Leadership
Leadership
What Is
Leadership?
“The behavioral process of
influencing individuals and
groups toward set goals.”
or
“influencing others through
credibility, capability, and
commitment”
Leaders Versus Managers
A manager takes care of such things as
scheduling, budgeting, and organizing,
whereas a leader is more concerned
with the direction of an organization,
including its goals and objectives.
VISION
How Leaders Are Chosen
1. Appointed
Leaders
2. Emergent
Leaders
Approaches to
Studying Leadership
Trait approach
Behavioral approach
Interactional approach
The Trait Approach: The
Great Person Theory of
Leadership
Key question:
What personality characteristics are
common to great leaders?
Results:
The Behavioral
Approach
Key question:
What are the universal behaviors
(not traits) of effective leaders?
Leaders in non-sport settings
Successful leaders use both
“consideration” (focus on friendship,
mutual trust, respect) and “initiating”
(focus on rules, goals, and objectives).
The Behavioral
Approach
Leaders in sport
Instruction
and
demonstration
Effective coaches focus on:
The Behavioral
Approach
Coaching Behavior
Assessment System
Reactive vs. Spont.
CBAS
Facilitating positive coaching
behaviors (frequent use of
reinforcement and mistakecontingent encouragement)
assures…
Coaching Behavior Assessment
System (CBAS) Categories
Reactive Behaviors
Reinforcement
Mistake-contingent encouragement
Mistake-contingent technical instruction
Punishment
Punitive technical instruction
Ignoring mistakes
Keeping control
Coaching Behavior Assessment System
(CBAS) Categories
Spontaneous Behaviors
General technical instruction
General encouragement
Organization
General communication
The Interactional
Approach
Key:
Both person and situation factors must
be jointly considered to understand
effective leadership.
Implications:
1.
2.
3.
The Interactional
Approach
Relationship– and
task–oriented
leaders compared
A relationship-oriented
leader focuses on
a task-oriented leader
focuses on
The effectiveness of an
individual’s leadership style
stems from _____________
the situation.
The Multidimensional Model of
Sport Leadership
The Multidimensional Model of
Sport Leadership
Key:
Optimal performance and satisfaction
are achieved when a leader’s required,
preferred, and actual behaviors are
consistent.
Leadership Scale for
Sport (LSS) Dimensions
Training (instructive behaviors)
Democratic behavior
(decision-making style)
Autocratic behavior
(decision-making style)
Social support
(motivational tendencies)
Positive feedback
(motivational tendencies)
Teamwork and the Business World
• Research by Goleman
(2000) on the emotional
intelligence of business
executives identified six
leadership styles that
are also applicable in
sport.
• Different situations call
for different leadership
styles.
The Coach As Team Leader
• Leadership Styles
–
–
–
–
–
–
Coercive
Authoritative (best)
Affiliative
Democratic
Pace-setting
Coaching
Antecedents of Leadership
Age and Maturing
Antecedents of Leadership
Gender
Antecedents of Leadership
Type of Sport
Consequences of Leadership
Satisfaction
Coach-athlete compatibility in
decision style, generous coach
social support, and allowing
democratic decisions are
generally associated with higher
athlete satisfaction.
Consequences of Leadership
Performance
Jim Loehr Concepts of Leadership
Consistent Core Competencies
• Theme 1: Spiritual leadership
– Clearly define the team mission, goals, and vision.
– Recruit commitment and motivation by aligning
team and individual values.
– Institute and enforce ethical standards and a code
of conduct that govern both leader and team
behavior.
Consistent Core Competencies
• Theme 2: Mental leadership
– Ability to focus attention and think clearly under
pressure.
– Effectively manage time.
– Act decisively from a reality-based perspective.
– Have self-awareness.
Consistent Core Competencies
• Theme 3: Emotional leadership
–
–
–
–
Communicate effectively.
Instill hope, trust, and confidence in teammates.
Demonstrate empathy, humility, and compassion.
Instill in others a sense of challenge, opportunity,
and excitement when facing adversity.
Consistent Core Competencies
• Theme 4: Physical leadership
– Behave in accordance with personal and team
values.
– Demonstrate integrity: “walk the talk.”
– Be accountable and hold others accountable to
clearly defined, measurable outcomes.
– Define team success in concrete behavioral terms.
Multidimensional Engagement
Ordinary vs. Extraordinary
Leadership
• Adversity is the true test
of leadership.
• The crises of competitive
sport can become
powerful forces of
disengagement.
• An important aspect of
effective leadership is
teaching athletes how to
remain fully engaged in
spite of injuries, bad
losses, parental pressure,
negative media coverage,
etc.