CHAPTERS
22 & 23
* POLITICAL PARTY
- group of people who share common political beliefs
and ideology
- an organized group, seeking to control the gov't....
through the winning of elections and holding public
office
- instituting their own policies and programs
* U.S. is basically a two-party system...represented by
the Democratic and Republican parties, sometimes
challenged by minor/independent/third parties.
1.
FEDERALIST PARTY
( 595 )
- founded by
Alexander Hamilton
Party of the rich.
Favored a strong national
government.
Policies favored "big
business”
NOTE: evolved into today's
Republican Party.
2. ANTI-FEDERALIST
PARTY ( 595 )
- founded by
Thomas Jefferson



Party of the "common
man"
Favored a limited-Natl.
gov't....more power to the
States.
Evolved into the
Democratic Party

THOMAS NAST (Repub.)
creator...no particular
reason selected:
Republican Party Elephant
B. Democratic Party Donkey
A.

Also: created the modern day
image of Santa Claus...
changed old European image
of St. Nicholas from a thinwispy fellow, to a round-jolly
figure

The now-famous Democratic donkey was first associated
with Democrat Andrew Jackson's 1828 presidential
campaign. His opponents called him a jackass (a donkey),
and Jackson decided to use the image of the strong-willed
animal on his campaign posters. Later, cartoonist Thomas
Nast used the Democratic donkey in newspaper cartoons
and made the symbol famous.


Nast invented another famous symbol—the Republican
elephant. In a cartoon that appeared in Harper's Weekly
in 1874, Nast drew a donkey clothed in lion's skin,
scaring away all the animals at the zoo. One of those
animals, the elephant, was labeled “The Republican
Vote.” That's all it took for the elephant to become
associated with the Republican Party.
Democrats today say the donkey is smart and brave,
while Republicans say the elephant is strong and
dignified.

1. NOMINATING
FUNCTION

The selection of
candidates
representing the
respective parties.

Narrowing down the
choices w/in the
party through the
Primary Election
Process.
* 2008 PRESIDENTIAL candidates
DEMOCRATS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
HILLARY CLINTON
JOHN KERRY
JOHN EDWARDS
JOE BIDEN
WESLEY CLARK
RUSS FEINGOLD
7. BILL RICHARDSON
8. MARK WARNER
9. EVAN BAYH
10. TOM VILSACK
11. BARACK OBAMA
12. THOMAS DASCHLE
REPUBLICANS
1. CONDELEEZA RICE
2. RUDY GIULIANI
3. JOHN MCCAIN
4. JEB BUSH
5. NEWT GINGRICH
6. RICK SANTORUM
7. BILL FRIST
8. GEORGE PATAKI
9. MITT ROMNEY
10. CHUCK HAGEL
11. HALEY BABOUR
12. BILL OWENS
13. GEORGE ALLEN
2.
INFORMER FUNCTION /
STIMULATOR FUNCTION

Political parties attempt
to inform / notify the
public about the
candidate and his/her
policies and programs.

“Stimulate" voter interest
in the election campaign
motivate voter turnout.
3. BONDING AGENT
FUNCTION
Each party strives for a
"unified"/universal party
effort... from the local level
("grass-roots“) to the Natl. level


Estab. common political
objectives / goals.
 1980-1988 R.Reagan:
 1. reduction in size of gov't. and
govt. spending
 2. military build-up to oppose USSR

1964-1968 LBJ:


1. Great Society
Program
2. War on Poverty

1988-1992 Geo.Bush:


1. no new taxes ("read
my lips")
2. thousand pts. of
light (?)
4. WATCHDOG
FUNCTION

Position held by the
"OUT" party (party out
of power)... seeking to
QUESTION /
CRITICIZE the
policies/programs/
ideas of the "IN" party
(party in power).
A. DEMOCRATIC ERA (1800-1860)
- Demo. party win 13 of 15 presidential elections
- losing: 1840 Wm. Henry Harrison and 1848 Zachary Taylor
B. REPUBLICAN ERA (1860-1932)
- Repub. party won 14 of 18 presidential elections
- losing: 1884 & 1892 Grover Cleveland 1912 & 1916 Woodrow Wilson
C. DEMOCRATIC ERA (1932-1980)
- Demo. party won 7 of 11 presidential elections
- losing: 1952 & 1956 Dwight D. Eisenhower and
1968 & 1972 Richard M. Nixon
D. ???????????????????
- 1980-1988
- 1988 - 1992
-1992-2000
-2000-2008
-2008-2016
-2016-2020
(1980-2012)
Ronald W. Reagan
George Herbert Walker Bush
William Clinton
George W. Bush
Barak H. Obama
???? R or D????
R
R
D
R
D
Independent parties
influence American
politics by:
1. dividing-votes
2. sway elections
3. influencing policies
of the two major
parties.

M-I-T Party
Characteristics:
A. regional popularity
B. innovative ideas
C. outstanding candidate
“ charisma “ !!!!!!!!!
 i.e.: Theodore Roosevelt-former
Repubublican
 "Bull Moose" party
 History
 Speechhttps://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=Do89pViPkvU

M-I-T Party failure due
to:
A. lack of financial support
($$)
B. policies don't appeal to a
large number of voters
C. (2) major parties steal
key ideas and adopt them
as their own
1. T.V. ( $1.5 billion for T.V. in 2012)
2. travel costs...and housing (hotel/motel)
3. paid professional staff (camp. managers,
advisors, strategists, office managers, etc.)
4. newspaper ads ($10 - $100,000 for ads)
5. office space/furniture
6. posters/stickers/campaign buttons
P.A.C.'s
(Political Action Committees) groups of people who
share common views on
various interests.
1.
provide $ financial support
for candidates
 Spec. int. groups seeking a
"favorable vote” for their
cause


NOTE: ? Are PAC's buying
congressional votes/influence?
….disregarding the wishes of
the voting public?

Key: most are protecting
economic interests

PAC contribution limitations: (Per PAC/per
Cand.)
A. $5,000 Primary Election
 B. $5,000 General Election
 C. $10,000 TOTAL PER CAND.


after PAC's "max out" (gives the max. amt. $$$)

- limitations may be exceeded by BUNDLING


Individual contributors combine amounts to support
a candidate or issue.
NO MONETARY LIMITS to Bundling
Constant campaign fund-raising by legislators


A) to retire old debts
B) to build-up a "war chest" (nest egg)


Campaign Reform
Movement to change
the method of financing
political campaigns
...following the
Watergate Scandal.
Federal Election
Committee function/duty is to
review the source and
amount of campaign
contributions.
2. individual contributions...limitations
A.
 B.
 C.
 D.

$1,000 to a single federal cand.
$5,000 to a PAC/per yr.
$20,000 to the Natl. committee of a Pol. Party
$25,000 total yrly.
3. candidates themselves...personal loans
4. Matching funds by the gov't. ...cand. must
raise a min. amt. to receive gov't. funds
5. Fund-raising events-cand. "roasts"/dinners
($100 - $1,000 per plate), concerts, rallies, bake
sales, etc.






LT: What are the 3 qualifications to be able to vote?
EYES ON THE PRIZE: Emmitt Till
--N.A.A.C.P.
--Segregated (segregation)
--Use of “n” word
--Name some other slang (derogatory) names for minorities
in today’s society
FRIDAY, MARCH 28

LT: I can give one way a person can become a “candidate.”



1. Who were the Little Rock 9?
2. What happened in the film to the 9 students?
3. What was the outcome? (how many
graduated, what impact did they have on
schools and who attended, etc.)
Tuesday April 1
LT: I can explain two ways African Americans were kept from
voting.
Registration: Some states require voters to register today. It is
only a registration—your name and what party you want.
Up until recent years, all states had a registration system that
could require you to do any of the following:
1. Take a test (Alabama Literacy Test—on desk used until ‘65)
2. Pay a fee (poll tax—banned by 24th amendment 1964)
3. Meet a requirement: “white primary” “grandfather clause”
Voting Rights Act of 1965: Can not use literacy tests, voting
examiners put in place, federal officers can register people to
vote and can oversee elections.



LT: I can identify when to go to the polls to
vote for a candidate.
TODAY: NOTES—primary elections, election
process, date to vote
HOMEWORK: Read pages 635-637 and
complete the 2 reading checks (pg 635 and 637
+ vocabulary on board in room)
METHODS OF NOMINATION ( 605 - 606 )
1. SELF-ANNOUNCEMENT
- a person simply announces he/she wishes to "run"... also used
by a candidate who fails to receive a party nomination ...i.e.:
A. George Wallace (1968) Amer. Independent Party
- lost Democratic nomination to H Humphrey
B. Eugene Mc Carthy (1976) Independent Party
-lost Democratic nomination to Jimmy Carter
C. John Anderson (1980) Independent Party
-lost Republican nomination to Ronald Reagan
2. CAUCUS (closed meeting)
- party leadership/"party bosses" meet to select a candidate
that will represent the party in the upcoming election
- negative aspect" tends to EXCLUDE voter preference and
other party members
3. NOMINATION BY PETITION
- candidates may be placed on the ballot by securing a
required number of signatures on a petition
- mainly used at local levels of politics
4. DIRECT PRIMARY
- each party holds a "PRELIMINARY ELECTION" to select the
candidate who will represent the party.
(2) TYPES OF DIRECT PRIMARIES
A. CLOSED PRIMARY**South Dakota
- voters must register with a specific party... Repub. – Demo. - Ind.
- only registered members may vote in the respective primaries (D -R)
NOTE: INDEPENDENTS are excluded from closed primaries
B. OPEN PRIMARY
- party membership/affiliation is not a factor
- voters may vote in either primary...regardless of party affiliation
* “ SUPER TUESDAY “
- Multiple states hold their primaries on the same day
- designed to give a political boost / momentum / natl. exposure...
SUPER TUESDAY - FEBRUARY 5, 2008 / 21 STATES
(early primaries/caucuses lead to an early selection of candidates)
February 5
Connecticut primary
X
X
February 5
Delaware primary
X
X
February 5
Georgia primary
X
X
February 5
Idaho caucus
X
-
February 5
Illinois primary
X
X
February 5
Kansas primary
X
-
February 5
Massachusetts primary
X
X
February 5
Minnesota caucus
X
X
February 5
Missouri primary
X
X
February 5
New Jersey primary
X
X
February 5
New Mexico caucus
X
-
February 5
New York primary
X
X
February 5
North Dakota caucus
X
X
February 5
Oklahoma primary
X
X
February 5
Tennessee primary
X
X
February 5
Utah primary
X
X
THE ELECTORAL PROCESS
* In the U.S. there are more than 1/2 million elected officials/public
officeholders (federal-state-local)...requiring a large number of
elections.
• ELECTORAL PROCESS (2-steps)
1. nomination of candidates – each pol.party selects
candidates
2. election of officeholders - the people/voters cast ballots and
select officeholders
* ELECTION DAY:
FIRST TUES... following the FIRST MON in
NOVEMBER of the EVEN NUMBERED YEARS.
- Presidential, Congressional, and most State/local
elections are held.
NOTE: exceptions-local elections (city/county)
Friday, March 28, 2014
LT: What causes people to NOT
to VOTE.
1. Who were the Little Rock 9?
2. What was important about what they did?
3. What was the outcome of Little Rock?
• NON – VOTING
- As a rule..."the lesser the office, the smaller the participation“
i.e.,: more people vote in a Presidential election than in an
"off-year" election (non-pres. election)
governor's race, state elections, city/county elections.
Reasons for non-voting:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
APATHY
( "lack of interest“ )
- makes no difference who wins...things won't change
voters who are ill or physically unable
Absenteeism - absent on election day... obtain Absentee Ballot
overcrowding at the polls
inclement/bad weather...reduces voter turnout
Friday: Right to vote 15, 19, 26
VOTERS and VOTER BEHAVIOR
* SUFFRAGE - to vote
- is a potential right not a civil right...a privilege belonging to
those who qualify.
NOTE: Voting in elections provides the electorate (people)
an opportunity to influence govt. policies programs.
* VOTING QUALIFICATIONS (imposed by ALL States)
( 617 )
1. Citizenship - must be a legal citizen of the U.S.
- aliens may not vote or hold office
2. Residence - voters must qualify as a resident of a State
- qualification periods: 30-60-90 days some
States 0-15 days
3. Age-18 yrs and older as set fourth by the 26th Amend. (1971)
( 617 )
NOTE: Some States require: REGISTRATION (PERIODIC / PERMANENT) (617)
- a list of qualified/eligible voters...to prevent "fraudulent voting"
Registration: Some states require voters to register today. It is
only a registration—your name and what party you want.
Up until recent years, all states had a registration system that
could require you to do any of the following:
1. Take a test (Alabama Literacy Test—on desk used until ‘65)
2. Pay a fee (poll tax—banned by 24th amendment 1964)
3. Meet a requirement: “white primary” “grandfather clause”
Voting Rights Act of 1965: Can not use literacy tests, voting
examiners put in place, federal officers can register people to
vote and can oversee elections.
*
National Voter Registration Act of 1993 - “ Motor Voter ” Registration
- passed by Congress to increase the number of
registered voters... increase voter participation
- voter registration at the DMV (Dept. of Motor Vehicles)
Constitutional Amendments - regarding "suffrage" / voting:
A. 15th AMEND (1870) - prohibits the denial of voting rights
based upon race, color or previous servitude
Little Rock 9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTbCGf3x-Fw
B. 19th AMEND (1920) - women gained voting rights
C. 26th AMEND (1971) - estab. minimum voting age of 18
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVB2AlVpt0IEmitt Till
MARKETING THE CANDIDATE
( 622 - 624 )
- In the U.S. over 500,000 candidates are elected to various
local - state - federal offices.
- Harry S. Truman (1948) - last presidential campaign without the use
of television... “ Whistle Stop ” campaign, using the railroad to
personally reach the electorate… Truman defeated Thomas Dewey.
• TELEVISION has had a dramatic influence on voter choice…
at all levels of politics (L-S-F)
- The use of television to promote and project a favorable image of a
candidate or negative image of one’s opponent.
- Kennedy vs. Nixon - first televised debate... by 1960 (9 of 10)
homes had TV.
1. ATTACK ADS (“ mudslinging ” ): creating a questionable or
negative feeling.
2. SOUND BITES: Editing Audio / video clips of a candidate that may
take a statement out of context, thus creating an unfavorable
feeling / image
• “ DAISY “ ad : LBJ commercial (1964) - aired only once, depicted a
little girl plucking a flower... counting down to a nuclear bomb blast.
- Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) was branded an extremist when he
stated… nuclear bombs were “. . . just another weapon.”
- “Soft Money” (undeclared source) is used to purchase TV time.
* Info-mercials - 20-30 minute blocks of time, used to target a specific
audience
• Talk-Show appearances - seeking free exposure to expand the
electorate.
• Internet / E-mail - the wave of the future, info being sent to personal
computers of the electorate.
- candidate biographies
- contribution ($) exposure
- position papers
NOTE: future trend . . . to put the candidates themselves back into
political ads, making them more accountable.
THURSDAY, APRIL 3
LT: I can mark a ballot based on my choices (after understanding
the patterns that people use to make decisions on candidates)
LT: I can explain the electoral college system of voting.
Today: notes, possible electoral college film
• BALLOTS
1. OFFICE-GROUP Ballot
- candidates are listed/grouped together according to the office
being sought
2. PARTY - COLUMN Ballot
- candidates are listed VERTICALLY under his/her respective party
- may lead to "STRAIGHT - TICKET" voting... selecting all one party.
• ELECTORAL TERMS
1. COATTAIL EFFECT
- strong nat'l. candidate with wide support attracts votes/voters
to help candidates of his/her party in an election
2. INCUMBENT
- person currently holding a public office
3. LAME DUCK
- politician "serving out" a term after losing an election OR
being ineligible to run for re-election
(538) TOTAL
ELECTORS / VOTES.
Reflects the total sum of:
(H) 435
(S) 100
(D of C) 3
270 of 538 needed to win
the Pres. and V.P.

Each state has the equivalent number of electors / votes as
they have members in Congress...thus it is important for a
cand. to win the "big" states…(Ca).

Electoral Coll. Sys. is a "WINNER-TAKE-ALL"
sys....winner of popular vote receives all of that State’s
Electoral votes.
Note: the exceptions to the W-T-A… NE & ME both states
use a combination of W-T-A (2 – popular vote)
and district votes.
* ELECTORAL COLLEGE SYSTEM
( 636 )
-Thom. Jefferson and the FRAMERS of the Constit. created the
Electoral Coll. Sys. with the belief that the average citizen was not
informed enough to make a wise decision regarding the
Presidential selection.
ELECTORS CREATED A BUFFER ZONE to compensate for the
lack of information conveyed to the masses.
- (538) TOTAL ELECTORS / VOTES
- 270 of 538 needed to win the Pres. and V.P.
- Each state has the equivalent number of
electors / votes as they members in Congress...
thus it is important for a cand. to win the "big" states
- Electoral Coll. Sys. is a “ WINNER-TAKE-ALL " sys...
winner of popular vote receives all of that States
electoral votes.
- Electoral Coll. Sys. / (3) step process:
A) NOV - GENERAL ELECTION, winner of popular vote takes all
elect. votes w / in that State... at this point a "PRESIDENT-ELECT"
is declared
B) DEC - ELECTORS (prominent/committed party members) go to
their state capitals to cast their votes -(1)Pres/(1)V.P... no
Constitutional or Fed law that requires electors to vote for the winner
of the popular vote... "FREE AGENTS"
- Electors vote on the first Monday after the second Wed. in Dec.
C) JAN - electoral votes sent to Wash, D.C. to be counted before a
joint session of Congress...and the official winner is declared
NOTE: if no cand. receives the necessary 270 votes:
A) House of Reps. selects the Pres.
B) Senate selects the V.P.
- Pres and V.P. sworn in approx. Jan.20
PUBLIC OPINION POLLS
( 628 )
- polls are used to get an indication of the views/feelings on the issues
- to "take the public pulse"
- to forecast election results
NOTE: STRAW VOTE - concerned with reaching the largest number of
people possible
NOTE: CROSS-SECTION of society must be polled to obtain a wide variety
of views
"SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION"
i.e.:
1 . age
4. occupation
2. gender
5. socio-economic status
3. race/ethnic groups
6. geographic location
PUBLIC OPINION
• PUBLIC OPINION - a view/common idea shared by a significant
number of the population
- FACTORS/SOURCES THAT INFLUENCE PUBLIC OPINION
1. family
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. party affiliation
age
7. mass media (tv-newspapers)
gender (m-f)
8. peers/social contacts
socio-economic status (u-m-l)
9. church/religion
race/ethnic groups
10. school/educational level
* OPINION LEADER
- any person who has influence over the opinion(s) of others
- assuming a leadership role
A. expert/expertise in a given field or area
B. celebrity or well-known person
PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES
used by PRESSURE GROUPS / LOBBYIST
( 626 )
- to create a particular belief....good or bad
1. PLAIN FOLKS - pretend to be one of the common people...
one of the group
2. BANDWAGON - follow the crowd....be with the majority
3. GLITTERING GENERALITIES - use of broad and vague
statements... saying nothing of "concrete value“
4. NAME CALLING - do NOT discuss the facts/issues...
just give a bad name. (mudslinging)
5. TESTIMONIAL - use of a celebrity to endorse your cause.....
6. CARD STACKING - present only one-side of an issue...
through the distortion and juggling of facts
7. TRANSFER - use of "Symbols" (Uncle Sam, eagle, etc.) to make
an unrelated association.