Personality
Definition: a consistent multiple-year pattern
of thinking, feeling, valuing, believing, and
behaving, i.e. you.
Six perspectives on Personality
Psychoanalytic - unconscious motivations
Behavioral - intentional/unintentional shaping
Humanistic - inner capacity for growth
Trait - specific dimensions of personality
Social-Cognitive - adds interaction and
cognition to the behavioral theory
Biological - body types, twin studies, genetics,
evolution, temperament, etc.
Written and arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality:
The First Force Historically
Sigmund Freud
Plato
Psychoanalytic
Psychology
Reason, Spirit, Desire
Psychosexual Stages of
Development; Id. Ego,
Superego; Sexual and
Aggressive Drives
Alfred Adler
Otto Rank
Will = Power
Imbued Ego;
Struggle for
Independence:
Adapted,
Neurotic
Productive
Anna Freud
H. Hartmann
Ego Autonomy,
Adaptation to
Environment
Self-Representation,
Defense Mechanisms
Ego Psychology
Current
Psychoanalytic
Psychology
Marx
Individual Psychology
One Social Drive: Striving
for Perfection, Superiority,
and Control; Inferiority
Complex
Erik Erikson
PsychosocialDevelopmental tasks or
Crises and Related
Virtue Strengths or
Personality Disorders
Ego Psychology
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Developmental
Psychology
Humanism
Carl Young
Collective
Unconscious;
Persona, Shadow,
Self, Introvert,
Extrovert
Analytic
Psychology
Karen Horney
Anxiety: 10 Neurotic
Needs; 3 Coping
Strategies: Moving
Toward, Away, Against
Erich Fromm
Social Unconscious;
Freedom; Humanistic
Communitarian Socialism
Humanistic
Psychology
Transpersonalism
Social
Psychology
Original design by George Boeree at http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/orientations.html. Model is used with the author’s written permission. Redesigned/supplemented by Gordon Vessels.
Behavioral Theory & Trait Approaches:
The Second Force Historically:
Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
William McDougall
Moderate
Radical
Behaviorism
B.F. Skinner
Shaping: either
intentional or
unintentional
Behaviorism
Albert Bandura ─ Interaction among Environment,
Behavior & Psych Processes; Observational
Learning; Self-Efficacy: Past Performance, Vicarious
Reinforcement, Identification, Persuasion, Arousal
Clark Hull ─ Drive Reduction Theory
Kenneth Spence ─ Latent Learning; Motivation =
Drives and Incentive Motivation
Julian Rotter ─ Expectancies; Internal vs External
Locus of Control; a Social Learning Theory
Cognitive
Behaviorism
E.C. Tolman
Factor Analysis, Raymond Cattell ─ 16 PF, HSPQ, CPQ (Psychometric)
Temperament Hans Eysenck ─ Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism
Allport ─ Adaptive Traits or Dispositions (Humanistic)
Personality Traits Gordon
Costa and McCrae ─ The Big Five traits with genetic roots
Original design by George Boeree at http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/orientations.html. Model is used with the author’s written permission. Redesigned/supplemented by Gordon Vessels.
Created
by C. George Boeree Modified by Gordon Vessels
http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/orientations.html
Humanistic Personality Theory:
The Third Force Historically:
Phenomenology:
Study of experience just
as it occurs
Existentialism:
Martin Heidegger
Gestalt Psychology
William James
Kurt Goldstein – gestalt
neuropsychologist; organism analyzed in
terms of the totality of its behavior and
interaction with its milieu.
Humanistic Psychology (Self Models)
Existential Psychology ─
A Philosophy-Based Humanism:
Karl Jaspers – theme of freedom;
transcendence by leaps of faith beyond
the boundaries of science; psychiatrist
turned philosopher
Ludwig Binswanger
Viktor Frankle – will to meaning;
conscience as unconscious spirituality
Rollo May – will, love, anxiety,
motivation as the “daimonic” or a
unique set of motivations for each
Gordon Allport – proprium functioning:
seven functions of the self; adaptive traits
or dispositions; seven traits of mental health
Gardner Murphy
Carl Rogers – actualizing tendency; positive
regard and self-regard; real self and ideal self
Abraham Maslow – hierarchy of
deficiency and growth or being needs that
emerge naturally and are met interactively
Transpersonal
Psychology:
Ken Wilber
Original design by George Boeree at http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/orientations.html. Model is used with the author’s written permission. Redesigned/supplemented by Gordon Vessels.
Psychoanalytic Theory
“The mind is like an iceberg ─
mostly hidden.”
Conscious Awareness
small part above surface
Preconscious
Unconscious:
below the surface
thoughts, feelings,
wishes, memories
Repression:
banished unacceptable
thoughts & passions
in the unconscious
Dreams & Slips
Similar design created by Dr. Kevin Richardson in 1998 is available the American Psychological Society. Redesigned and colorized by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Freudian ideas
• The psychoanalytic construct of
“mind” is rooted in biology:
– Instincts and drives are primarily
sexual & aggressive;
– A drive is a state of physical
excitation in response to stimuli;
– The mind’s goal is to bring about
the cessation of tension and to be
gratified.
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Freud & Personality Structure
Id - energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives —
Pleasure Principle
Ego - seeks to gratify the Id in realistic ways
Reality Principle
Super Ego
Id
voice of conscience
that focuses on how
we ought to behave
Basic design originally created by Dr. Kevin Richardson and in 1998 and made available through APS. Rearranged and colorized by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004.
ID isn’t bound by logic or reality; it follows the “pleasure
principle”; it’s aims are to avoid pain, reduce tension, and
indulge; it is made of urges, wishes, needs, and wants; it is the
original source of the personality.
Ego emerges from the id to satisfy the demands of society; it
is the part of the mind that balances personal needs with
available resources; its goal is to ensure the health and survival
of the self. It uses reason, planning, and delayed gratification;
it operates according to the “reality principle.”
Super-Ego emerges as the self learns moral values and
norms and forms a conscience, which is concerned with right
and wrong, and develops as a result of punishments and
rewards in childhood; the super-ego (1) suppresses impulses,
(2) modifies the ego’s realistic goals with moral constraints,
and (3) motivates the person to strive for excellence.
Written and arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Enhanced Understanding
the Ego
of
• Ego is the part of the mind that gives coherence
to experience;
• Ego has an overall
unifying purpose that
leads to consistent
behavior and conduct;
• Ego has a positive function
of maintaining good
performance and not just the
negative role of avoiding anxiety;
• Ego defenses are adaptive
as well as maladaptive;
• Ego is defined as a strong, vital, and
positive conscious force. It is the organizing
capacity of the person that leads to a strength
that can reconcile ambiguities and discontinuities.
Written and arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Freud & Personality Structure
Personality arises from conflict between aggressive
and pleasure-seeking drives (id) and social restraints
(superego).
Conscious
Level
Needs
Thoughts
Perceptions
Emotions
Satisfaction
without the
guilt?
Conscious
Level
Memories
Knowledge
Ongoing but Unattended-to Needs,
Feelings, Thoughts, Problems
Preconscious
Level
Selfish Needs
Raw Aggression
Selfish Needs
Social Unacceptable
Sexual Desires
ID
Immoral Urges
Unconscious
Level
Irrational Wishes
Animalistic Sexual Drives
Shameful Experiences
A simpler version created by Dr. Kevin Richardson in 1998 and made available through the APS. Redesigned and colorized here by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
When the inner battle between the id and superego,
refereed by the ego, gets out of hand, the result is
Anxiety. The ego protects itself (you) by using
Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms
reduce/redirect anxiety by distorting reality
• Repression – blocks threatening thoughts and feelings from
•
•
•
•
•
•
consciousness, and it underlies all other defense mechanisms)
Regression – retreating to an earlier stage of development
Reaction Formation – when the ego makes unacceptable impulses
appear as their opposites
Projection – denying faults by seeing them in others
Rationalization – creating self-justifying explanations to
hide your true motivations and intentions
Displacement – diverting potentially harmful impulses away from the
real target toward a non-threatening person or object
Sublimation – transforming unacceptable impulses into socially
approved activities such as art
Written and arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
More Defense Mechanisms
Reduce/redirect anxiety by distorting reality
DENIAL – not facing reality about yourself;
UNDOING – wishing away or reconstructing
unacceptable actions by atoning or making
amends for wrongdoing;
FANTASY – escaping through your imagination;
IDENTIFICATION – “introjecting” the qualities
another person or seeing them in yourself;
ISOLATION – withdrawing into passivity;
COMPENSATION – overindulging to compensate
for prior deprivation or perceived weakness.
of
Written and arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
HOW PSYCHOANALYSIS WORKS
Symptom Formation
Traumatic
Childhood
Experiences
Forgetting
Repression
Defense
Mechanisms
Problematic
Symptoms
SymptomRemoval
Free
Association
& Dream
Analysis
Recall of
Forgotten &
Repressed
Material
Understanding
of Forgotten
or Repressed
Material
Symptom
Removal
Written and arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Psychosocial (Erikson’s)
and Psychosexual (Freud’s)
Stages of Personality Development
• Erikson’s 8 Stages involve interactions among
biology, psychological abilities,
and social influences.
• During each stage there
is a life crisis, that is, a
crucial period during
which the individual
cannot avoid a decisive
turn one way or the other.
• Each stage provides pivotal
opportunities for personality
qualities or ego strengths and
virtues to develop interactively.
Click HereErik Erikson
Written and arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Epigenetic principle: genetically determined unfolding of maturation; HOW
we turn out is a function of social/environmental forces
and experience in interaction with genotype
Trust
versus
Mistrust
Autonomy
versus
Shame
& Doubt
Is my world
Predictable
and
Supportive?
Can I do
things myself
or must I
depend
on others?
Infancy
Babies
Toddlerhood
Initiative
versus
Guilt
Am I
Good
or am
I Bad?
Early
Childhood
Industry
versus
Inferiority
Identity
versus
Role
Confusion
Am I
Competent
or am I a
worthless
failure?
Who am I
and
where
am I
going?
Late
Childhood
Adolescence
Intimacy
versus
Isolation
Shall I
share my
life with
another
or live
alone?
Young
Adulthood
Generativity
versus
Absorption
Integrity
versus
Despair
Will I
produce
something
of real
value
or leave
a legacy?
Have I
lived
a full
life and
taken
advantage
of what
life
offered?
Middle Age
Late Adult
Erikson’s theory of personality development asserts that people move
through eight stages during their lives. Each stage brings a
psychosocial crisis or conflict that needs to be resolved interactively.
Each involves confronting a question such as, “Who am I and where
am I going?” The stages are described above in terms of personality
traits that are potential outcomes from handling these crises.
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial-Developmental Crises
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
(Stages) of Personality Formation
Developmental
Stages and Age
Ranges
Psychosocial
Oral-Sensory
Birth to 12-18
Months
Muscular-Anal
18 Months to 3
Years of Age
Trust
vs
Mistrust
Crisis
or Conflict
Autonomy
vs Shame/Doubt
Significant
Important
Healthful
Problematic
Relations
Events
Virtues
Traits
Mother
Feeding
Parents
Toilet
Training
Hope
Sensory
Distortion
Withdrawal
Impulsivity
Compulsivity
Self-Doubt
Faith
Will
Independence
Locomotion
3 to 6
Years
of Age
Initiative
vs
Guilt
Family
Exploration
Doing Things
Purpose Courage
Imagining
Cruelty
Inhibition Fear
of Failure
Latency
6
to 12
Years of
Age
Industry
vs
Inferiority
Neighbor
&
School Children
School Making
Things Well
Competence
Skill, Pride
Conscience
Inferiority Lack
of SelfConfidence
Adolescence 12
to 18 Years of
Age
Identity
vs Role
Confusion
Peer Cliques
Girl/Boy Friend
Role Models
Consolidation of
Roles
Identifications
Fidelity
Loyalty
Fanaticism
Repudiation
Young Adult
19 to 29 Years
of Age
Intimacy
vs
Isolation
Friends
&
Life Partners
Committed
Love Trust
Promiscuity
Exclusivity
Middle Age 30
to 55 Years of
Age
Generativity vs
Self-Absorption
Household
Members &
Work Mates
Supporting Next
Generation
Caring
Altruism
Over- Extension
Rejecting
Old Age
56
to 100 Years of
Age
Integrity
vs
Despair
Mankind
or
“My-kind”
Physical Decline
Death
Relationships
Wisdom
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Presumption
Despair
Freud’s
Psychosexual
Stages Vertical
Column
Oral
Erikson’s
Psychosocial
Stages and
Age Ranges
Diagonal
Erik Erikson’s and Sigmund Freud’s Stages
of Personality Formation
+ Information from
Trust
vs
Mistrust
Anal
Oral-Sensory
Birth to 12-18
Months
Global Empathy
discomfort at
another's distress
Autonomy
vs Shame
MuscularAnal 18
Months to
3 Years
& Doubt
Phallic
Latency
Emotions of shame and guilt
Self Viewed
in terms of
comparisons
with peers.
Unevenhanded
reciprocity in
friendships.
Initiative
vs
Guilt
. . . Taking
View self in terms of
More cooperative
effects of personal traits evenhanded reciprocity in
on others.
friendships.
Cognitive
and
Affective
Developmental
Psychologists
Self-Regulatory
Empathy; feelings of
concern that limit
aggression
Locomotion
3 to 6
Years of Age
Perspective . . .
Industry
vs
Inferiority
Mutual understanding + exclusive trust replace
reciprocal interest; friendships withstand conflicts.
Genital
View self in terms of
personal philosophy and
plans for future.
Autonomous interdependence: close and
intimate friends grant each other the right
to have other friends.
Dawn of
Conscience
Authoritarian
Conscience
Latency
6 to 12
Years of Age
Rational
Conscience
Identity
vs Role
Confusion
Young Adult
19 to 29
Years of Age
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Consider one
viewpoint at a
time; One-way
Social
Perspective
Two-way
perspective
Third Party
Perspective
Adolescence
12 to 18
Years of Age
Intimacy
vs
Isolation
Erik Erikson’s and Sigmund Freud’s Stages of Personality Formation
Freud’s
Psychosexual
Stages: Vertical
Column
Critical Events
and Related
Conflicts to be
Resolved
Possible Outcome in
Terms of the
Emergence of
Personality Traits
Possible Outcome in
Terms of the
Emergence of
Personality Traits
Erikson’s
Psychosocial
Stages and Age
Ranges
Erikson’s
Developmental
Crises
Oral
Weaning: 12
to 18 Months
Frustration at this stage caused
by weaning too early results in
a personality characterized by
pessimism, envy, greed, fear,
sarcasm, and suspicion.
Over-indulgence yields an
anal expulsive personality
characterized by gullibility,
dependence, optimism,
admiration.
Oral-Sensory
Birth to 12-18
Months
Trust
vs
Mistrust
Anal
Toilet
Training:
Years 2-3
Leniency yields an anal
expulsive character manifest
by messiness, disorganization,
carelessness, and recklessness.
Strictness yields an anal
retentive character.–- neat,
precise, orderly, careful,
stingy, obstinate, meticulous,
and passive-aggressive
Muscular- Anal
18 – 36 Months
Autonomy
vs Shame &
Doubt
Phallic
Oedipal or
Electra
Complexes:
Ages 4-5
Lasting traces of this conflict
are the Superego, the voice of
the parent within the child,
and an adaptive identification
with the same-sex parent.
Fixation develops a phallic
personality that is reckless,
resolute, self-assured, vain,
narcissistic, proud, afraid or
incapable of close love.
Locomotion
Initiative
vs
Guilt
Latency
Sexual Drive
Dormant:
Pre-puberty:
Ages 6-12
Children pour repressed
libidinal energy into asexual
pursuits such as sports, samesex friendships, and school.
Genital
Social Rules
The genital character is not
fixed at an earlier stage. This
person is well-adjusted and
balances love and work.
3 to 6
Years of Age
6 to 12
Years of Age
Industry
vs
Inferiority
Adolescence
12 to 18
Years of Age
Identity
vs Role
Confusion
Young Adult
19 to 29 Years
of Age
Intimacy
vs
Isolation
Latency
Physical sexual changes
reawaken repressed needs.
Direct sexual feelings towards
others lead to sexual
gratification.
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
The Unconscious & Assessment
How can we get into the unconscious
as a part of personality assessment?
Do we use surveys and questionnaires? No!!
─ These assess conscious awareness only.
Do we use personality-projective instruments?
Yes!! ─ These tap the unconscious or get beneath
conscious self-defenses. Psychologists look for
recurring themes among the stories and responses
projected into sentence stems and/or nebulous
pictures and designs.
Level 1: Sentence Completion Tests
Level 2:
Thematic Apperception Test
Level 3:
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Assessment procedures
& Instruments
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Q-sort
2. Rep test
3. I-E scale
4. EPQ
5. NEO-PI
6. Free association
7. Inkblots
8. MMPI
9. TAT
10. 16PF, HSPQ, CPQ
11. MBTI
12. SPQ
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. Costa/McCrae
B. Eysenck
C. Freud
D. Kelly
E. Rogers
F. Rorschach
G. Rotter
H. Murray
I. Hathaway/McKinley
J. Cattell
K. Myers/Briggs (Jungian)
L. J. Biggs
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Trait Theories of Personality
Trait theorists do not acknowledge or concern
themselves with “hidden” personality dynamics.
They rely on expert judgment, psychometrics,
and factor analysis to identify and measure basic
theoretical “dimensions” of personality.
They use these theoretical “dimensions” to assess
individuals using questionnaires. This provides a
reliable and presumably valid way to describe and
classify individual personalities in terms of traits
and trait profiles or types?
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Trait Theories of Personality
• Traits are consistent emotional, cognitive, and
behavioral predispositions that collectively reflect a
person’s personality.
• Traits can be assessed by . . .
– Asking others about a person (e.g. rating scales)
– Asking the person (e.g. questionnaires, personality
projective tests, interviewing, etc.)
– Unobtrusive Observation.
• How many traits are there?
– Allport identified 18,000 (?);
– Cattell found 16 distinct traits;
– Eysenck identified three core traits: extraversion,
neuroticism, psychoticism.
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Trait Theories of Personality
People rate Traits as being characteristic
of themselves.
Traits are assumed to be:
1.
2.
3.
Stable across situations;
Stable over time;
Variable in degree from person to
person (High vs. Low);
4.
Relatively independent of each
other (e.g. curiosity independent
of anxiety);
5.
Reflected in emotions, physiology,
and thoughts.
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Are There “Basic” Traits?
What trait “dimensions” describe
personality?
Expanded set of factors
“The Big 5”
Combination of 2 or 3
genetically determined
Emotional Stability
dimensions
Conscientiousness
Extraversion/Introversion
Emotional Stability/
Instability
Agreeableness
Extraversion
Openness
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Openness
Trait models analyze personality in terms of basic dimensions.
McCrae and Costa maintain that personality can be described
using five higher-order traits which are widely referred to as the
“Big Five.”
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Costa & McRae’s Big Five
• Calm/Anxious
Emotional Stability
• Secure/Insecure
• Sociable/Retiring
Extraversion
• Fun Loving/Sober
• Imaginative/Practical
Openness
• Independent/Conforming
• Soft-Hearted/Ruthless
Agreeableness
• Trusting/Suspicious
• Organized/Disorganized
Conscientiousness
• Careful/Careless
Created by Dr. Kevin Richardson in 1998 and visually enhanced by Dr. Gordon Vessels in 2004
The big five trait clusters (Costa
& McRae 1992; McRae 1992)
Attribute
Continua
Openness
Explorer ---------------- Preserver
Conscientiousness
Focused ---------------- Flexible
Extraversion
Extravert -------------- Introvert
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
(negative emotion)
Adapter ------------- Challenger
Reactive ---------------- Resilient
Basic layout extracted from a PPT slide set created by the Management Department at the University of St. Andrews in the UK. Retrived from
http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/management/text/cm/second-yr/2001_02/Lecture4a.ppt#27 Arranged in this slide by Dr. Gordon Vessels, 2005
Raymond Cattell
• Factor analysis yielded 16 traits that led
to the “16 Personality Factor” or 16PF.
• He identified 35 “surface” traits and 16
“source” traits, plus additional underlying
personality traits.
• He used 3 types of data to identify traits:
– L = data gathered from records (e.g.
school reports, work history, etc.);
– Q = data from questionnaires, surveys,
and interviews;
– T = data obtained from objective testing.
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Dimension A vs. Dimension B
Cattell’s
Personality
Factors
16 key factors of
personality, each with
two dimensions. These
dimensions are
assessed using the
16PF for adults, the
HSPQ for teens, the
CPQ ESPQ for late and
early elementary.
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Reserved
Outgoing
Dull
Bright
Emotionally affected
Emotionally stable
Humble
Assertive
Serious
Happy-go-lucky
Expedient
Conscientious
Shy
Venturesome
Tough Minded
Tender Minded
Trusting
Suspicious
Practical
Imaginative
Forthright
Astute
Self Assured
Apprehensive
Conservative
Experimenting
Group Dependent
Self-Sufficient
Undisciplined
Controlled
Relaxed
Tense
Gordon Allport
• Allport identified numerous traits and tried to put them
in order. His scheme is shown below.
• Common traits:
– Are shared by most members of a culture; they tell us
little about individuals.
• Individual traits:
– Cardinal traits influence nearly all aspects
of a person's behavior;
– Central traits are core behavioral tendencies that are
highly characteristic of individuals – typically
conveyed by words you use to describe them;
– Secondary traits appear in only some situations.
Primary Source: Boeree, Georgia, Personality Theory, Gordon Allport. Retrieved from http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/allport.html
Slide arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Hans Jürgen Eysenck (19161997)
• Genetic origins of
personality?
• Trait clustering:
Type Y
Type X
Trait 1
Trait 3
Trait 5
Trait 2
Trait 4
Trait 6
Basic layout extracted from a PPT slide set created by the Management Department at the University of St. Andrews in the UK. Retrived from
http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/management/text/cm/second-yr/2001_02/Lecture4a.ppt#16 Arranged in this slide by Dr. Gordon Vessels, 2005
Created for AIU Online by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004 ©
Moody Touchy
Anxious
Rigid
Sober
Pessimistic
Reserved
Unsociable
Quiet
Passive
Restless
Aggressive
Excitable
Changeable
Impulsive
Optimistic
Melancholic
Choleric
Phlegmatic
Sanguine
Careful
Thoughtful
Peaceful
Controlled
Reliable
Placid
Outgoing
Talkative
Responsive
Easygoing
Lively
Carefree
Active
Sociabl
e
Calm Contented
Hans Jürgen Eysenck
This is Dr. Gordon Vessels’ 2005
version of a circular diagram that
appears in many forms and in many
publications and PPT slide shows.
Eysenck identified three
basic traits, each comprised
of many sub-traits.
1.
Extraversion
(assertiveness, sociability,
expressiveness)
2.
Neuroticism
(anxiety, guilt, unhappiness)
3.
Psychoticism (risk-taking,
impulsivity, thrill-seeking)
Primary source: Eysenck, Hans and Eysenck, H.L. (1998). Dimensions of Personality. Transaction Publishers. This slide arranged by Gordon Vessels, 2005.
The Humanistic
Perspective
The Humanistic
Perspective
Maslow’s
Self-Actualizing
Person
Roger’s
Person-Centered
Perspective
Designed by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Maslow’s Self-Actualization Need
Fulfilling Our Potential
• He studied healthy, creative
people: Abe Lincoln, Tom
Jefferson and Eleanor
Esteem
Roosevelt ● Self-Aware
and self-accepting
● Open and spontaneous
Belonging
● Loving and caring
● Problem-centered
Safety
not self-centered;
other-directed not
ego-directed
Physiological
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Carl Rogers
The Individual’s Self Concept
The way I see
myself
The way others
see Me
What I expect
of Myself
What others
expect of Me
The Personal Self:
my perceptions,
motives, feelings
The Social Self: the
way I appear to
other people
Basic layout extracted from a PPT slide set created by the Management Department at the University of St. Andrews in the UK. Retrived from
http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/management/text/cm/second-yr/2001_02/Lecture4a.ppt#27 Arranged in this slide by Dr. Gordon Vessels, 2005
Roger’s Person-Centered Theory of Personality
People are basically good
with self-actualizing
tendencies.
Self Concept
central feature
of personality
(+ or -)
Given the right
environmental
conditions, people
will develop to their
full potentials
I view human beings as “exquisitely rational” and
see the "core of man's nature” as “essentially
positive” (1961). These beliefs are reflected in my
theory of personality.
Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
We all have an actualizing tendency whereby we seek to develop our
capacities. It is directional and constructive. It encompasses all of our
motivations. The self, a central construct in this theory, develops through
interactions with others and includes awareness of being. The two concepts
yield our self-actualizing tendency. We all have a need for “positive regard”
from others and a need for positive self-regard.
Primary source: Rogers, Carl (1977). Carl Rogers on personal power. New York: Delacorte Press. This slide ranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Genetics of Personality
• Biological relatives are much more similar in
personality than strangers.
• A comparison of twins raised (a) together and
(b) apart provides evidence for a contributing
genetic cause for personality.
• Inherited characteristics are referred to as
temperament.
Raised Apart
Raised Together
Genetic effect
MZ
DZ
MZ
DZ
Well-being
.48
.18
.58
.23
Social Closeness
.29
.30
.57
.24
Environmental effect
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
1.0
BEHAVIOR GENETICS
Monozygotic
Dizygotic
Twin Concordance Rates
0.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Alcoholism Alcoholism
(Female)
(Male)
Alzheimer’s Autism
Disease
Affective
Disorder
Reading
Disability
Schizophrenia
Reproduced by Gordon Vessels, Ed.D. 2004
Social-Cognitive School
Julian Rotter
A. Bandura
E. Tolman
(1966, 82, 90)
(1994, 1995)
(1938)
External/Internal
Locus of Control
Self-efficacy
Latent Learning
Generalized
Expectancies
Observation
Imitation
Cognitive Map
Reciprocal
Determinism
Reciprocal
Determinism
Insight
Source: PPT slide by Samaan, Evette (2005). Retrieved at http://faculty.riohondo.edu/esamaan/Approaches%20to%20Understanding%20Human%20Development.ppt#44 She drew from
Craig, C.J. and Baucum, D. (2001). Human Development, 9th Edition. Lebanon, IN: Prentice-Hall Direct. This slide arranged by Gordon Vessels 2005.
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Personality is based on regular
patterns of thinking learned
in social situations.
What we think about our
situation affects
our behavior.
Interaction
of Environment & Intellect
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism
Environmental
The Environment
Causes Behavior
Factors
and Behavior
Behavior
Causes the
Environment
with Psychological Psychological Processes
Processes MediatingIncluding Mental images
and Language
Internal World + External World = Us
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Julian Rotter
An “Internal Locus of Control” means that you feel
you are in control of your own destiny.
An “External Locus of Control” implies you feel
luck, fate, and more powerful others control your
destiny.
Methods of Study
• Correlate feelings of control with behavior
• Experiment by raising/
lowering people’s sense
of control and noting effects
Originally created by Dr. Kevin Richardson and made available by APS; reworded and visually enhanced by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004