www.jnto.go.jp/eng/indepth/history/hj/moss.htm
l
ourohio.org/index.php?page=gro
wing-fresh-air
PLANT BIOLOGY
www.lmpc.edu.au/.../livingthings/gymno
http://www.bayergarden.co.uk/
images/gardendoctor/feature7.
jpg
1
sperm.htm
waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm
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Mitosis is the division of a haploid (n) or diploid (2n) cell into two duplicate daughter cells.
waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm
3
Meiosis is a special kind of cell division in which the chromosome number is reduced in half.
waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm
4
What is a plant?
From Latin “Planta” Sole of foot
1. Multicellular (differentiated cells)
2. Has haploid spores (n)
3. Embryo develops inside of female
part of plant
4. Mostly photosynthetic (have green
chlorophyll) except some parasites,
like Indian Pipes and Beach Drops
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A Plant is (Cont.):
5.Except for certain aquatic plants
plants have the following adaptations
to reduce water loss on land:
A. Waxy Cuticle covers stem and
leaves – Stomata let air and water in
https://courseware.eeducation.psu.edu/simsphere/workbook/fig
ures/7.1.gif
http://www.sxc.hu/pic/m/t/tc/tcreagh/11
61450_leaf_stomata.jpg
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A Plant is (Con’t.)
B. Spores and seeds dispersed
by wind and animals
C. Roots anchor the plant and
help absorb water and nutrients
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A Plant is (Con’t.)
D. Have STEMS for support and
transport of materials within the
plant:
Vascular Plants (All but Moss which stay
short and wet) have:
• Xylem tubes to carry water and
nutrients up
• Phloem tubes to carry sugar down
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Actually – Fungi called Mycorrhizae
cover or enter the roots of
most true plants to assist
the plant with absorption of
water and nutrients (esp.
phosphorus) (roots similar to Lichens)
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9f6p5qcrm
ew/SjYAQTCG9_I/AAAAAAAAAqE/
FfaT0xyXtvs/s400/myco2.JPG
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These Mycorrhizae are SO important
that the may explain:
• why certain plants can live in certain
soils only
• why soil must be moved with the roots
• why citrus trees require more water
and fertilizer when treated with
fungicides
• Why air pollution kills forests (it kills this fungus)
• How Indian Pipes are parasites on the mycorrhizae
which share nutrients with Beech and pine
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A Plant is (Con’t.)
E. Growth regions at the tips of stems
and roots to maxamize the use of soil,
air and light
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/2153/fig3-10.jpg
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Modern classification system
3 Domains (Bacteria (Prokaryote, Moneran with
peptidoglycan cell walls),
Archaea (Prokaryote, Moneran with no
peptidoglycan), Eukarya (with nucleus
(Eukaryote) and with cell walls absent or of
cellulose or chitin.
6 Kingdoms Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria)
-typical bacteria, NO membrain organelles),
Archaebacteria (Domain Archaea)
– live in severe conditions: hot springs, salt
pools, no O2, NO membrane organelles),
The rest are in DOMAIN Eukarya:
Protista (all not in the other 5), Fungi (chitin
cell walls, no chloroplasts), Plant (cellulose
cell walls with chloroplasts), and Animal (no
cell walls or chloroplasts).
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Phylum (Animals only)– Divisions for
the rest!!
Plant examples: Division Bryophyta
and Division Tracheophyta)
Class (Coniferinae and Angiospermae)
Order (Most important for animals)
Family (-idea for animals
-aceae for plants)
Genus (1 word)
(Acer = Maple)
Upper case, Underline
Species (2 words)
1st (upper case & underline) = the Genus
2nd (lower case & underline) = the specific epithet
Species name example = Acer rubrum (Red Maple) 13
Non-Vascular Plants
Division Bryophyta
The MOSSES and
LIVERWORTS
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Moss Life Cycle
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waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm
Find your example of a moss
from outside:
Locate and sketch the
A.Gametophyte
B. Sporophyte
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Vascular Plants
Division Tracheophyta
Without Seeds
(Reproduce with spores)
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Xylem and Phloem tubes
of a vascular plant:
https://www.uwsp.edu/natres/nres743/im
ages/T1/tree_layers_web2.jpg
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Fern Life Cycle
waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm
19
Find your example of a
FERN from outside
Find and sketch a
A.Gametophyte
B. Sporophyte (Label the SORI
(spore cases))
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Fern Fiddleheads
Some species have edible
fiddleheads (BUT you MUST learn
which are first!!)
http://people.virginia.edu/~lmm6n/images/Fiddlehead.jpg
http://www.thenourishinggourmet.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/04/ng_fiddleheads2.jp
g
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Vascular Plants with
Naked Seeds
(Not enclosed in Fruits)
Conifers, Cycads and Ginkgos
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-Usually 2 years
http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nils
son/4_GB_Lecture_figs_f/4_GB_22_
Plantae_Fig_f/Pine_Life_Cycle.GIF
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Now obtain a pine cone
Open up the lower cone leaves
and attempt to find a seed.
(the pine seeds from some of
our western pines have very
large seeds and are sold for
Food as “Pine Nuts”
http://offtheurbangrid.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/04/stonepine-cone-and-pine-nuts.jpg
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_tXy4SMLFFJg/
RtIoUm4eutI/AAAAAAAAAWM/1_QMTW
Y6r74/s320/pine+nuts_2.jpg
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Class Angiospermae
Angiosperms
Vascular Plants with Flowers,
And seeds inclosed in fruits
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Why Angiosperms took over:
A. Animals helped in
reproduction due to
flowers and fruits
B. Fruits protect seeds
http://www.life.illinois.e
du/plantbio/260/Origin
s/timescale.jpg
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Now get out the flower
you picked outside
Find and sketch the following
Stamen, anther, filament,
Pistil,stigma, style & ovary
Petals, sepals and receptacle
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The following illustration shows a typical bisexual flower:
Attachment of flower
parts with regards to
the ovary:
Hypogynous
- Under it (Ovary is
SUPERIOR)
Perigynous
– around the middle
FORMING A
FLORAL CUP
(Ovary is
INFERIOR)
Epigynous
- Above it
(Ovary is
INFERIOR)
WHICH IS THIS
FLOWER?
waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm
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Flowering Plant Life Cycle
waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm
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Angiosperms are divided into
THREE large Subclasses based on the
Evolution of their pollen grains:
A. MONOCOTS – often smaller plants
B. BASAL ANGIOSPERMS – ancient
plants in the Magnolia group
A. EUDICOTS (Dicots,formerly)
– often larger plants, 3 grooves in
pollen grains (A and B have 1)
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How do these 3
Subclasses
differ?
Note: EUDICOTS
FOLLOW THE
PICTURES OF
DICOTS but have 3
grooves in their
pollen grains
http://dbs.umt.edu/courses/biol103/labs/Wyr
ick/10b_plant_diversity_gymnosperms_angi
osperms_files/image003.gif
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Monocot
VS
Eudicot
or
Basal Angiosperm seed
(Both formerly called “DICOTS”)
(Both formerly called “Dicots)
http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/
lab_4_seeds_fruits/images/Corn_Grain_ls.jp
g
http://www.biologycorner.com/resour
ces/seed%20dicot.jpg
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Now, Please obtain a corn Fruit
And a Bean Seed
Open each carefully as I talk
you through the procedure.
Sketch and label the Cotyledon(s)
and Embryo in both cases.
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What do you believe to be
the purpose of the Cotyledon(s)
and the Endosperm (3n- from
2nd sperm and the 2 Polar Nuclei,
while the “egg” is fertilized with
the first sperm to form the Zygote)?
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If you said:
“Protection” and “Food”
you are GOOD!!!!
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Next, let’s talk about 7
common local Plant Families
And their general characteristics.
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Fabaceae
Family Fabaceae: Legume Family
http://academic.reed.edu/biology/Nitrogen/Nfix1(legumes).html
Nitrogen fixation occurs in
the root nodules that contain
bacteria (Bradyrhizobium for
soybean, Rhizobium for
most other legumes
Pea, alfalfa, clover,
common bean, peanut,
lentil and Redbud trees
are examples.
http://www.botany.wisc.edu/garden/
UWBotanical_Garden/Fabaceae.html
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PINE FAMILY
PINACEAE
http://trees.stanford.edu/images/Pinaceae/jeffreyi.jpg
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Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
The Largest Plant Family On Earth
Capitulum: Inflorescence Of The Sunflower Family
waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm
http://s3.amazonaws.com/rea
ders/2008/09/22/1_6.jpg
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Beach Family (Fagaceae)
American Beech
(Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.)
http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/FORESTRY/co
mmontr/american.htm
http://lh3.ggpht.com/_HyG4qYcYV
1Y/SSkzo9DqHoI/AAAAAAAARi8/
kmOeRqgexIo/s800/thome00478.j
pg
40
waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm
Flowers Of The Grass, Sedge & Rush Families
The Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Juncaceae
Typical Flower Of The Rush Family (Juncaceae)
http://librarywork.taiwanschooln
et.org/gsh2009/gsh5845/index0
6.htm
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Rose Family: Rosaceae
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Heath Family (Ericaceae)
Huckleberry, Blueberry, Cranberry, Bearberry,
Azalea, Rhododendron etc.
waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer8.htm
http://www.luontoportti.com/su
omi/en/kukkakasvit/alpinebearberry
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