The Growth of Industrial
Prosperity
CHAPTER 11
SECTION 1
Bellringer
Objective
 Students will understand the causes and effects of
the Second Industrial Revolution in Western Europe.
 Students will understand the socialist response to
industrialization.
Main Ideas
 In the Second Industrial Revolution, steel,
chemicals, electricity, and petroleum led the way to
new industrial frontiers.
 Poor working and living conditions led many
industrial workers to form socialist political parties
and socialist trade unions in a bid to improve their
lives.
The Second Industrial Revolution
 The first IR gave rise to textiles, railroads, iron, and
coal.
 The Second IR gave rise to steel, chemicals,
electricity, and petroleum.
Steel
 In 1855, Henry Bessemer patented a process for
making high-quality steel efficiently and cheaply.
 Steel would quickly replace iron.
Electricity
 In 1870s, Zenobe Gramme invented the Gramme
Machine, which was the first powerful electric motor.
 Thomas Edison invented the incandescent light bulb.
 What were would be the effects of these inventions
on the factory?
First Incandescent Light Bulb
First Cars
Second Industrial
Revolution
Inventions
1855: Bessemer
process for making
steel more efficiently
and cheaply
Effects
Stronger frameworks
for larger buildings and
stronger rails for
railroad tracks
1860s: Electric
generator by
Zénobe-Théophile
Gramme
Reliable flow of
electricity; electrical
energy convertible to
mechanical energy to
run machines
1870s: Incandescent
light bulb by Thomas
Edison and telephone
by Alexander Graham
Bell
Longer work hours;
faster communication
across regions
Second Industrial
Revolution
Inventions
Effects
1903: Airplane by
Wright brothers
Increase in speed of
travel and movement
of goods
1909: Synthetic
ammonia by Fritz
Haber and Carl Bosch
Increase in crop yields
from use of chemical
fertilizers
1913: Assembly line
pioneered by Henry
Ford
Increase in efficient
mass production of
goods; reduction in
prices of goods and
increase in sales
Industrial Production Grew
 Due to the increased sales of manufactured goods.
 Europeans could afford to buy more consumer goods
because of a number of reasons: 1) higher wages; 2)
lowers prices on the goods; 3) lower transportation
costs; and 5) the assembly line made production
more efficient.
 Question: Why would manufactured goods drop in
prices?
Assembly Line
 Assembly line was pioneered by Henry Ford in 1913, it
was a manufacturing method that allowed much more
efficient mass production of goods.
 **The assembly line allowed for mass production of
goods.**
 Question: How do you think the introduction of the
assembly line affected the availability and cost of
automobiles?
 Assembly Line Video
Economies
 Industrialized urban economies (such as those going
through an industrialization) experienced high
standards of living than agricultural based
economies.
 Why?
Question
 What were some effects of the Second Industrial
Revolution?
**Review Questions**
1) The Second Industrial Revolution was spurred by inventions such as
the ________ process for steel production and the use of ________
to power homes and factories.
2) Light bulbs were invented by _________ in the United States.
3) _____ ’s invention of the telephone set off a revolution in
communications.
4) Mass transportation improved with the invention of the _______
engine. This engine gave rise to __________ and _________ .
5) Henry Ford’s invention of a new manufacturing method known as the
___________ allowed for the ____________ of goods.
6) In Europe and throughout the world, __________ urban economies
experienced a higher ________ than agricultural economies.
Organizing the Working Classes
 The transition to an industrialized society was very
hard on workers. They wanted to improve their
working and living conditions. This led many to form
socialist political parties and trade unions.
Socialism
 Government owns the means of production.
 ***In response to the horrible conditions in the
industrial factories, in 1848, Karl Marx and Friedich
Engels publish The Communist Manifest.
 They blamed the horrible working and living
conditions on industrial capitalism.
Marx’s Theory
 He believed that all of world history was a “history of
class struggle.” He believed that the oppressors and
the oppressed have always stood in constant
opposition to one another.
 That the oppressors owned the means of production
(e.g., the land, raw materials, factories, money) and
controlled the government; the oppressed owned
nothing and depended on the oppressors.
Marx’s Theory
 He believed that society was split up between two
classes: the bourgeoisie (the middle class – the
oppressors) and the proletariat (the working class
– the oppressed).
 Marx believed the two sides would clash and a
violent revolution would occur, ultimately leading to
a stateless society.
Socialist Parties
 Beginning in 1870s Europe, working class leaders
began to form socialist political parties based on
Marx’s ideas.
 These parties would fight against capitalism.
Trade Unions
 **To improve working conditions, trade unions
began to develop. [Note: unions were illegal in the
early 1800s in Europe and the U.S.]
 **The right to strike was crucial. Union leaders
would call a strike, that is, member would stop work
in order to pressure employers to meet their
demands for higher wages and improved working
conditions.
Unions
 Unions gave us the 8-hour work day and the 40-hour
work wee; the minimum wage; child labor laws.
Question
 How was socialism a response to industrialization?
**Review Questions**
 In their publication ________ , Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels blamed ________ for poor
conditions in industrial factories.
 Marx believed that world history was characterized
by ______ struggles over the means of ________ .
 Workers organized ________ to improve their
working conditions through the right to _______ .
Discussion
 What would be the pros and cons if you worked on
an assembly line and did just one task all day?
 What would be the pros and cons of joining a
Marxist party?