your feet:
But I, being poor, have only my dreams;
I have spread my dreams under your feet;
Tread softly because you tread on my dreams.
W B YEATS
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