1.
Front: The city of Rome is located on the __________________, which is shaped like a boot.
Back: Italian Peninsula
2.
Front: According to a myth, the founders of Rome were ________________ and ______________
Back: Romulus and Remus
3.
Front: In the Roman Republic and the United States, citizens choose representatives to make laws for them. Both
are examples of ____________________
Back: republics
4.
Front: In the Punic Wars, Rome defeated _________, a city-state in North Africa
Back: Carthage
5.
Front: In the final years of the Roman Republic, a powerful general named _________________ seized power and
became dictator of Rome. Shortly after, the Senate assassinated him.
Later, Emperor _______________ became the first emperor of Rome.
Both of these powerful leaders contributed to the fall of the Roman ______________ and the rise of the Roman
_____________.
Back: Julius Caesar, Augustus, Republic, Empire
6.
Front: In the Roman Republic, the Romans elected representatives to make laws for them. The Roman Republic is
an example of _________________.
In the Roman Empire, an emperor ruled. The Roman Empire is an example of _________________.
Back: Democracy, monarchy
7.
Front: Roman art included fresco (a large painting on a wall) and ____________ (small pieces of stone put
together to create an image).
Back: mosaic
8.
Front: Roman engineers constructed _______________ so that fresh water could be carried to the city.
Back: Aqueducts
9.
Front: One of Rome’s most corrupt emperors, Nero, burned down Rome. Afterwards, he needed a scapegoat, so
he blamed the _______________.
Back: Christians
10.
Front: The Roman Empire fell when it was invaded by tribes such as the Visigoths and the Vandals. The Romans
called these people ____________________.
Back: Barbarians
11.
Front: Judaism is a ___________ religion, which means that Jews believe in one god.
Back: Monotheistic
12.
Front: As a test of faith, God demanded that ________________ sacrifice his son Isaac. After he obeyed, God
gave him and his descendants the Promised Land.
Back: Abraham
13.
Front: Abraham’s descendants were often persecuted. For example, the Jews were forced into slavery in Egypt.
God told ______________ to lead the Jews out of slavery and back to the Promised Land.
Back: Moses
14.
Front: On the way back to the Promised Land, Moses announced a set of moral laws known as the
___________________ to help people know right from wrong.
Back: Ten Commandments
15.
Front: In 586 BCE, King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon burned down Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem. Most of the
Jews were exiled from their homeland and taken as captives to Babylon. This was the beginning of the scattering
of Jews across the world, also known as the ______________________________.
Back: Jewish Diaspora
16.
Front: The Hebrew Bible (known as the Old Testament to Christians) includes predictions about the coming of a
________________who will rescue the Jews from persecution.
Back: Messiah
17.
Front: Some Jews did not believe that Jesus was the Messiah; those Jews remained _________. Some Jews did
believe that Jesus was the Messiah; those Jews became _____________. _____________ also believe that Jesus
was the Messiah.
Back: Jews, Christians, Muslims
18.
Front: If someone strikes you on the right cheek, you should...
Back: Turn the other cheek
19.
Front: Jesus, I want to rebel against the Romans. Why do you insist on showing them _____________ and
______________?
Back: Love and mercy
20.
Front: Christians believe that Jesus Christ died on the cross in order to save his followers from ____________.
Christians believe that faith in his sacrifice will lead to ___________.
Back: sin, salvation
21.
Front: Jews, Christians, and Muslims all agree that __________________ , ______________________, and
____________________were prophets (messengers) of God.
Christians also believe in __________________, while Muslims also believe in both __________________ and
__________________.
Back: Noah, Abraham, and Moses / / / / Jesus, Jesus, and Muhammad
22.
Front: Christians believe that the last prophet was _________________, but Muslims believe the last prophet was
_____________________.
Back: Jesus, Muhammad
23.
Front: ________ is the most important holy city for Muslims. Muhammad, the most important prophet of Islam,
was born here and received his first message from Allah here. Also, Muslims make a pilgrimage (religious journey)
to the Ka’bah, a sacred temple.
Back: Mecca
24.
Front: _______________ is also an important holy city for Muslims. Here, Muhammad prayed with Noah,
Abraham, Moses, and Jesus next to the Wailing Wall.
Back: Jerusalem
25.
Front: Before Muhammad, most people in Mecca were ____________________. This changed, however, when
Muhammad and his army destroyed the statues of 360 gods inside of the Ka’bah. Shortly after, the people of
Mecca became ____________________.
Back: polytheistic, monotheistic
26.
Front: One way the Mayans adapted to the jungle was ____________________________. Cutting down and
burning trees cleared land for farming, but it also destroyed the soil.
Back: slash-and-burn agriculture
27.
Front: One way the Aztecs adapted to their swampy environment was building _____________. These floating
gardens created extra fertile land.
Back: Chinampas
28.
Front: One way that the Incas adapted to their mountainous environment was carving ___________ into the side
of a mountain. These “steps” could be used to create extra fertile land.
Back: terraces
29.
Front: The Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas all performed a complex religious ceremony called _______________.
These cultures believed that the gift of blood would fuel the sun god’s path across the
sky.
Back: human sacrifice
30.
Front: Who was considered a god? Who interpreted the calendar? Who was not a part of the Inca social
structure?
Back: the ruler, priests, slaves
31.
Front: The Aztec Empire became very rich by forcing weaker city-states to become _______________. The Aztecs
would deliver a codex, a document which listed the _______________ that needed to be paid. The Aztecs would
go to war with those city-states which refused to pay.
Back: tributaries, tributes
32.
Front: The Spanish conquistadors had many reasons to conquer the Aztecs and the Incas. Most importantly, the
3Gs: ____, ____, and _____.
Back: gold, god, glory
33.
Front: The Aztecs had nearly died out one hundred years after making contact with the Spaniards. Guns and
swords had killed some, but ________________ had killed most.
Back: diseases
34.
Front: Before Emperor Qin ruled, many different states fought each other in China. Emperor Qin used his army to
________________ China into one nation.
Back: unify
35.
Front: Emperor Qin began construction on the _____________________ with the intention of keeping out
invaders, especially the Mongols. (But all the Mongols wanted was a little bit of grass!)
Back: Great Wall of China
36.
Front: Emperor Qin was buried with a ________________, designed to protect him in the afterlife. (Ironically, the
Han stole the terra-cotta warriors swords and used them to topple the Qin dynasty.)
Back: terracotta army
37.
Front: China’s geography had isolated the Chinese for thousands of years, but the ____________________
allowed the Chinese to mingle with other cultures, including the Roman Empire. (The Chinese essentially robbed
the silk-loving Romans of much of their gold.)
Back: Silk Road
38.
Front: One idea that traveled along the Silk Road was the religion known as Buddhism. It started in ___________
and soon made its way to China.
Back: India
39.
Front: Buddha: In order to get rid of all suffering, one must first get rid of all ______________.
Back: Cravings
40.
Front: During the Han Dynasty, Han emperors chose the __________________ people to work in the government.
In order to become a government official, one had to pass a test called the ________________________. This test
was influenced by the teachings of ______________.
Back: Smartest, civil service examination, Confucius
41.
Front: During the Ming Dynasty, a Chinese explorer named ________________ went on several naval voyages. He
collected gifts from other lands. These gifts are known as _______________.
Back: Zheng He, tribute
42.
Front: At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Chinese emperor decided to close the door to all foreign contact. The
emperor destroyed Zheng He’s ships, reinforced the Great Wall, and built the Forbidden Palace (for Chinese
royalty only). This policy of rejecting foreigners is called __________________.
Back: isolationism
43.
Front: The shogun gives the daimyo ________, and the daimyo hires samurai to provide _________.
Back: land, protection
44.
Front: To make my lord proud, I must follow the ___________________. That means I must be honorable, loyal,
and brave.
Back: Code of Bushido
45.
Front: Samurai practiced a blend of two religions: _____________ and __________________.
Back: Buddhism, Shinto
46.
Front: Samurai inspired Japanese pilots during World War II. Like the samurai, kamikaze pilots preferred to
________________ rather than to face dishonor.
Back: commit suicide
47.
Front: After the fall of the Roman Empire, the greatest threat to western Europe was the ______________. This
empire started in the _______________ and then expanded all the way to Portugal and Spain
Back: Muslims, Arabian Peninsula
48.
Front: During medieval times, most art reflected Christian themes. Illiterate people could still learn about
______________ just by studying paintings of him.
Back: Jesus Christ
49.
Front: In 730, the Byzantine Emperor banned the use of icons. The Pope was outraged to hear that the Byzantine
Emperor painted over a painting of Jesus. The Byzantine Emperor and the Pope continued to disagree for 300
years. In 1054, the Great Schism resulted in two churches: the ____________ church in western Europe and the
_________________ church in eastern Europe.
Back: Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox
50.
Front: In the ____________________, the Catholic Church created a religious court to find and punish heretics.
Most often, Jews and Muslims who had converted to Christianity were tortured so that priests could determine if
they had gone back to their old faith.
Back: Spanish Inquisition
51.
Front: In the 1340s, a disease wiped out nearly half of Europe’s population. This disease is called the __________.
Back: bubonic plague
52.
Front: The Renaissance is considered the “rebirth” of Europe. __________ culture from the Greeks and the
Romans became valued once again.
Back: Classical
53.
Front: Petrarch, the first humanist, would have read many _________ and _________ books. (Thank you, monks,
for copying all of those books!)
Back: Greek, Roman
54.
Front: The ______________ were wealthy bankers who controlled the government and economy of Florence, the
cradle of the Renaissance.
Back: Medici Family
55.
Front: Since Christians consider money-lending to be a sin, the Medici were afraid of going to hell. To save
themselves, they became _________ of artists like Donatello, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo.
Back: patrons
56.
Front: The Catholic Church sold _______________ in order to pay for the construction of St. Peter’s Basilica.
These allowed people to buy their way into heaven.
Back: indulgences
57.
Front: To show his disapproval of indulgences, _____________________nailed his _____________ to a church
door in Germany. He argued that if the Pope could grant forgiveness for sins, why not just do it for free?
Back: Martin Luther, 95 Theses
58.
Front: Martin Luther believed that ____________ was not something that could be sold by the church. Rather, he
believed it was a free gift for those who had _________.
Back: salvation, faith
59.
Front: __________________ started another Protestant church called the Anglican Church (also known as the
Church of England) after the Pope would not grant him a divorce.
Back: King Henry 8
60.
Front: The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation with the ______________________.
Back: Counter-Reformation
61.
Front: Before the Scientific Revolution, most people believed in the ____________theory, which states that
the sun revolves around the Earth.
Copernicus proposed a new idea called the ___________ theory, which states that the Earth revolves
the sun.
around
Back: geocentric, heliocentric
62.
Front: Copernicus’ heliocentric theory was controversial because it disputed the __________, which supports the
geocentric theory.
Back: Bible
63.
Front: Copernicus struggled to predict the movement of the planets, in part because he still believed that the
planets moved in a circular orbit. ____________ built on Copernicus’ theory by proposing that the planets moved
in an ___________ orbit. Now astronomers could accurately predict the movement of the planets!
Back: Kepler, elliptical
64.
Front: Galileo improved the invention of the ________________, which allowed him to see into space.
Back: telescope
65.
Front: When Galileo looked out his telescope, he saw four ___________ revolving around the planet _________.
Back: moons, Jupiter
66.
Front: _____________discovered the law of gravity, which explained not only why apples fall to the ground, but
also why planets orbit around the sun.
Back: Sir Isaac Newton
67.
Front: Christopher Columbus tried to find yet another path to Asia, but he found something different: a land mass
between Europe and Asia known as _____________________.
Back: the Americas
68.
Front: In 1215, angry nobles forced King John to put his seal on the ______________, a document that limited the
power of the king. Now, King John had to ask the nobles for permission in order to raise taxes.
Back: Magna Carta
69.
Front: ______ valued natural rights. He argued that if a government failed to protect people’s natural rights, then
it could be overthrown.
Back: John Locke
70.
Front: _________ valued separation of powers, which inspired the United States to have three branches of
government.
Back: Baron de Montesquieu
71.
Front: ____________________ valued freedom of speech.
Back: Voltaire
72.
Front: _________________valued the rights of the accused.
Back: Cesare Beccaria
73.
Front: The Enlightenment thinkers provided a foundation for the government of the United States, which is a
__________________.
Back: democracy