FACULTY OF INFORMATICS
DEVELOPING BUSINESS MODEL FOR GEOLOCATION DATABASE FOR THE OPERATION OF
CR IN THE TV WS BANDS
THE 8TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON STANDARDISATION AND
INNOVATION IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
AUTHORS:
Gintarė Sukarevičienė
Vladislav V. Fomin
25TH SEPTEMBER 2013, SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS
OUTLINE
OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENTATION
PART 1.
A bit of background and motivation.
 PART 2.
Development of Business Model for Geo-location
Database for the operations of Cognitive Radio in the TV
White Space Bands.
 SUMMING-UP.

2
A BIT OF BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
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3
Wireless communications have become one of the
most exciting services in the history of technology:
◦ bringing substantial benefits to the industry and
individual users;
◦ changing the way we communicate and perform our
daily routines.
Preceding the technology and service globalization
trend, the related regulations moved from national
to the international domain – globalization of wireless
communications services required the development of
technology standards, pushing ICT-related standards
development to become one of the dominant activities
in the international standardization arena.
A BIT OF BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION
RADIO SPECTRUM SHORTAGE PROBLEM
The growth of wireless services
(information and communication technologies have been
among the fastest growing and innovating technologies in both
production and use during the four past decades, and the
prospects for future growth appear equally bright)
Growing need for radio spectrum
(the shortage of the enabling resource)
Radio spectrum – a medium for wireless communication, but it is not being
used efficiently due to the existing administrative rules for spectrum use and
technological imperfections.
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A BIT OF BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION
NEW GENERATION FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
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5
Cognitive Radio (CR) is a promising technological and
service concept of much more efficient use of spectrum,
but to enable CR intelligence in wireless
communications, not only end-user devices must be
made capable of supporting the required novel
communication techniques – the existing wireless
infrastructure and administrative rules for spectrum
assignment and management must also be redesigned.
Cognitive Radio Systems (CRS) – a radio system employing technology that
allows the system to obtain knowledge of its operational and geographical
environment, established policies and its internal state; to dynamically and
autonomously adjust its operational parameters and protocols according to its
obtained knowledge in order to achieve predefined objectives; and to learn
from the results obtained (ITU 2009).
A BIT OF BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION
DYNAMIC SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT
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
Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA):
◦ a set of techniques and technologies to improve the
performance of a communication network as a whole
(Zhao and Sadler 2007);
◦ enabler of infrastructure for Cognitive Radio
communications.
Development of the DSA infrastructure requires:
◦ creating a functional techno-economic systems which
would mesh together administrative, business,
technological, and utility elements.
Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) – an essential principle of organization of
the needed technological solutions for and administration of spectrum access.
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A BIT OF BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION
CR-BASED TELECOMMUNICATIONS MARKET
7

DSA infrastructure development effort:
◦ a large number of technology standards;
◦ a large number of administrative and business
practices (or norms).

A promise to bring forth the necessary optimization
of modern telecommunications networks and
services with regard to the spectrum efficiency and
lowering of entry barriers.
A BIT OF BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION
EXTANT RADIO TELECOMMUNICATIONS PARADIGM

Specific operational principle of the extant radio
telecommunications paradigm:
◦ technology-service-resource
association:
each
communication system had an assign frequency band, and
each wireless device „must have one RF module (and
related antennas) for each wireless communication system
being supported like GSM/UMTS, RFID, GPS, DVB-H or
FM-radios“ (Kloch et al. 2009, 4).

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Development of novel technologies usually is seen
from the perspective of
single standard
development initiative.
A BIT OF BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION
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9
SUCCESS OF PREVIOUS GENERATION OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
GSM – the 2nd generation
changes not only in
(2G)
mobile
telephony
consumer practices,
system – likely the most often
but also created truly
quoted success story of the
global
telecommunications
European telecommunications
arena with regards
policy
and
market
to the
developments;
manufacturing,
1 and 3 G telephony systems
operation, and
– studied and referred to as
regulation
single standard initiatives.
A BIT OF BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION
EUROPEAN ICT MARKET

European ICT market has been oriented towards
common standards and user services:
◦ 1984 European Council's (EC) Recommendation 84/549/EC, to „stop
fragmentation of the European market, to help users to have cheap
prices, and to help European industry to have a wide market“;
◦ 1987 and 1990 EC's Green Paper outlining a common approach in the
field of tele- and satellite communications.
Development of the new paradigm in
telecommunications – that based on CR/DSA
principles – requires departing from „one service –
one standard“ mindset
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A BIT OF BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION
MAIN REGULATORY AND STANDARDIZATION BODIES
FOR CR AND DSA

Recognizing the importance of the DSA, many (if not all)
major SDOs and relevant regulatory organizations have
embarked on developing standards or defining norms
and regulation for one or another aspect of CR-related
telecommunications:
◦ CEPT – harmonization of the regulatory requirements;
◦ ITU – coordination of shared global use of the radio spectrum,
development of worldwide technical standards;
◦ ETSI – responsible for most of the European telecommunication
standardization activities;
◦ EC – definition and implementation of regulatory environment,
development of radio spectrum policy, conformity assessment and
market surveillance;
◦ IEEE – foster technological innovation, excellence for the benefit of
humanity;
◦ ECMA – standardization of information and communication systems
◦ IETF – production of high quality relevant technical documents.
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A BIT OF BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION

SOURCES OF COMPLEXITY IN STANDARDIZATION OF
DSA-RELATED TECHNOLOGIES
Factors contributing to the complex setup:
◦ the ambiguity with regards to what exactly consumers and
markets will be served by CR standards;
◦ the fact that CR application requires horizontal interoperability
between (and harmonization of) different technology standards,
business practices, and regulatory policies;
◦ the convergence of previously distinct markets with one another,
such as e.g., telephony, Internet, and TV broadcasting.
This convergence - not just technological in nature, but in fact compromises four different
domains:
• institutional;
• technological;
• functional;
• infrastructural (Delaere and Ballon 2008)
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2
A BIT OF BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION
THE CASE OF CR/DSA STANDARDIZATION
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1
3
Success of DSA infrastructure development will require not
only technical standardization, but different (many) horizontal and
vertical coordination efforts (Delaere and Ballon, 2008);
Standardization processes currently being carried out under
the banner of CR/DSA seems to be decentralized, chaotic – due
to this traditional economic and management theories are not likely
to be of help (Nickerson and Zur Muehlen, 2006);
The advent of DSA-supporting infrastructure and CR-enabled
telecommunication services, more than the previous generations
of telecommunications, will integrate and embed significant
technological innovation (Lyytinen, keil, and Fomin 2008).
A BIT OF BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION
STUDY OF A HIGHLY COMPLEX PHENOMENOM
Adoption of reductionism approach
(system analysis and modeling according to the common logic of
System Design (SD))
Generation of scenarios of infrastructural development ex ante,
which can have a very positive impact on the standards development
coordination processes and reduce uncertainty about possible
bottlenecks and risks
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A BIT OF BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION
CENTRAL ROLE OF STANDARDS IN DSA INFRASTRUCTURE
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Figure 1. Key elements of DSA infrastructure and the central role of standards in it
DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS MODEL FOR GDB
GDB APPROACHES
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Informatics-only solutions for GDB:
DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS MODEL FOR GDB
IDENTIFICATION OF GDB SCENARIOS
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Figure 2. GDB service deployment scenarios (adapted from Barrie M. Classification of
Business Scenarios for Spectrum Sening, 2010)
DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS MODEL FOR GDB
PROS AND CONS OF GDB SCENARIOS
Unlicensed scenario
+ introduction of GDB for the operation of CR in the TVWS
- problem to the existing communication patterns
 “One to all” scenario
+/- generalized GDB that supports all databases
 Market scenario
+/- allowance to specific bands to be tradable
 Flexible scenario
+/- flexible bands (flexible operator)
+/- flexible services (flexible user)

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DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS MODEL FOR GDB
BUSINESS MODEL FOR GDB MATRIX (1)
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Figure 3. BM for GDB matrix based on
two parameters (adopted from Barrie
M. (2010)
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outsource-based configuration,
the main role is played by third
party, which is aided by
administrator who develops and
operates GDB
operator-based
configuration,
the main role is played by
operator, although available
channels are managed by GDB
broker-based
configuration,
TVWS
broker
distributes
available channels to various
service providers
user-based configuration, the
main role is played by the users’
devices (TV WSDs) in handling
available channels
DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS MODEL FOR GDB
BUSINESS MODEL FOR GDB MATRIX (2)
Figure 4. Business Model for GDB matrix from the factors point of view
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DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS MODEL FOR GDB
MOST VIABLE BUSINESS MODEL CONFIGURATIONS PER
SCENARIO (1)
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1
DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS MODEL FOR GDB
MOST VIABLE BUSINESS MODEL CONFIGURATIONS PER
SCENARIO (2)
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2
DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS MODEL FOR GDB
MOST VIABLE BUSINESS MODEL CONFIGURATIONS PER
SCENARIO (3)
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DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS MODEL FOR GDB
MOST VIABLE BUSINESS MODEL CONFIGURATIONS PER
SCENARIO (4)
Outsource-based Business Model configuration stands
the best chance of being implemented in the future:
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Figure 5. Outsource-based configuration of „one-to-all- scenario
SUMMING-UP
Q&A SECTION
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TVWS is today’s way to solve spectrum scarcity problem. Successful
deployment of TVWS spectrum cannot be achieved without standards
and assured protection from interference from other services in the
TVWS band, as well as from licensed communication services in
adjacent bands.
Deployment of GDB as tool of control mechanism for enabling CR
services in the TVWS band seems to have emerged as a preferred tool
both in Europe and the US.
While technical realizations of GDB for TVWS already exist, there is no
established business practice in operating GDB-based CR services in
the TVWS band.
Our work can help promote the introduction of novel wireless
communications services, as it is often the lack of business-side
knowledge which holds European national regulatory agencies from
opening up TVWS band for secondary services.